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NIGHT SEAT BELT ENFORCEMENT DEMONSTRATION PROGRAM AND EVALUATION [NIGHT SEAT BELT ENFORCEMENT: NHTSA Contract - DTNH22-05-R-05094] Preusser Research Group, Inc Mark Solomon National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Alan Block. NHTSA Briefing April 9, 2008. BACKGROUND. Slide 2. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Citation preview
NIGHT SEAT BELT ENFORCEMENTDEMONSTRATION PROGRAM AND
EVALUATION
[NIGHT SEAT BELT ENFORCEMENT: NHTSA Contract - DTNH22-05-R-05094]
Preusser Research Group, Inc
Mark Solomon
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
Alan Block
NHTSA Briefing April 9, 2008
BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
Slide 2
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Source: FARS 1998-2004
Slide 3
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Fatally Injured Drivers, FARS 2003, Imputed BAC, Passenger Vehicles
Slide 4
NIGHT SEAT BELT ENFORCEMENT DEMONSTRATION
AND EVALUATION [Contract - DTNH22-05-R-05094]
Two Study Objectives:
1. Collect information regarding methods of night-time enforcement from law enforcement officers/agencies
and then
2. Demonstrate and evaluate night-time seat belt enforcement program
• Can belt use be improved at night? • Bleed over effect into alcohol?
Slide 5
Study Objective 1
Collect information regarding methods of night-time enforcement from law enforcement officers/agencies
Slide 6
Study Objective 1 - Collect information regarding methods of night-time enforcement from law enforcement officer/agencies
The topical discussion guide was completed March 2006
Contacted Law Enforcement Agency officers who had night belt use enforcement experience
What was discussed? Department characteristics Experience with night traffic enforcement How night enforcement got started Necessary elements for night belt enforcement Inclusion of DWI with night belt enforcement
Slide 7
Study Objective 1 - Collect information regarding methods of night-time enforcement from law enforcement officer/agencies
Learned
Techniques of night enforcement varied among LEAs
Checkpoints/Safety Zones Officer Spotters; Two-Officers per Vehicle; Single Officer with Vehicle
Type belt law mattersAmount of manpower and equipment depends on enforcement tacticMore than belt violators out at nightUpfront with media helps with this novel approachExplanation of goals and approach to local mediaLegal counsel needs to be consulted upfrontPolitical support should be soughtIt takes leadership, equipment, and training
Slide 8
Study Objective 2
Demonstrate and evaluate night-time seat belt program
Slide 9
Study Objective 2 - Demonstrate and evaluate night-time seat belt enforcement programs in three study communities
Evaluation Questions:
Can night-time enforcement improve the belt use rate at night? At daytime?
Do different enforcement techniques make a difference?
Does a night-time belt enforcement program also deter alcohol impaired driving?
Slide 10
Study Objective 2 - Demonstrate and evaluate night-time seat belt enforcement programs in three study communities
Recruitment of Study Sites:
NHTSA Regions were contacted and then States for nominations of potential study sites
Study Requirements:
Population between 50K and 300k
Located in single independent media market
Show support of key parties in community
Have protocol for handling drunk drivers and have SFST officers participating
Have someone on staff knowledgeable of earned media
Conduct traffic enforcement at nightFour 10-day belt enforcement waves; between the hours 10pm and 2am1 wave per calendar quarter in year 2007Second wave synchronized with May CIOT Mobilization
Slide 11
Study Objective 2 - Demonstrate and evaluate night-time seat belt enforcement programs in three study communities
In order to qualify for selection, law enforcement agencies had to:
Complete an application
Indicate how they would fulfill the requirements for the study
Identify preferred enforcement tactic
Provide a person to support local earned media effort
Provide official letters of support from community leaders
Provide details for remuneration
Slide 12
Study Communities
Three Test Communities
Two in North Carolina (primary law)1.Asheville2.Greenville
One in West Virginia (secondary law)3.Charleston
Two Comparison Communities1.Gaston, NC2.Wheeling, WV
Slide 13
Incentive for Participation
$200,000 per study community for overtime and equipment
Over ½ of funding spent on equipment used for demonstration program
• cargo trailer• traffic cones• light towers• programmable message boards• traffic vests• gloves• flashlights• digital in-car video cameras for DWI• radios for communication• other
Slide 14
Three Different Enforcement Approaches Were Used
1. Seat Belt Checkpoints (Asheville, NC)
2. Saturation Patrol (Greenville, NC)
3. Safety Enforcement Zones (Charleston, WV)
Slide 15
1. “Seat Belt Checkpoints”
Asheville, NC
Asheville Police Buncombe County SheriffBiltmore Forest PoliceWoodfin PoliceNC State Highway PatrolWNC Safe KidsDistrict Attorney’s OfficeNHTSAPRGNC GHSP
Slide 16
2. “Saturation Patrols”
Greenville, NC
Greenville PoliceWinterville PoliceBethel Police Farmville PoliceAyden Police Pitt County SheriffAyden PoliceEast Carolina University PolicePitt County Memorial Hospital PoliceNHTSAPRGNC GHSP
Slide 17
3. “Safety Enforcement Zones”
Charleston, WV (secondary law)
Charleston Police
Slide 18
Paid Media Supported the Program Enforcement
Television commercials were produced by NHTSA’s Office of Communications and their paid contractor, The Tombras Group
The advertisement focused on young adult males encountering law enforcement at night
Television commercials ran concurrently with the enforcement effort
Radio advertisements also were used
Slide 19
Earned Media Supported the Program Enforcement
Earned media were produced by NHTSA’s Office of Communications and their paid contractor, Akins Crisp Public Strategies
Provided each intervention wave:
Fact sheet and talking points
Letter to editor
News release
OP ed articles
CHARLESTON NIGHTTIME PLANNER
THIRD WAVE
SAMPLE NEWS RELEASE
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: [Date]
CONTACT: [Name, Phone Number, E-mail address]
Charleston Police Department Launches Special Wave of Enforcement at Night
Goal Is to Boost Seat Belt Use—and to Save Lives
[City, State] – In an effort to save more lives on Charleston’s roadways, local law enforcement is continuing to buckle down on those not buckled up—day and night.
According to NHTSA, 69 percent of passenger vehicle occupants killed in nighttime motor vehicle crashes in West Virginia in 2005 were not wearing their seat belts at the time of the crash. That percentage is considerably higher than the 51 percent of passenger vehicle occupants who were unrestrained and killed during daytime hours in the State.
That’s why the Charleston Police Department announced today that they are launching a special “Click It or Ticket” enforcement mobilization to target those not buckled up, especially at night. Special Safety Enforcement Zones will be set up across the city at night to crack down on traffic violations, including seat belt violations, from July 27–August 5. Anyone who is pulled over for another violation and is caught not wearing a seat belt will be ticketed and fined—no excuses.
“Clearly more drivers at night than during the day are taking the attitude that it will never happen to me. But the risk of a fatal crash actually goes up at night,” [Law Enforcement official] said. “That’s why this July and throughout the year, we’re increasing Safety Enforcement Zones to make sure that all passengers, in all vehicles, are buckled up—day and night.”
[Law enforcement official] said regular seat belt use is the single most effective way to protect people and reduce fatalities in motor vehicle crashes. He said that 77 percent of passenger vehicle occupants in a fatal crash who were buckled up survived the crash.
But too many motorists ignore these facts at night. In 2005, 171 passenger vehicle occupants killed in fatal motor vehicle crashes in West Virginia were not wearing their seat belts at the time of the crash. Of this total, 87 of the unbelted fatalities took place between the hours of 6:00 p.m.–5:59 a.m.
“Seat belts clearly save lives. But unfortunately, too many folks in our area still need a tough reminder, so our special nighttime Safety Enforcement Zones are going to help remind folks to always buckle up,” said [Law enforcement official]. “Wearing your seat belt costs you nothing, but the cost for not wearing it certainly will. So unless you want to risk a ticket, or worse, your life, please remember to buckle up day and night—‘Click It or Ticket.’”
—more—
For more information, visit www.nhtsa.gov/link/ciot.htm.
###
Slide 20
Program Evaluation
Slide 21
Program Evaluation
Evaluation Techniques
Enforcement activity data
Media information
Awareness surveys
Seat belt observational surveys
Roadside BAC surveys
Crash data
Slide 22
Enforcement Activity
Evaluation Results
Slide 23
Officer HoursEvaluation Results
0
500
1,000
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
ASHEVILLE GREENVILLE CHARLESTON
Slide 24
Enforcement InputEvaluation Results
Slide 25
0
10
20
30
40
50
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
ASHEVILLE GREENVILLE CHARLESTON
Seat Belt Checkpoints Safety Enforcmeent ZonesSaturation Patrol
Seat Belt TicketsEvaluation Results
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
ASHEVILLE GREENVILLE CHARLESTON
Slide 26
DUI ArrestsEvaluation Results
0
25
50
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
ASHEVILLE GREENVILLE CHARLESTON
Slide 27
Speeding TicketsEvaluation Results
0
125
250
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
ASHEVILLE GREENVILLE CHARLESTON
Slide 28
Suspended License TicketsEvaluation Results
0
50
100
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
ASHEVILLE GREENVILLE CHARLESTON
Slide 29
Uninsured MotoristsEvaluation Results
0
50
100
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
ASHEVILLE GREENVILLE CHARLESTON
Slide 30
EnforcementSummary
Enforcement agencies stuck to planned intervention type
Enforcement participation in some cases lessened over course of wave
Night enforcement often resulted in additional police work
No public or administrative backlash
Evaluation Results
Slide 31
Media Activity
Evaluation Results
Slide 32
Paid Media Input
Varied from Wave to WaveEvaluation Results
$0
$35,000
$70,000
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
Wave1
Wave2
Wave3
Wave4
ASHEVILLE GREENVILLE CHARLESTON
Total $s for Cable Total $s Netw ork Total $s for Radio
Slide 33
Earned Media Input
Number of Reported OccurrencesEvaluation Results
• PRG asked enforcement agency contacts to tally earned media
• Number of press conferences
• Number of TV news stories
• Number of Radio news stories
• Number of Print news stories
• Earned media reporting was incomplete
News media appeared to grow less interested over-time
Two checkpoint locations garnered attention using checkpoint results as a hook
Slide 34
AWARENESS RESULTS
Evaluation Results
Slide 35
AwarenessEvaluation Results
Slide 36
*Pre 1 and Post 1 DL Office survey responses; all else are telephone survey responses
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Read, Seen or Heard of Special Belt Effort in Past 30 Days
Asheville Greenville Charleston
AwarenessEvaluation Results
Slide 37
*Pre 1 and Post 1 DL Office survey responses; all else are telephone survey responses
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Police in Community are Writing Belt Tickes at Night "Strongly Agree"
Asheville Greenville Charleston
BELT USE RESULTS
Evaluation Results
Slide 38
Charleston, WV
NIGHT Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
58.4%
61.8%
66.1%
70.2%
64.5%
60.2%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Janua
ry
Febr
uary
Mar
chApr
ilM
ayJu
neJu
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August
Septe
mber
Octob
er
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
CHARLESTON, WV Night Belt Use Rate 2007 (n=12,426)
Slide 39
Charleston, WV
DAY Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
72.7% 72.7%
78.4%
74.7%
71.0%71.9%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Januar
y
Febru
ary
Mar
chApril
May
June
July
August
Septe
mber
Oct
ober
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
CHARLESTON, WV Day Belt Use Rate 2007 (n=35,442)
Slide 40
Charleston, WV
NIGHT and DAY Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
50%
60%
70%
80%
Januar
y
Febru
ary
Mar
chApril
May
June
July
August
Septe
mber
Oct
ober
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Weighted Nighttime Belt Use Rate
Weighted Daytime Belt Use Rate
CHARLESTON, WV Night vs. Day Belt Use Rate 2007 (n=47,868)
Slide 41
Charleston, WV
NIGHT and DAY Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
50%
60%
70%
80%
Januar
y
Febru
ary
Mar
chApril
May
June
July
August
Septe
mber
Oct
ober
Novem
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Decem
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Charleston Nighttime Belt Use Rate (12,426)
Wheeling Nighttime Belt Use Rate (15,699)
Charleston, WV vs. Wheeling, WV; Belt Use Rate 2007
Slide 42
Greenville, NC
NIGHT Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
83.4%84.0%
86.2%
87.6%86.8% 87.1%
80%
85%
90%
95%
Janua
ry
Febr
uary
Mar
chApr
ilM
ayJu
neJu
ly
August
Septe
mber
Octob
er
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Greenville, NC Night Belt Use Rate 2007 (n=21,721)
Slide 43
Greenville, NC
DAY Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
89.6%89.0% 89.2%
90.6%89.8% 89.9%
80%
85%
90%
95%
Januar
y
Febru
ary
Mar
chApril
May
June
July
August
Septe
mber
Oct
ober
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Greenville, NC Day Belt Use Rate 2007 (n=47,419)
Slide 44
Greenville, NC
NIGHT and DAY Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
80%
85%
90%
95%
Januar
y
Febru
ary
Mar
chApril
May
June
July
August
Septe
mber
Oct
ober
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Weighted Nighttime Belt Use Rate
Weighted Daytime Belt Use Rate
Greenville, NC Night vs. Day Belt Use Rate 2007 (n=69,140)
Slide 45
Greenville, NC (Test) vs. Gastonia, NC (Comparison)NIGHT and DAY Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
Slide 46
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
Januar
y
Febru
ary
Mar
chApril
May
June
July
August
Septe
mber
Oct
ober
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Greenville Nighttime Belt Use Rate (21,721)
Gastonia Nighttime Belt Use Rate (13,520)
Greenville, NC vs. Gastonia, NC; Belt Use Rate 2007
Greenville, NC
NIGHT Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
85.6%
87.5%
86.3%
89.5%
83.4%
92.5%
80%
85%
90%
95%
Janua
ry
Febr
uary
Mar
chApr
ilM
ayJu
neJu
ly
August
Septe
mber
Octob
er
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Asheville, NC Night Belt Use Rate 2007 (n=16,480)
Slide 47
Asheville, NC
DAY Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
86.3%
88.4%89.2%
88.5%89.0%
89.4%
80%
85%
90%
95%
Januar
y
Febru
ary
Mar
chApril
May
June
July
August
Septe
mber
Oct
ober
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Asheville, NC Day Belt Use Rate 2007 (n=43,292)
Slide 48
Asheville, NC
Night and DAY Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
80%
85%
90%
95%
Januar
y
Febru
ary
Mar
chApril
May
June
July
August
Septe
mber
Oct
ober
Novem
ber
Decem
ber
Weighted Nighttime Belt Use Rate
Weighted Daytime Belt Use Rate
Asheville, NC Night vs. Day Belt Use Rate 2007 (n=59,772)
Slide 49
Asheville, NC (TEST) vs. Gastonia, NC (Comparison)NIGHT Seat Belt Use
Evaluation Results
Slide 50
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
Asheville Nighttime Belt Use Rate (16,480)
Gastonia Nighttime Belt Use Rate (13,520)
Asheville, NC vs. Gastonia, NC; Belt Use Rate 2007
Asheville, NC
BAC of Drivers; Pre/Post Waves 1 & 4Evaluation Results
Slide 51
15.7%
10.8%
14.0%
9.8%
5.8%
4.5%
3.4%2.8%
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
Pre W1 Post W1 Pre W4 Post W4
BAC > .0 BAC > .049
Night Wave 1 Night Wave 4
(n=537) (n=756) (n=767) (n=704)
Asheville, NC
BAC >.049; Pre/Post Waves 1 & 4
Evaluation Results
Slide 52
BAC > .049
5.8%
4.5%
3.4%2.8%
0%
4%
8%
12%
16%
Pre W1 Post W1 Pre W4 Post W4
Night Wave 1 Night Wave 4
(n=537) (n=756) (n=767) (n=704)
Asheville, NC
Single Vehicle Crashes; 12am to 5am
Evaluation Results
10
15
20
25
30
35
January March May July September November
2006 2007
Serious and Fatally Injured Passenger Vehicle Occupants at Night (12am to 5am);Asheville, NC PD; 2006 vs. 2007
Wave 1
Wave 2
Wave 3
Wave 4
Slide 53
Asheville, NC
Single Vehicle Crashes; 12am to 5amEvaluation Results
All Single Passenger Vehicle Crashes at Night (12am to 4:59am);Asheville, NC PD; 2006 vs. 2007
5
10
15
20
25
30
2006 2007
Wave 1Wave 2
Wave 3
Wave 4
Slide 54
Test Site Exit Discussion
Local Agency points of contacts and PRG discussed program after final wave
What was Discussed:
Thoughts on usefulness of program
Public/Official reactions to program
Unexpected hurdles
Suggested adjustments to program
Future plans for night belt enforcement
Slide 55
Test Site Exit Discussion
Summary
Usefulness of programAll felt program improved overall traffic safety and belt use in particularAll believed that night traffic activities also deterred crime in areaTwo study locations fostered relationships with surrounding agencies using
overtime/equipment grants from NHTSA
Public/Official reactions to programVery little kickback from citizensOfficials were made aware beforehand and were ready to handle citizen calls
Unexpected hurdlesLack of SFST trained officers in one location (Asheville); partnering with
neighboring agencies brought less trained officers into operationOfficer burnout occurred in later phases of the program in some casesDifficult to keep news media interested in all waves
Suggested adjustments to programShorten length of enforcement period and do more periods to sustain night
enforcement over more time-periods in the year
Slide 56
Test Site Exit Discussion
Discussion Summary Continued
Test Sites future plans for night belt enforcementContinue to do night belt programUse night traffic operations as a crime deterrent as needed (Greenville)Continue to use incentive equipment for night traffic operations as well as other
needs
Slide 57
Demonstration Project Summary
Evaluation Questions:
Can night-time enforcement improve the belt use rate at night? At daytime?Night belt use improvedIncreases at night typically greater than dayBelt use improved in both high and low belt use locations
Do different enforcement techniques make a difference?
Belt use improved more in checkpoint locations
Checkpoint apparently worked better to garner media interest
Does a night-time belt enforcement program also deter alcohol impaired driving?Positive BACs decreased in Asheville, NCSingle vehicle crashes at night decreased
Slide 58
ENDEND
Slide 59