Nielson 5 the Gift K

8/18/2019 Nielson 5 the Gift K

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ADI 2010 1

Critical Lab The Gift K

The Gift Kritik Index

The Gift Kritik Index....................................................................................................................................1The Gift Shell...............................................................................................................................................2Link: Gifts Secure Majority Poer..............................................................................................................!Link: "e#ocracy..........................................................................................................................................$

Link: "e#ocracy %ssistance........................................................................................................................&Link: 'G()s...............................................................................................................................................12Link: '*"..................................................................................................................................................1+Link: ,S %ra- Srin/ "e#oc %ssistance..................................................................................................10Link: */yt.................................................................................................................................................1Link: ahrain..............................................................................................................................................1$Link: ahrain Military to Military %ssistance............................................................................................1&Link: Li-ya.................................................................................................................................................13Link: 4e#en...............................................................................................................................................25Link: "e#ocracy Process %ff)s..................................................................................................................21Link: 6onditions on %ssistance..................................................................................................................22,ni7ueness: ,S influences 6ru#-lin/......................................................................................................2+I#acts: 6ase Turn.....................................................................................................................................20

I#acts: (ression...................................................................................................................................2I#acts: "e#ocracy Turn..........................................................................................................................2!I#act: Military Inter8ention.....................................................................................................................2$I#act: 6olonialis#...................................................................................................................................23%lternati8e: Suort the %/ency of Srin/ers............................................................................................+1%lternati8e: Glo-al 6iti9enshi..................................................................................................................+2%nser To: Per#........................................................................................................................................05%nsers To: The Plan hels 6ountry.....................................................................................................01%nser To: "e#ocracy %ssistance is "ifferent fro# %id;Pro#otion.......................................................00%nser To: "e#oc %ssistance is 'ot Inter8ention....................................................................................0%ffir#ati8e %nsers: Per#........................................................................................................................0$%ffir#ati8e %nser: Glo-al 6iti9enshi %lt..............................................................................................03%ffir#ati8e %nser: "e#ocracy Pro#otion Good....................................................................................5

%ffir#ati8e %nser: Tar/et


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ADI 2010 2


The Gift Shell

The lan is a /ift intended to secure the oer of the ,.S. -y ensurin/ that #ar/inali9ed /rousare eretually inde-ted in a 8icious cycle of recirocity.Arrigo and William 2k =ruce %.> 6hristoher ?.> rofessor of @ the ,ni8ersity of 'orth 6arolina> associate

rofessor of cri#inolo/y @ the ,ni8ersity of Possi-ility of "e#ocratic Austice and the BGiftB of theMajority : (n "errida> "econstruction> and the Search for *7uality Aournal of 6onte#orary 6ri#inal AusticeC it is lo/ical to assu#e that> althou/h unconscious in so#e resects> the effortof the ma&orit$ are !arimonio# and intended to ec#re =or accessori9eC their o+n !o+er.1$ Thefolloin/ to #eans -y hich a /ift ena-les selfEe#oer#ent ere already alluded to -y "errida =133$C:=aC the gi"er (i'e'* the ender or ma&orit$) either beto+ to ho+ off hi or her !o+er or =-C gi"e to

mobili%e a c$cle of reci!rocation in +hich the recei"er =i.e.> the #inorityC +ill be indebted' It is for thesereasons that the #ajority /i8es. This exlanation is not the sa#e as authentically suortin/ the cause ofe7uality in furtherance of a cultural olitics of difference and reco/nition.

S democrac$ aitance !rod#ce an #ne-#al relationhi! bet+een the donor and the S'

Democrac$ aitance +ill b#ild co#ntrie in the S image'

e+berg Carother> senior associates at the 6arne/ie *ndo#ent for Peace> 1334 =Paula ?. Tho#as> B%idin/ E %nd "efinin/ E "e#ocracyB> . 3&E33C

There are #any ays that de#ocracy assistance differs fro# the #ore custo#ary for#s of ,.S. forei/n assistance tothe Third -ilateral assistance created relationshis -eteen /o8ern#ents> althou/h the fact and nature of aid had rofound conse7uences on reciient societies."e#ocracy assistance> as concei8ed -y the ,.S. /o8ern#ent> not only affects state institutions -ut is desi/ned tohel transfor# the relationshis -eteen the citi9ens of reciient states and their on /o8ern#ents. "e#ocracyassistance not only esta-lishes an une7ual relationshi -eteen donor and reciient -ut assu#es a kind of oliticalinter8ention -y donors that has rarely -een undertaken so exlicitly -y a donor /o8ern#ent. "e#ocracy assistancetherefore assu#es a risk that infrastructure suort does not: da#s do not talk -ackF eole do.*ach of these concets a-out aid assu#es different ideas a-out the content and rocesses of de#ocracy. *7ually> ifnot #ore i#ortant> they reresent orld8ies articulated -y donors rather than aid reciients> for ho# thetextures of olitical> social> and econo#ic life are denser and so#eti#es less a#ena-le to distinct olicy choices. Hor exa#le> hile %#ericans keenly suort the idea of a #ultiarty syste# in the 69ech ?eu-lic> 69ech 8oters =andnon/o8ern#ental or/ani9ation and arty or/ani9ersC ha8e -een far #ore concerned a-out the ays that successful


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ADI 2010 5


arties consolidate oer and the ne for#s of oer EE articular financial EE that they no e#-ody. Thedifferences -eteen arties as institutions for #o-ili9in/ 8oters and reresentin/ interests> and arties as institutionsthrou/h hich oer is distri-uted> is far clearer to 69ech olitical actors than to %#erican donors.

The im!act i a cae t#rn' The re#lt of the !lan i more likel$ to be trengthening

dictatorhi! than im!ro"ement in democrac$

S#man* 6'I'T 7rofeor* 2004=Gerald> The Myths of "e#ocracy %ssistance) ,.S. Political Inter8ention in PostESo8iet *astern *uroe> This essayis a re8ised> shortened 8ersion of #y chater> JThe Glo-ali9ation of Politics: Sinnin/ ,.S. "e#ocracy %ssistancePro/ra#s) in eds.> Thinker> Haker> Sinner> Sy: 6ororate Sin and the Jde#ocracy assistance is a /roth industry. The election of Jfree #arket oliticians and arties is the/ateay throu/h hich all sorts of international caret-a//ers and con #en> includin/ electioneerin/ exerts> arecertain to follo. oe8er> there)s no certainty that estern exertise and caital ill alays -e elco#e orsuccessful. There is indeed #uch sketicis# in the orld a-out the #oti8es -ehind '*" and Jde#ocracyassistance. Poles ha8e referred derisi8ely to the resence of forei/n ca#ai/n consultants and u-lic relations rofessionals as the JMarriot -ri/adesreferrin/ to their fa8orite lace of lod/in/.23 elarus is one country inhich the State "eart#ent> '*"> the *,> and their neoli-eral fello tra8elers ha8e yet to #ake serious inroads. Itis erhas -ecause elarus has created a sta-le econo#y ithout the incursions and lunder of neoli-eral Jshocktheray or the destruction of the u-lic sector that e8en the ti/htEfisted Lukashenko /o8ern#ent retainsle/iti#acy. In reaction to the sound defeat of the ,.S.;*,E-acked candidate> %lexander Milinke8ic> and the failureof an (torEtye youth #o8e#ent> includin/ Nu-r> and the ri/htEin/ 4oun/ Hront> to /et traction in durin/ the255! election> Lukashenko has -een -anned fro# 8isitin/ any of the *, states or the ,nited States. This is not thecase> for exa#le> for such de#ocratic stalarts as the heads of state of */yt> 6olo#-ia> Pakistan> Saudi %ra-ia>Ka9akhstan> %9er-aijan> *7uatorial Guinea> Israel> or Indonesia> ho enjoy easy access to the State "eart#entand articularly -y outside forces. In the lon/ ter#> e #ay hoe the failure of fauxEde#ocracy ill /i8e rise to a #oreauthentic discourse of internationalis# -ased on resect for eaceful dilo#acy> hu#an and ci8il ri/hts> nationalso8erei/nty> and deli-erati8e and oular articiatory de8elo#entand ithout recourse to olitical sin andother exressions of neocolonial he/e#ony.


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ADI 2010 8


The alternati"e/ 9e&ect the affirmati"e' We m#t embrace the creation of kno+ledge and

agenc$ of ::::(Target of the Aff !lan):::::' ;nl$ the radical !edagog$ of the neg can ol"e

the aff and the econom$ of the gift'

Arrigo and William 2k =ruce %.> 6hristoher ?.> rofessor of @ the ,ni8ersity of 'orth 6arolina> associate rofessor of cri#inolo/y @ the ,ni8ersity of Possi-ility of "e#ocratic Austice and the BGiftB of theMajority : (n "errida> "econstruction> and the Search for *7uality Aournal of 6onte#orary 6ri#inal AusticeC 6ollins> 1335F hooks> 13&3C in +a$ that are le enc#m bered b$ !re"ailing (ma&orit$)enibilitie re/ardin/ their /i8en constitutions. The econom$ of narciim +o#ld> #ore likely> be#!ended* and the c#lt#re of difference +o#ld* more likel$* be !oitionall$ and !ro"iionall$ reali%ed' Thi article as less a conde#nation of existin/ le/islati8e refor# than it +a a criti-#e of Wetern

c#lt#re in general and American ociet$ in !artic# lar' We contend that re"iion in the name ofe-#alit$* and e-#alit$ in the name of tice* a !reentl$ contr#cted are not onl$ inade-#ate b#t alo

det rimental to and co#ntertranformati"e for thoe "er$ (minorit$) gro#! +ho are !#r!ortedl$

benefiting from #ch initiati"e. "erridaDs socioethical exloration as instructi8e> directin/ us to theli#itations of the /ift of the #ajority in relation to la> hositality> co##unity> and the =i#Cossi-ility of justice. The ork that re#ains is to dislace the aoria located in "erridaDs criti7ue ith sule#ental rocesses of understandin/ and sense #akin/. %n affir#ati8e ost#odern fra#eork> as e ha8e looselysketched> identifies so#e rotean areas of otential exloration and orth. We #bmit that it i time tomo"e to a ne+ !latea# in #ndertanding alterit$. one that more com !letel$ embrace racial* c#lt#ral*

ex#al* gender* and cla difference' We contend that it i time to tranform +hat i and more f#ll$embod$ +hat co#ld be' The earch for e-#alit$ reali%ed thro#gh a radical and ongoing

decontr#cti"e>recontr#cti"e democrac$ demand it' i#ortant inEroads for the aoria of justiceand the destination of e7uality are ithin =inCcalcula-le> =unCreco/ni9a-le reach.


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ADI 2010 ?


Link/ Gift Sec#re 6a&orit$ 7o+er

The !lan i t#ck in an econom$ of exchange +here the gi"er +ill ex!ect omething in it

interet for the !lan'

Arrigo and William 2k =ruce %.> 6hristoher ?.> rofessor of @ the ,ni8ersity of 'orth 6arolina> associate

rofessor of cri#inolo/y @ the ,ni8ersity of Possi-ility of "e#ocratic Austice and the BGiftB of theMajority : (n "errida> "econstruction> and the Search for *7uality Aournal of 6onte#orary 6ri#inal AusticeC the offering that i made +itho#t ex!ectation of ex!licit gratit#de im!l$ no#rihe thenarciim of the gi"er' This is the aradoxical di#ension of the /ift. The ender of the gift* intead ofgi"ing* recei"e. and the recei"er of the gift* intead of recei"ing omething* i in debt =6auto> 133$C. Toa8oid #o-ili9in/ the circular econo#y of the /ift =the circle of exchan/e> of recirocation> and ofrearoriationC> the /ift #ust not aear as such. Thus> the /i8er #ust not -e aare that he or she is /i8in/>and the recei8er #ust not -e aare that he or she is recei8in/. (nly under those circu#stances ould the/i8er not fuel the fire of narcissistic /enerosity> and the recei8er not assu#e a de-t. %s 6auto =133$C notes>the ure /ift Bcould take lace only if e8erythin/ haened -elo the le8el of conscious intentionality> hereno one intends to /i8e anythin/ to anyone and no one is intentionally conscious of recei8in/ anythin/= =.10$C. Pheno#enolo/ists re#ind us> folloin/ %ristotleDs =132C notion of act and intentionality> that theagent al+a$ act for it o+n good' The agent al+a$ intend to act for it o+n good. other+ie* it +ill

not act at all =e./.> eide//er> 13!2F usserl> 13&+C. Thus> there are alays de/rees of intentionality exectation> recirocation> and rearoriationon the art of the /i8er. The /i8in/ of the /ift ser8es a urose. It can be traced to narci im maked b$ a facade of generoit$* or it can be linked toantici!ation of omething that +ill come back at ome !oint ome time in the f#t#re ="errida> 133$C.Thi i +here the notion of econom$ arie' of calculation and -alanced e7uations> of e7uity and sound reason> of las and re/ularitiesB=6auto> 133$> . 10!C. It is the /ift that the co##unity has an affinity for in the na#e of de#ocratic justice.

The justice that the gift does* hoe8er> a#thenticate the realit$ of a !e#do,democrac$' An imitation(i'e'* ill#ion) of tice that* a an artifact of im#lation* i more real that realit$ itelf. one that i

(im)!oible in the comm#nit$ that +e refer to a democratic ociet$.


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ADI 2010 4


Link/ Democrac$

"e#ocracy is for# of asy##etric recirocity. %ny for# of tryin/ to understand or take the ersecti8e of so#eone else throu/h co##unication is a for# of /ift /i8in/.Galea* 7rofeor* 2004

=Si#one> Iris Marion 4oun/)s I#a/inations of the /ift Gi8in/> So#e i#lications for the teacher and the Student>*ducational Philosohy and Theory 8ol. +& 'o. 1 SC

Iris Marion @o#ng conider difference and comm#nication in a democrac$ a m#t#all$ contit#ti"e.Difference no#rih deliberation* +hich in ##al democratic it#ation are aimed to+ard conen# =4oun/> 133$-C. o+e"er @o#ngB !olitic of difference alo ee comm#nication itelf a a o#rce oftranformation* of the creation of difference. Iris Marion 4oun/ de"elo!the notion of a$mmetric reci!rocit$ =4oun/> 133$aC. The comm#nicati"e ethic #nderl$ing #ch a notionrethink the maxim that i taken for granted* that a !eron ha to !#t herelf in !lace of another to

reall$ #ndertand that other' Thi maxim i ##all$ tho#ght of a a reliable +a$ to en#re that oneB

action "i,,"i another take acco#nt of the tand!oint of the other. Iris Marion @o#ng arg#e that #chethical g#ideline are a real obtacle to good comm#nication bet+een !eo!le* a their difference are

obc#red b$ obligation to imagine their el"e a being the ame a that of other. There i al+a$ ana$mmetr$ bet+een one and the other +hich cannot be o"ercome b$ im!l$ imagining her tho#ght*

feeling and intention. @o#ng decribe thee relationhi! a -ein/ si#ilar to relationhi! of gift gi"ing.In fact> her notion of a$mmetric reci!rocit$ i de"elo!ed along DerridaB idea abo#t the gift ="errida>1332C. #all$ +e think of gift gi"ing a omething t+o !eron gi"e and recei"e from each other'o+e"er* according to Derrida gift gi"ing cannot be #ndertood a a circ#lar exchange of thing' or

one can a$ that he ha gi"en omething +hen he ex!ect nothing in ret#rn and one can a$ he ha

recei"ed omething +hen he ha gi"en nothing back' It i thi ideal condition of a$mmetr$ that

make the gift !oible' Iris 6arion @o#ng ha taken #! thi notion of a$mmetr$ of the gift to arg#ethat +hen one imagine oneelf in anotherB !oition* all one ee i a mirror image of oneelf' Thi

!#tting oneelf in !lace of another ha been the ca#e of intice to !eo!le +hoe !lace ha"e been

inhabited b$ other' 4oun/ exlains that the notions of /ift /i8in/ and asy##etric recirocity are ideals that ha8e -eenfor#ulated out of the ossi-ilities of our interaction and our sense of lack in those interactions) =4oun/;"handa> 1333> . 11C.They raise7uestions a-out taken for /ranted exeriences in secific contexts. oe8er the ro-le#s ithin secific contexts can -e #anifested inother local contexts. %ccordin/ to 4oun/> the ideas and thou/hts /enerated ithin secific contexts can -e identified as local theories.She continues to exlain that theorisin/ ithin a discilinary context can -e rele8ant to other discilinary contexts and

locations.


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ADI 2010 E


Link/ Democrac$ Aitance

'S Democrac$ aitance detro$ o"ereignt$ and ad"ance the 'S trategic interet and

ha no real goal of ad"ancing real democrac$'

Allen* 2011 =Michael> "e#ocracy assistance and the %ra- Srin/: solidarity 8s. so8erei/ntyQ>

htt:;;.de#di/est.net;-lo/;2511;5$;de#ocracyEassistanceEandEtheEara-Esrin/EsolidarityE8sEso8erei/nty; SC

7olemic o"er the role of external aitance in #!!orting the democratic tranition in T#niia and

Fg$!t are highlighting the delicate balance bet+een olidarit$ and o"ereignt$* b#t alo being ex!loited

b$ local actor to -#etion the legitimac$ and inde!endence of !olitical ri"al. e intend to ro8ide assistance to ci8ilsociety> includin/ those that #ay not -e officially sanctioned> and ho seak unco#forta-le truths> said President arack (-a#a in aland#ark address on the %ra- Srin/ in May. is announce#ent heralded a re8ersal of ad#inistration olicy hich had re8iouslyacceted the */ytian /o8ern#ent)s insistence on a 8eto on official ,S /o8ern#ent funds /oin/ to unre/istered 'G(s consideredo8erly critical of the Mu-arak re/i#e. The *uroean ,nion also co##itted itself to suortin/ de#ocratic actors and institutions in are8ersal of its re8ious sta-ilityEfirst aroach to its southern erihery. *, forei/n olicy chief 6atherine %shton sun/ her ei/ht

-ehind a roosal for a *uroean *ndo#ent for "e#ocracy to ro8ide tar/eted and flexi-le suort for de#ocratic and ci8il /rous.ut -oth the ,S and the *, ha8e -een insistent that assistance can only facilitate sustain ho#eE/ron initiati8es and is not desi/ned toinfluence> shae or distort indi/enous olitical de8elo#ents. JIt)s not the -usiness of the ,S to i#ose or to dictate conditions ithre/ard to these kinds of oortunities. said the ,S undersecretary of state for olitical affairs> durin/

a recent tri to 6airo. JIn the discussions e)8e -e/un and are /oin/ to continue> e)re /oin/ to find #utually acceta-le ays of ro8idin/ that kind of assistance that fully resects */yt)s so8erei/nty -ut also fully suorts R. the /roth of ci8il society in */ytand fully addresses the real needs */ytians and> in articular> youn/ */ytians face today> he said. This aroach is not onlyconsistent ith the /ood ractice culti8ated -y de#ocracy assistance /rous in other transitions and contests> -ut reflecti8e of President(-a#a)s ersonal inclinations toards the ractical and #easured co##it#ent of ,.S. oer. (-a#a -elie8es in ro#otin/ de#ocratic 8alues and ideas> rites Hareed Nakaria> -ut he Jsees trends like de#ocrati9ation andli-erali9ation as lon/Eter# rocesses. Je also understands that the ractical task of achie8in/ the# is #ore co#lex and #ore lon/Eter# and that oenEended co##it#ents of %#erican oer and resti/e in these situations can ha8e 8ery exensi8e conse7uences. ut

the recent anno#ncement that SAID +o#ld re,allocate 80 !ercent of it !ot,2? an#ar$ SH1??

million b#dget for Fg$!t to democrac$ and go"ernance !rogram !ro"oked a critical re!one from

the go"ernment in Cairo and from local !olitical actor +ho charged the S +ith "iolating national

o"ereignt$ and interfering in dometic !olitical affair' JThere i a difference bet+een $o#rde"elo!ment !artner extending a hel!ing hand and beginning to interfere in +hat i eentiall$

national affair* said %-del Malek. JSAID in !artic#lar croed that line' 6ore con!iratoriall$,minded commentator init that democrac$ aitance i !art of a +ider geo!olitical !ro&ect to

detabili%e and refahion the 6iddle Fat to #it the trategic interet of the S* Irael and the Wet' Wahington i mani!#lating the Arab #!riing to create Ja ne+ dirtierB 6iddle Fat* clai#s afe9alEar/houthi> editorEinEchief of the Palestinian %uthority)s official daily %lEayat alEAadidah* contin#ingthe notes one o-ser8er. The ole#ics o8er the u-licly announced and transarently

distri-uted #uch ofhich ori/inates in the authoritarian re/i#es of Saudi %ra-ia> the Gulf States and Iran. J said leadin/ journalist I-rahi# *issa. J,nlike ,S officials or *uroean ones ho are o-li/ed to disclosedetails of donations> /rants and loans to forei/n entities> the Gulf countries #aniulate their oulations) resources ithout any checksand -alances. In contrast> ,S and *uroean de#ocracy assistance is the su-ject of de-ate -ecause it is u-licly declared andtransarent. Grous like the 'ational "e#ocratic Institute and the International ?eu-lican Institute oerate oenly and transarentlyith actors fro# across the olitical sectru#> hile /rantees of /rous like the 'ational *ndo#ent for "e#ocracy oenlyacknoled/e their source of suort hile #aintainin/ their olitical indeendence and ine/rity. Hurther#ore> local de#ocratic actorsha8e elco#ed external suort> reco/ni9in/ the need for ad8ice and assistance in redressin/ the considera-le or/ani9ational andresource ad8anta/es that Isla#ist /rous and for#er re/i#e ele#ents enjoy.

http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/07/democracy-assistance-and-the-arab-spring-solidarity-vs-sovereignty/http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/07/democracy-assistance-and-the-arab-spring-solidarity-vs-sovereignty/http://www.demdigest.net/blog/2011/07/democracy-assistance-and-the-arab-spring-solidarity-vs-sovereignty/


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ADI 2010 M


Democrac$ aitance i #ndertaken b$ the FD and the SAID in order to ad"ance it

neoliberal agenda' Thee tranitional State o!en their co#ntrie to cor!orate in"etment

that allo+ 'S heg o"er region'

S#man* 6'I'T 7rofeor* 2004 =Gerald> The Myths of "e#ocracy %ssistance) ,.S. Political Inter8entionin PostESo8iet *astern *uroe> This essay is a re8ised> shortened 8ersion of #y chater> JThe Glo-ali9ation ofPolitics: Sinnin/ ,.S. "e#ocracy %ssistance Pro/ra#s) in eds.> Thinker> Haker>

Sinner> Sy: 6ororate Sin and the for#erly chair of the ouse Horei/n %ffairs 6o##ittee> said that this institutionaldesi/n as intended to /i8e each /rou Ja iece of the ie. They /ot aid off. "e#ocrats and ?eu-licans> the 6ha#-er of 6o##erce>

alon/ ith la-or.2 Piece -y iece* the nited State ex!ect to et #! leader in the t+ent$, fo#r CFF

co#ntrie +ho +ill f#rther o!en their tate aet to trannational cor!orate in"etment* hel! to iolate

or force 9#ia into the fold* !ermit 'S' militar$ hegemon$ o"er the region* and !rotect the 'S',

controlled F#ro,Aian oil !i!eline. ?ussia> ,kraine> Geor/ia> Ser-ia> and elarus are a#on/ the countries in the re/ionhere %#erican consultants* foreign er"ice !eronnel* FD and it member organi%ation* and other !#blic

and !ri"ate agencie ha"e recentl$ inter"ened in national election' Thee are &oined b$ a long lit of

other co#ntrie +here 'S' mone$ ha fo#nd it +a$ to !olitician and !artie !romoted b$ the White

o#e* the State De!artment* and the CIA. 6o#ared to the surretitious and nakedly a//ressi8e #anner in hich the6I% tyically carried out its desta-ili9in/ forays in the late 1305s throu/h the #idE13$5s> c#rrent form of electoralmani!#lation are cond#cted largel$ a !ectacle of !in and moral drama'


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ADI 2010 3


Democrac$ Aitance i #ed to o"er!o+er difference and ec#re election #nder the g#ie

of good intention'

S#man* 6'I'T 7rofeor* 2004 =Gerald> The Myths of "e#ocracy %ssistance) ,.S. Political Inter8entionin PostESo8iet *astern *uroe> This essay is a re8ised> shortened 8ersion of #y chater> JThe Glo-ali9ation ofPolitics: Sinnin/ ,.S. "e#ocracy %ssistance Pro/ra#s) in eds.> Thinker> Haker>Sinner> Sy: 6ororate Sin and the


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ADI 2010 10


Link/ G;B

G;B !romoting democrac$ are #ed to detro$ !rogrei"e mo"ement and ad"ance

!olitical agenda'

S#man* 6'I'T 7rofeor* 2004

=Gerald> The Myths of "e#ocracy %ssistance) ,.S. Political Inter8ention in PostESo8iet *astern *uroe> This essayis a re8ised> shortened 8ersion of #y chater> JThe Glo-ali9ation of Politics: Sinnin/ ,.S. "e#ocracy %ssistancePro/ra#s) in eds.> Thinker> Haker> Sinner> Sy: 6ororate Sin and the founder of the International %ssociation of Political6onsultants> is on the IH*S -oard> alon/ ith other ellEknon %#erican ca#ai/n secialists.+ The ational Fndo+ment

for Democrac$* +hich #!!ort !rogram in o"er eight$ co#ntrie* i a -#ai,!ri"ate congreionall$,

f#nded intr#ment* created b$ the 9eagan adminitration in 13M5* for channeling mone$* e-#i!ment*

and !olitical con#ltant and other ex!ertie to certain co#ntrie in order Jto trengthen democratic

electoral !rocee'''thro#gh timel$ mea#re in coo!eration +ith indigeno# democratic force. Thatis> '*")s utati8e raison d)etre is to encoura/e electoral acti8ity in countries under/oin/ a transition to oular de#oc racy and suort

others here elections ha8e already -een instituted. FD ha been decribed a Ja f#ll,er"ice infratr#ct#re,b#ilding clearingho#e that Jro8ides #oney> technical suort> sulies> trainin/ ro/ra#s> #edia knoEho> u-licrelations assistance> and stateEoftheE art e7ui#ent to select olitical /rous> ci8ic or/ani9ations> la-or unions> dissident #o8e#ents>

student /rous> -ook u-lishers> nesaers> and other #edia. Ironically referrin/ to itself as a JnonE/o8ern#ental or/ani9ation> ito"erriding !#r!oe ha been to Jdetabili%e !rogrei"e mo"ement* !artic#larl$ thoe +ith a ocialit

or democratic, ocialit bent.0 % nu#-er of critics in and out of /o8ern#ent fro# -oth the left and ri/ht see '*" as an antiEco##unist 6old a oneEti#e Social "e#ocrat ho ent on to -eco#esenior counselor to the archE conser8ati8e Aeane Kirkatrick =currently on the -oard of I?IC> hen she as ,.S. a#-assador to the

,nited 'ations under ?ea/an. (8er the years* there ha"e been e"eral attem!t in Congre to diband the

organi%ation* incl#ding a recent one b$ a re!reentati"e from Texa* 9on 7a#l* +ho call FD

Jnothing more than a cotl$ !rogram that take the S tax!a$er f#nd to !romote fa"ored !olitician

and !olitical !artie abroad. 6urrently> '*" is in /ood fa8or ith #ost "e#ocratic and ?eu-lican le/islators.


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ADI 2010 11


Link/ FD

FD ha re!laced the C'I'A in ad"ancing democrac$ d#e to it abilit$ to hide it im!erial

neoliberal !#r!oe' ;nl$ thoe +ho embrace free market are democratic'

S#man* 6'I'T 7rofeor* 2004 =Gerald> The Myths of "e#ocracy %ssistance) ,.S. Political Inter8ention

in PostESo8iet *astern *uroe> This essay is a re8ised> shortened 8ersion of #y chater> JThe Glo-ali9ation ofPolitics: Sinnin/ ,.S. "e#ocracy %ssistance Pro/ra#s) in eds.> Thinker> Haker>Sinner> Sy: 6ororate Sin and the '*")s extensi8e oerations a-road create oortunities for olitical oerati8es ho need not assu#e under/round li8es and identities. oe8er> e8en ithout en/a/in/ in the dirty ork of the

6I%> JIn a #ultitude of ays> FD meddle in the internal affair of foreign co#ntrie b$ #!!l$ing f#nd*

technical kno+,ho+* training* ed#cational material* com!#ter* faxe* co!ier* a#tomobile* and o

on* to elected !olitical gro#!* ci"ic organi%ation* labor #nion* diident mo"ement> student /rous> -ook u-lishers> nesaers> other #edia> etc. J-ut Orather in the ar roo#s of

residential ca#ai/ns> in con/ressional and lo--yin/ efforts> and throu/h fa#ily relationshis to to arty officials.


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ADI 2010 12


Link/ S Arab S!ring Democ Aitance

'S' #!!ort of the Arab S!ring "eil a hidden ec#rit$ agenda in +hich f#t#re hegemon$ i

to be attained at the cot of act#al liberation'

Da"ar!anah* -#al needed* 11 =%fshin> Tehran Ti#es> ,.S. tryin/ to #aniulate %ra- urisin/>

htt:;;axisoflo/ic.co#;art#an;u-lish;%rticle!+25!.sht#l Sunday> Aun 12C

,nlike hat #any analysts thou/ht> the ,nited States is #akin/ serious efforts to deose the /o8ern#ent of4e#eni President %li %-dullah Saleh. This chan/e of strate/y first -eca#e aarent in ,.S. President arack (-a#a)s seech on May 13> 2511> in hich he said that so#e re/ional allies ere not resondin/ to the ,.S.calls for chan/e and this as no the case in 4e#en. e asked Saleh to fulfill his co##it#ents and askedhi# to resi/n. This 1&5Ede/ree re8ersal of strate/y on recent de8elo#ents in the Middle *ast and 'orth%frica is not so stran/e and unexected. In fact> after #onths of daily rotests> of course the ,.S. and Saudi%ra-ia elco#e re/i#e chan/e in 4e#en. oe8er> the ,.S. is tryin/ to control the situation in order to -etter ser8e its interests. The collase of Saleh)s re/i#e is ine8ita-le> hether he returns to the country ornot> and his ti#e as resident is finally o8er> e8en for the ,.S. and Saudi %ra-ia> hich suorted the 4e#enidictator until a fe #onths a/o> e8en lon/ after the rotests -e/an. The 7uestion is hether the 'S'to!!ed #!!orting dictator like T#niiaB almot e"er$+here* Saleh i called a dictator +ho led hi co#ntr$ tode!otim and corr#!tion' o+e"er* #ntil e"eral month ago* the Wet regarded him a a friend' en%li and Mu-arak ere in a si#ilar situation. They ere all re/arded as the #ost i#ortant allies of the ,.S.o8er the ast fe decades> and thus Wahington remained ilent and did nothing to hinder theea#thoritarian regime' I#e #ch a h#man right* freedom of !eech> freedo# of the ress> ci"il and olitical libertie =such as the ri/ht to esta-lish nonE/o8ern#ental or/ani9ations> olitical /rous> arties>etc.C> and minorit$ and o#enDs right ha"e been the main !retext for inter"ention b$ the 'S' and*uroe in "ario# co#ntrie' In fact* thee i#e are fre-#entl$ #ed a tool to interfere in the internalaffair of 6iddle Fatern tate' The method #ed b$ the 'S' and it allie in dealing +ith the Arab

#!riing !ro"ide an exam!le of thi a!!roach' Hor exa#le> #any %ra- countries that ha8e a -ad recordin the area of hu#an ri/hts and related issues ha8e -een suorted -y -ut all of asudden> hen there is no lon/er any chance for the they resort to theissue of hu#an ri/hts to justify their interference. (n the one hand> the WetB #!!ort for de!otic

regime al+a$ created anti,Wetern entiment in the region' Th#* b$ hel!ing !o!#lar mo"ement* the'S' i tr$ing to !re"ent more Ilamic extremit ideologie and gro#! like Al,Raeda from ariing in there/ion. ;n the other hand* the go"ernment of the region are all facing a do#estic and internationalcrii of legitimac$' The 'S' !olic$ i to #!!ort change in order to re!ond to thee crie and to

better er"e it interet' To #mmari%e all thi* it can be aid that the 'S' and it allie are onl$

!#r#ing their national> re/ional> and international interet* and i#e #ch a h#man right and!olitical and ci"il libertie are onl$ #ed a !retext to interfere in the internal affair of other

co#ntrie' And th#* the nited State i enco#raging the !o!#lar mo"ement of the Arab +orld* e"en

tho#gh the$ are anti,'S' in nat#re* in order to mani!#late the it#ation in it fa"or o that it +ill be

able to intall ne+ r#ler +ho alo +ill be #ber"ient to the 'S' and follo+ it !olicie' Thi i the mot

efficient +a$ to !romote 'S' c#lt#ral and !olitical hegemon$ in the f#t#re'

http://axisoflogic.com/artman/publish/Article_63206.shtmlhttp://axisoflogic.com/artman/publish/Article_63206.shtml


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ADI 2010 18


The ,.S is sendin/ #illions to hel */yt transition is a trade to ad8ance ,.S forei/n olicyunder the /uise of "e#ocracy assistance.Straer* e+ Fditor* 2011=Max> */yt arns of forei/n #eddlin/ as ,S ushes on ith de#ocracy ro/ra#s>htt:;;.al#asryalyou#.co#;en;node;0$0$!$ SC

A Fg$!t !re!are for it firt free and fair !arliamentar$ election in recent memor$ thi Se!tember*

the S go"ernment and affiliated organi%ation are keen to !la$ a !art in the tranition to democrac$and !ending million of dollar in the !roce. Meanhile> the Fg$!tian go"ernment and a !#blic tigmaaro#nd S #!!ort !reent ma&or challenge' JAcro the region* +e intend to !ro"ide aitance to

ci"il ociet$* incl#ding thoe that ma$ not be officiall$ anctioned* and +ho !eak #ncomfortable

tr#th> ,S President arack (-a#a said in an address on the Middle *ast in May. In */yt> a lon/Eti#e ally of the ,nited States >#!!ort for #nanctioned !rogramming intended to b#ild !olitical !artie and ci"il ociet$ i

fr#trating the Fg$!tian go"ernment' JThere are de8elo#ent artners that ha8e for so#e ti#e no -een ushin/ thede#ocracy and hu#an ri/hts a/enda> said Talaat %-del Malek> an ad8isor to the Ministry of International 6ooeration> hich o8erseasforei/n aid. J%nd I understand that and I understand the need for it> -ut there co#es a oint hen there is so#ethin/ that is called

national so8erei/nty that has to -e resected. The nited State Agenc$ for International De"elo!ment (SAID)*the S go"ernment agenc$ re!onible for the ditrib#tion of ci"ilian foreign aid* i leading the

cam!aign' SAID recentl$ re!rogrammed a-out 05 ercent of its secial ostE2 Aanuary ,SH1?? million b#dgetfor Fg$!t to o,called Jdemocrac$ and go"ernance !rogramming' Some of thi mone$ +ill go directl$

to Fg$!tian ci"il ociet$ gro#!* +hile another !ercentage +ill be deli"ered to S democrac$,

!romotion organi%ation. The details of ,S%I")s acka/e for de#ocracy and /o8ernance ro/ra##in/ ere finali9ed on +5Aune> -ut ,S officials say they are una-le to co##ent on secifics until lans ha8e -een shared ith */ytian authorities. The Ministryof International 6ooeration is the */ytian or/ani9ation resonsi-le for aro8in/ forei/n aid rojects. ,S%I")s artner or/ani9ationson de#ocracy and /o8ernance ro/ra##in/ are orkin/ on a 8ariety of rojects in ostEMu-arak */yt> orkin/ ith -oth ci8il

society /rous and #any of */yt)s ne olitical arties. The !rogramming for !olitical !artie incl#de trainingeion co"ering to!ic like !olitical meaging* "ol#nteer recr#itment* the #e of !olling data* and

!olitical mobili%ation' Thoe re!onible for !rogramming a$ that the$ +ill J+ork +ith an$ !art$ that

doe not ad"ocate "iolence and ad"ocate m#lti!art$ democrac$. ,S officials and ,S de#ocracy ad8ocates in*/yt say that #ost trainin/ is oen to anyone ho ishes to attend and often in8ol8es reresentati8es fro# different arties in order toensure transarency. %n official ith a ,SE-ased de#ocracy ad8ocacy or/ani9ation confir#ed to %lEMasry %lE4ou#> on condition of

anony#ity> that their or/ani9ation has orked ith Isla#ist arties' onethele* ome here contin#e to be concerned

that S democrac$ and go"ernance !rogramming i a +a$ for Wahington to !#h it foreign !olic$

goal in a democratic Fg$!t and !oibl$ maintain their cloe tie +ith Cairo e"en after their all$*

former 7reident oni 6#barak* ha been de!oed. Isla#ist /rous ha8e used the secter of fundin/ fro# the ,nited

States as a ay to s#ear li-eral and secular arties. Influential Isla#ist colu#nist Hah#y oeidy rote that the Sadminitration ha been !o#ring million of dollar monthl$ into Fg$!t in order to Jb#$ off

allegiance of certain !olitical !artie and !ro,democrac$ G;' JOS democrac$ f#nding i deignedto er"e a !ecific !olitical agenda +hich ha nothing to do +ith #!!orting real democrac$ in Fg$!t*oeidy rote on 2 Aune in his daily colu#n in the indeendent Shorouk nesaer. Signaling o#t +hat he decribed athe f#nding !olitic in the Wet


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ADI 2010 1?


Link/ htt:;;.sajeress.co#;2511;5!;hileEusEcha#ionsEroEde#ocracy.ht#l SC

9egarding the for#er Mossad6hief> are co#lainin/ JIsrael had failed to ut forard a eace initiati8e ith the Palestinians and that it had foolishly i/nored theSaudi eace initiati8e ro#isin/ full dilo#atic relations in exchan/e for a return to the 13!$ lines. %s ro#ised -y the President and

de#onstrated -y his indefati/a-le efforts to -lock and ulti#ately 8eto the Statehood atte#t -y Palestinians> Mr ;bama +illcontin#e to irre"eribl$ dri"e America to the !reci!ice of ignorant t#!idit$ in the 6iddle Fat. %s%#os Gilead 8ideo a-o8e de#onstrates the onl$ S!ring both the 'S and Irael reall$ +anted +a an anti,go"ernment Iranian mo"ement' That is the only satisfaction that has -een denied to the# to date.

http://www.sajepress.com/2011/06/while-us-champions-pro-democracy.htmlhttp://www.sajepress.com/2011/06/while-us-champions-pro-democracy.htmlhttp://www.sajepress.com/2011/06/while-us-champions-pro-democracy.html


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ADI 2010 1E


Link/ Lib$a

The WetB o!eration in Lib$a to hel! them i a trade for trategic interet like oil*

militar$ trength'

in$#* Chinee 9e!orter* 2011

=Nhan/> Li-ya inter8ention: "ri8en -y oil or hu#anitarianis#Q> Peole)s "aily online>htt:;;en/lish.eoledaily.co#.cn;35551;35$&5;31+0+;$+2315&.ht#l SCThe mai"e air raid =;!eration ;d$e$ Da+n*= led b$ the nited State> ,nited Kin/do# and Hrance> againt Lib$a ha bro#ght the orth African nation once again #nder the !otlight' The o!eration*

+hich i ca#ing e"ere ci"ilian ca#altie and infratr#ct#re damage* goe far be$ond the ''

reol#tion calling for a no,fl$ %one and i !arking global o#trage o"er =excei"e "iolence'= The Lea/ueof %ra- States =L%SC as the first ad8ocate of ,.'. resolution 13$+. %ra- Lea/ue SecretaryEGeneral %#re Moussa said the Bdou-lestandardB ursued -y the


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ADI 2010 1M


Link/ @emen

The nited State f#ll$ #!!orted @emenB 7reident Ali Abd#llah Saleh +hen it +a the

bet +a$ to combat terrorit' After the !rotet* the 'S' +ithdre+ #!!ort and to!!ed all

aid !romiing to reintate onl$ after SalehB reignation' A ne+ go"ernment i eential to

American interet in to!!ing Al Raeda from ca!t#ring a trategic !ort in Aden'Sanger* riter for The 'e 4ork Ti#es> 11="a8id *.> The 'e 4ork Ti#es> J*n8oy Meets Auly 11> 2511>htt:;;.nyti#es.co#;2511;5$;11;orld;#iddleeast;11ye#en.ht#lQrU1scU2s7U,SV25interestV25inV254e#enstUcse> $E23E11> %PC.


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ADI 2010 13


Link/ Democrac$ 7roce AffB

The aff !lan target the +rong !ortion of democrac$' The f#nctional o#tcome i more

im!ortant than the !roce'

Khan* rofessor of la @ 1338 =%li> oard La Aournal> JLessons Hro# Malcol# : Hreedo# -y

%ny Means 'ecessary> +& o. L.A. $3> lexisC

% dulicitous de#ocracy #ay retain its essential character e8en if the syste# /rants for#al e7uality andrejects any oressi8e discri#ination in la. The nor#ati8e flalessness of the syste# in theory -linds theo-ser8er fro# seein/ oression in reality. In a dulicitous de#ocracy> the o-ser8er #ust look at functionaloutco#es rather than for#al oortunities a8aila-le to all. % sociolo/ical study of oression ould re8eal#ore than a le/al study of statutes and cases hich #i/ht extol only aer credentials of the le/al syste#.


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ADI 2010 20


Link/ Condition on Aitance

When the !o+erf#l !ro"ide aid on the condition that beneficiarie abide b$ certain

condition* it reinforce global !o+er relationhi! of #b&ection and domination'@o#ng* late 7rofeor of 7olitical Science for the ni"erit$ of Chicago* 2008

=Iris Marion> JModest ?eflections on e/e#ony and Glo-al "e#ocracy> Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory> %ril 2550> /s. &E3> %PC.

%n exlosion of recent hilosohical ritin/ de-ates the 7uestion/ do obligation of tice extend be$ondthe bo#ndarie of a ingle nation tateU 13this osition)s lausi-ility is anin/.25 %r/u#ents that there are transnational o-li/ations of justice cannotaeal si#ly to the facts of need. The needine of mae of !eo!le and "#lnerabilitie into +hich thi!#t them can at bet back moral re!onibilitie of beneficence' nder thi "ie+* agent +ho can

relie"e the needine of ditant other o#ght to do o* other thing being e-#al* b#t the$ do not trictl$

ha"e obligation to do o' ;n thi charit$ "ie+ of the moral claim of need$ other on thoe +ith more

reo#rce* it i #! to the donor to decide the le"el of gift and #nder +hat condition it hall be gi"en' To

the extent that there exit trannational aid in the +orld toda$* it largel$ take thi form of

beneficence* +hether gi"en b$ go"ernment* !ri"ate aociation* or indi"id#al'


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ADI 2010 21


ni-#ene/ S infl#ence Cr#mbling

The 'S' em!ire i cr#mbling in 6FA region +ith !rotetor to!!ling American backed

dictator in f#ll force in !ite of +etern interference'

Mondoeiss> Tunisia)s sark and */yt)s fla#e: The Middle *ast is risin/>

htt:;;#ondoeiss.net;2511;52;tunisiasEsarkEandEe/ytsEfla#eEtheE#iddleEeastEisErisin/.ht#l> He-uary 1C

Is this ho em!ire end* +ith !eo!le flooding the treet* demanding the reignation of their leaderand forcing local dictator o#tQ May-e not entirely> -ut the -readth and deth of the sreadin/ rotests> thehel!lene of the 'S',backed go"ernment to to! them* and the ra!idl$ diminihing abilit$ of the

nited State to !rotect it long,time client* are certainl$ re#lting in a le"el of re"ol#tionar$ fer"or

not "iible in the 6iddle Fat in a generation' The legac$ of 'S',dominated go"ernment acro the

region +ill ne"er be the ame' The 'S' em!ire reach in the reo#rce,rich and trategicall$ "ital

6iddle Fat ha been haken to it core' ThereDs a do#ino effect underay in the %ra- orld. Tunisia asthe sark> not only -ecause its urisin/ ca#e first -ut -ecause the eole of Tunisia on and the dictator fled.*/yt re#ains for the ,nited States the #ost i#ortant strate/ic %ra- ally. The fall of oni 6#barak* the'S',backed dictator in !o+er for more than three decade* +o#ld mean an end to Wahington abilit$

to rel$ on Cairo to ta"e off Arab nationalim and inde!endence and an end to Fg$!t role a a

collaborator in the Iraeli occ#!ation of 7aletine' hatDs likely> thou/h not ine8ita-le>is that ne8er a/ain ill Tunisia -e used as a transit oint or */yt as a B-lack siteB secret rison for ,.S.a/ents en/a/ed in the Bextraordinary renditionB of detainees for interro/ation and torture. Stirring of!o!#lar dient are alread$ #nder+a$ in @emen and ordan too' All the other 'S',backed monarchie

and !e#do,democracie acro the region are feeling the heat' The 'S' em!ire in the region i

cr#mbling' Tiin/ Points The alliance of the lat half cent#r$ are being hattered* the old order iending. itDs still too soon to tell.Thin/s #o8e sloly until a sudden tiin/ oint> and then itDs all too 7uick> too sudden to kee u. The -readth of u-lic articiation is key for understandin/ the i#lications of these urisin/s. In Tunisia> the rotests in8ol8ed orkers and #iddle class rofessionals> -ut ere co#osed at the core -y disenfranchised>dise#oered> and educated une#loyed eole. Moha##ed oua9i9i> a youn/ #an in the i#o8erishedton of Sidi ou9id> sy#-oli9ed these de#onstrators -y settin/ hi#self a-la9e to rotest not onlyune#loy#ent and o8erty> -ut also the hu#iliation and de/radation he faced. Among the h#ndred oftho#and acro T#niia +ho marched* chanted* demanded* and +on the abdication of their

longtanding dictator* tho#and are the $o#ng men and +omen hose colle/e de/rees ha8e ro8ided nosecurity> hose li8es ere constrained -y the lack of jo-s> lack of oortunities> and lack of hoe. In Fg$!t*!artici!ation +a e"en broader' The tho#and and h#ndred of tho#and filling the treet*

occ#!$ing Cairo famed Tahrir (Liberation) S-#are* incl#de not onl$ the mot im!o"erihed of

Fg$!t #rban l#m and r#ral farmer and !eaant' They also include the educated> the #iddle classes>e8en #any of the ealthy> all finally sayin/ no to the aucity di/nity and freedo# of their li8es. Theirde#and as clear: not just refor#> not just ne elections> -ut an end to the Mu-arak re/i#e. It is alsoi#ortant to reco/ni9e hat the de#ands in Tunisia and #ost essentially in */yt ere not a-out. They erenot a-out oosition to the ,nited StatesF e ha8e not seen the ,.S. fla/ -urnin/ or crods attackin/ the,.S. e#-assy. They ere not e8en a-out */ytDs thirty years of colla-oration ith IsraelDs occuation>esecially its role in #aintainin/ the sie/e of Ga9a X oosition to hich is ar/ua-ly the /reatest oint of olitical unity in the country. 7eo!le ha"e been "er$ clear V and "er$ !#blic in the media V abo#t theira+arene of and o#trage to+ard the 'S' hitor$ of arming 6#barak +ith the "er$ +ea!on killing

!roteter in the treet. the =6ade in SA= tear ga caniter from oneto+n* 7A are feat#red allo"er the media' ut the de#ands of this #o-ili9ation are directed to do#estic> internal issues> ai#ed atchan/in/ the 8ery nature of the rulin/ structures of the country and its i#act on the eole ho li8e there.Horei/n olicy ill co#e just a little -it later.

http://mondoweiss.net/2011/02/tunisias-spark-and-egypts-flame-the-middle-east-is-rising.htmlhttp://mondoweiss.net/2011/02/tunisias-spark-and-egypts-flame-the-middle-east-is-rising.html


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ADI 2010 22


Im!act/ Cae T#rn

The r#e of the gift i that i !rod#ce the o!!oite of it aim

Arrigo and William 2k =ruce %.> 6hristoher ?.> rofessor of @ the ,ni8ersity of 'orth 6arolina> associate rofessor of cri#inolo/y @ the ,ni8ersity of Possi-ility of "e#ocratic Austice and the BGiftB of the

Majority : (n "errida> "econstruction> and the Search for *7uality Aournal of 6onte#orary 6ri#inal AusticeC and thus de#ocracy> is an aeal for the /ift. %s "errida =1332C notes> Bthis Didea of justiceD see#s to -e irreduci-le in its affir#ati8e character> in its de#and of /ift ithout exchan/e> ithoutcirculation> ithout reco/nition of /ratitude> ithout econo#ic circularity> ithout calculation and ithoutrules> ithout reason and ithout rationalityB =. 2C. The /ift =of e7ualityC> like justice and de#ocracy> is an

aoria> an =i#Cossi-ility. Thus> the #e of the gift a a tranaction in the name of e-#alit$* and e-#alit$in the name of tice and democrac$* i tr#l$ =unCjust> (#n)democratic* and (in)e-#itable' The /ift is acalculated> #ajoritarian endea8or toard illusi8e e7uality. *7uality -eyond such a conscious effort =i.e.>here the illusion is dislacedC is oenEended and a-sent of any o-li/atory recirocation. %s 6auto =133$Cnotes> Bjustice is the elco#e /i8en to the other in hich I do not. . . ha8e anythin/ u #y slee8eB =. 103C. one #ay still seculate on the laDs relationshi to the /ift.ut a/ain> the la as a co##odity> as a thin/ to -e transacted> eli#inates its rosects as so#ethin/ to -e/i8en.


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ADI 2010 25


Im!act/ ;!!reion

;!!reion i a c$cle V draining !o+er from the o!!reed and gi"ing it right back to the

!o+erf#l



In addition to disa-lin/ the disad8anta/ed> oression si#ultaneously e#oers the oressor. It transfers oer fro# the oressed to the oressor> esta-lishin/ a relationshi of direct su-ju/ation. ,nder sla8ery>one of the #ost extre#e for#s of oression> the la-or of the ensla8ed is directly consi/ned to the #aster.The oerlessness of the ensla8ed is indeed the oer of the #aster. n+$ (n a lar/er social scale> oression ro8ides a conduit to drain oer fro# the oE OY&3 ressed to -uildin/ the econo#ic> social> and oliticalstren/th of the oressors.

http://www.lexisnexis.com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true&rand=1312075259840&returnToKey=20_T12447627105&parent=docview&target=results_DocumentContent&tokenKey=rsh-20.778590.3445046773#n37http://www.lexisnexis.com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true&rand=1312075259840&returnToKey=20_T12447627105&parent=docview&target=results_DocumentContent&tokenKey=rsh-20.778590.3445046773#n37http://www.lexisnexis.com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true&rand=1312075259840&returnToKey=20_T12447627105&parent=docview&target=results_DocumentContent&tokenKey=rsh-20.778590.3445046773#n37http://www.lexisnexis.com.lib-proxy.fullerton.edu/lnacui2api/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true&rand=1312075259840&returnToKey=20_T12447627105&parent=docview&target=results_DocumentContent&tokenKey=rsh-20.778590.3445046773#n37


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ADI 2010 28


Im!act/ Democrac$ T#rn

The danger of the aff i elling non,democratic regime a democratic' Democrac$

aitance i a co"er for S national interet'

6hair of the "eart#ent of Political Science> The 6ity 6olle/e of 'e 4ork> 255E =B"e#ocracy and

Security: Process 8ersus (utco#e in %ssistance PolicyQB "e#ocrati9ation> ol.10> 'o.2> %ril> . 133E255C

if de#ocracy and the ar on terroris# do not ro8e easily co#ati-le> on hich sideill e #ore likely co#ro#iseQ so#ethin/ erhas e8en #ore da#a/in/ see#s likely: atte#ts to sella-rid/e#ents of de#ocracy> or nonEde#ocratic re/i#es as de#ocratic. This> after all> ani#ated #uch of the coldEar)s /lo-al alliance olitics. "e#ocracy assistance then ro8ided si/nificant co8er for ositions staked out in thelar/er terrain of coldEar confrontations. President ?ea/an fastened onto the de#and for de#ocrati9ation as a ayto aly ressure on the So8iet ,nion> e8en as ,S solidarity and dissident /rous X fro# the ca#ai/n to end ,S#ilitary in8ol8e#ent in ietna# onards X used de#ands for de#ocracy as a roxy for antiEi#erialis# andsuort for antiE,S> often Marxian insur/encies. "e#ocracy ser8ed as a kind of roxy for a deeer and #ore olitici9ed a/enda. ut this #eant that rocessual ele#ents of de#ocracy ere fre7uently underlayed> and #ostad8ocated de#ocrati9ation ith a secific idea of ho stood #ost to -enefit under the syste#. Today> su-stantialsceticis# already exists in the orld a-out hat de#ocracy #eans or ho it should -e 8alued. Hurther discountin/the concet -y associatin/ it ith fixed elections or the ro#otion of illi-eral re/i#es can only accelerate this trend.


25/47

ADI 2010 2?


Im!act/ 6ilitar$ Inter"ention

6ilitar$ inter"ention i al+a$ a !oibilit$ in the democrac$ aitance !roceThe ational Committee on American oreign 7olic$* non!rofit acti"it organi%ation* 0M

=The 'ational 6o##ittee on %#erican Horei/n Policy and %rnold %. Salt9#an Institute of or the "ecline of "e#ocracy> 6onstellations olu#e 1+> 'o 0>255! SC

In contrast> toda$B !ractice of etablihing a global mono!ol$ of "iolence de facto thro#gh +orld+idemilitar$ inter"ention and a +illf#l reinter!retation of the Charter i et to detro$ all the

achie"ement of democrac$ and right. The le/al docu#ent of the ,' 6harter still contains all the essential rinciles of thetheory of de#ocratic so8erei/nty and Kant)s hilosohy of eace in ositi8e for#. The Charter> roosed after the Second

alon/ ith their national inte/rity> destroyed the olitical autono#y of the affected eoles X -y #akin/ the Jso8erei/n e7uality of all

its Me#-ers a funda#ental rincile> treating the Jterritorial integrit$ or !olitical inde!endence of an$ tatea a good +orth$ of !rotection thro#gh militar$ mea#re againt threat to or breache of +orld

!eace and international ec#rit$> +hile* con"erel$* ex!rel$ den$ing the the a#thorit$ tointer"ene J+ithin the dometic ridiction of an$ tate. It corre!ond to the logic of thicontr#ction that Jre!ect for h#man right +ithin the frame+ork of thee democratic !rinci!le of

!eace i onl$ to be Jenco#raged* not com!elled. o+e"er* in the !an of a fe+ hort decade thi hanot !rotected the Charter from being t#rned into it o!!oite/ a global order of inter"ention and +ar' The mere fact that Sec#rit$ Co#ncil reol#tion increaingl$ redefine internal h#man right "iolation

a threat to +orld !eace and international ec#rit$ i #fficient for contem!orar$ theorit of

international la+ to ded#ce a norm from exiting !ractice/ the Jright of h#manitarian inter"ention.%ccordin/ly> current roosals for refor#in/ the ,' are ai#ed at resol8in/ the alle/ed contradiction -eteen the "eclaration of u#an?i/hts and the rincile of state so8erei/nty -y eli#inatin/ the latter and restructurin/ the ,')s decisionE#akin/ structure to #ake ita-le to inter8ene #ore efficiently. oular so8erei/nty> and eace> e

should note that the ri/ht to selfEdeter#ination of citi9ens o8errun -y #ilitary inter8ention can also -e 8iolated hen they share the

hu#an ri/hts interretations of the inter8enin/ oers. If there i in concrete cae another #ndertanding of h#man

right* then the Jh#manitarian inter"ention i nothing other than tem!orar$ hegemonial border,

croing' In both cae* ci"ilian again find themel"e a V ome+hat tro#bleome V a!!endage of

territorie deignated for bombing.


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ADI 2010 24


Im!act/ Colonialim

American h#manitarian inter"ention in the name of right i gro#nded in modern da$

colonialim olel$ for !olic$ goal'

Lendman -#al needed* 11 =Stehen> %#ericaDs 'e Middle *ast %/enda> %lEAa9eerah> 66,'> May 2>

htt:;;.alja9eerah.info;(inionV25*ditorials;2511;May;2V25o;%#ericaV2$sV25'eV25MiddleV25*astV25%/endaV25yV25StehenV25Lend#an.ht#C

Moreo8er> o,called =h#manitarian inter"ention= amo#nt to modern,da$ colonialim to achie"egeo!olitical ob&ecti"e' esides> %#erica ne8er shoed concern for hu#an ri/hts in ursuit of strate/icai#s. 'ota-ly> do8ish ,S dilo#at> ad8isor> and father of So8iet contain#ent Geor/e Kennan =ad8ocatin/dilo#acy o8er forceC exlained hat -eca#e %#ericaDs ostEB he stated: B....e ha8e 5V of the orldDs ealth -ut only !.+V of its oulation. =It #akesusC the o-ject of en8y and resent#ent' ;#r real tak in the coming !eriod i to de"ie a !attern ofrelationhi! (to let #) maintain thi !oition of di!arit$ +itho#t !oiti"e detriment to o#r national

ociet$' To do o +e +ill ha"e to di!ene +ith all entimentalit$ and da$dreaming. and o#r attention

+ill ha"e to be concentrated e"er$+here on o#r immediate national ob&ecti"e' and de#ocrati9ation. The day is not far off hen e are /oin/ to ha8e to deal in strai/ht oerconcets. The less e are ha#ered -y idealistic slo/ans =ideas and racticesC> the -etter.B A a re#lt*+hen America inter"ene militaril$* it for !olic$ goal* ne"er for h#man right or h#manitarian

!rioritie* rhetoric not+ithtanding'

Democrati%ation in the 6iddle Fat tie itelf onto the logic of deh#mani%ation and

colonialim' The Wetern im!erialim maintained thro#gh democrac$ force the

decoloni%ed J6iddle Fat to lack an identit$ and lea"e them hel!le +ithin the mit of

r#thle regime to globali%ation +hich make the !roce of democrac$ im!oibleMoha#ad G. Alkadr$ 02> is an %ssistant Professor of Pu-lic %d#inistration at J?*6ITI'G 6(L('I%L S6?IPTS: 6(L('I%LISM> GL(%LIN%TI(' %'" "*M(6?%64 I' T*

"*6(L('IN*" MI""L* *%ST> %d#inistrati8e Theory Praxis ol. 20> 'o. 0> 2552: $+3X$!2> M6A

In ritin/ this article> history ket /ettin/ in the ay of theory. /eo/rahic -oundaries> and national identitythree thin/s that are dear to de#ocrati9ation. The result is aMiddle *ast ith dehu#ani9ed nati8es li8in/ in nonEde#ocratic nation states that ere dran around the# and inso#e cases throu/h the#. The ro-le# is not that indi/enous eoles of the decoloni9ed Middle *ast are notci8ili9ed enou/h for selfEdeter#ination. The Middle *ast)s reEcolonial history featured intellectual> econo#ic and olitical roserity that receded *uroean colonialis# -y 555 years. 'or is tradition the ro-le#. The ro-le# isnot Isla# -ecause Isla# features de#ocratic rinciles that are different fro# estern de#ocracy -ut not necessarilyless sohisticated. 6olonial ad#inistrators car8ed u the Middle *ast> oressed its eoles> and installed re/i#esand states ith no sin/le national identity or co##on definition of citi9enshi that ould unite their eoles. ith ruthless re/i#es that are either suorted -y the arestill in search of national indeendence. I#erial cultural roducers> tele8ision> assu#ed the role that colonialriters had assu#ed at ti#es of colonialis# to aint a icture of the de#oni9ed nati8es E the %ra-s and the Musli#s=Shaheen> 2555C. Glo-ali9ation forces> hich orry #ore a-out olitical sta-ility than selfEdeter#ination> #ake rosects of de#ocracy in the decoloni9ed Middle *ast e8en /ri##er.

http://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20Editorials/2011/May/2%20o/America's%20New%20Middle%20East%20Agenda%20By%20Stephen%20Lendman.htmhttp://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20Editorials/2011/May/2%20o/America's%20New%20Middle%20East%20Agenda%20By%20Stephen%20Lendman.htmhttp://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20Editorials/2011/May/2%20o/America's%20New%20Middle%20East%20Agenda%20By%20Stephen%20Lendman.htmhttp://www.aljazeerah.info/Opinion%20Editorials/2011/May/2%20o/America's%20New%20Middle%20East%20Agenda%20By%20Stephen%20Lendman.htm


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ADI 2010 2E


Alternati"e/ S#!!ort the Agenc$ of S!ringer

Pote for the Arab S!ring to contin#e +itho#t the aitance of the o!!reor' The o!!reed

ho#ld be affirmed in challenging their o!!reion b$ an$ mean necear$



The concet of -y any #eans necessary unra8els the nor#ati8e retense of the oressi8e syste# and rejectsthe #oral clai#s of those ho ar/ue that la and order #ust re#ain a sure#e 8alue e8en in the #ost unjustsyste#. the #orali#erati8e to challen/e the oressor /ains #o#entu# and ar/u#ents for the #aintenance of la and orderlose #erit. If o-edience to the syste# does not chan/e the condition of su-ju/ation> a ne attitude a#on/ thesu-ju/ated -e/ins to de8elo. The yearnin/ to -reak aay fro# oression illicits a #ilitant and defiantattitude a/ainst those ho deny e8en such funda#ental ri/hts.


28/47

ADI 2010 2M


Alternati"e/ Global Citi%enhi!

We li"e in a como!olitan age in +hich the !o+er of the nation,tate i diintegrating into a

net+ork of global citi%enhi! in +hich democratic !rinci!le can be a#red'

Armtrong 04 =6hris> Senior Lecturer @ ,ni8ersity of Southa#ton> Glo-al 6i8il Society and the Wuestion of

Glo-al 6iti9enshi> International Society for ThirdESector ?esearch and The Aohns okins ,ni8ersityC journalists> and acade#ics increasin/ly tell us +e li"e in an =interde!endent*= e"en=como!olitan= age* the -yEroduct of an inexora-le rocess of B/lo-ali9ation.B We no+ hare* e are told>hat eld and McGre =2552C call a ingle =comm#nit$ of fate*= #ch that action in one !art of the!lanet ine"itabl$ im!act on other* and +e face common !roblem that can onl$ be dealt +ith b$

mean of common !olitical action' Gi"en the increaing economic and c#lt#ral inter!enetration of

ocietie> the nature of olitical action and e8en of #e#-ershi ill need to chan/e accordin/ly. Indeed> for#any co##entators the dominant nation,tate baed model of citi%enhi! i alread$ in the !roce ofdiintegrating a a foc# of !olitical identit$ and !o+er' %lthou/h the olitical roject of citi9enshi has -een successfully BfixedB at the le8el of the nationEstate in recent centuries =ehnke> 133$C> this link is underthreat on a nu#-er of fronts. The gro+th of trannational identitie and ma migration* the "agarie ofthe global econom$* or the colla!e of the "iion of the homogeno# nation,tate* ha"e led to a

!rogrei"e #n+ra!!ing of the citi%enhi! =!ackage= that characteri9ed #uch of the tentieth century> -ased on state so8erei/nty> social rotection> and a co##on identity =Sassen> 255+F see also enha-i->2551C. 7olitical identit$ ha become increaingl$ detached from it =monogamo#= aociation +ith aingle nation,tate* and re!laced =at least for so#eC +ith a $tem of fl#id* m#lti!le citi%enhi!' Thestate> e are told> is si#ly no lon/er the only #eanin/ful layer on the orld sta/e> and althou/h this #aynot i#ly the death of the state> it does su//est a chan/in/ role for the state> and a chan/e in the nature ofciti9enshi. The notion of /lo-al citi9enshi is an increasin/ly co##on one ithin conte#orary de-ate. Itsad8ocates ar/ue that the sa#e forces hich ha8e led to an un-undlin/ of the roject of national citi9enshiha8e oened u ossi-ilities for i#a/inin/ for#s of solidarity and -elon/in/ less #arked -y the exclusionisthistories of the #odern nationEstate =Purcell> 255+C. (n this 8ersion of e8ents hilst /lo-ali9ation is -oth a -lessin/ and a curse> global citi%enhi! offer an antidote to the inegalitarian and #ndemocratictendencie of global integration' ut hat for# #i/ht a /lo-al citi9enshi re/i#e takeQ %ndre Linklater =2552C> in an influential for#ulation> #gget that a nascent for# of global citi%enhi! i marked b$ threecom!onent/ a como!olitan* #ni"eral $tem of indi"id#al rightsF a set of duties additional to or e8en

co#etin/ ith duties to fello nationalsF and finally an emerging +orld,+ide democratic !#blic !here*or =global ci"il ociet$'= The first to co#onents are at -est #ini#ally e8ident in the conte#orary orld.The /lo-al hu#an ri/hts re/i#e> for instance> is ro-a-ly -etter descri-ed as a =#ore or lessC uni8ersalsyste# of national ri/hts> to -e clai#ed a/ainst the nationEstate in hich one haens to reside. (ne reasonfor this is that the second suosed co#onenta discourse of /lo-al resonsi-ility hich ould #ake the#eetin/ of indi8idual ri/hts a genuinely transEnational concernis nota-le only for its a-sence. It #i/ht -esaid that su-stantial ro/ress ould -e needed on -oth of these counts in order to /i8e a utati8e /lo-alciti9enshi a #eanin/ful socioEecono#ic di#ension. This aer focuses> thou/h> on the third co#onent>hich ai#s to suly the BoliticalB di#ension of a /lo-al citi9enshi re/i#e. If a /lo-al re/i#e ofciti9enshi is in the rocess of e#er/in/> at hat sites does the olitical articiation of citi9ens take laceQHor #ost cos#oolitan theorists> the role of the nationEstate as the locus of real oer is fast erodin/ if notalto/ether ter#inated> and the real focal oints of oer in the conte#orary orld lie ith internationalor/ani9ations and oerful econo#ic actors =see> e./.> eld> 133C. If this is the case> national citi%enhi!

can no longer o!erate a the ite of a "iable form of democrac$ or e-#alit$> and other !oibilitie>hich are cloer to the eat of real !o+er* m#t be fo#nd' (ne ossi-ility lies ith de#ocratic refor# ofexistin/ institutions such as the ,nited 'ations =,'C> takin/ the for# erhas of a directly /lo-allyEelected,' Parlia#ent =Linklater> 2552> . +23F see also 4oun/> 2555C. Such a roject is orthhile> -ut could -eexected to ha8e radical i#lications only if e assu#e that -odies such as the ,' are crucial sites oftransnational oer. ut in the current /lo-al order #ultinational cororations and institutions such as the International Monetary Hund =IMHC> and


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ADI 2010 23


the /lo-e> and injectin/ an ele#ent of accounta-ility and transarency into B/lo-al /o8ernance>B theseI'G(s reresent the crucial focus of an e#er/in/ B/lo-al ci8il society.B Hor Linklater =2552> . +23CBatte#ts -y I'G(s to -uild a orldide u-lic shere -y articiatin/> al-eit soradically> in /lo-al e8ents>runnin/ arallel to #ajor ,nited 'ations conferences such as those held in eijin/ and ?io de Aaneiroad8ance the clai# that /lo-al institutions should co#ly ith rinciles of de#ocratic le/iti#acy.B the colourful erutionsof oular de#ocratic ill that icket the# reresent their consciences> and so#eti#es at least succeed in#akin/ their 8oices heard.

Global ci"il ociet$ allo+ for the dico#re of e-#alit$ and democratic !rinci!le thro#gh

increaed !artici!ation and effecti"e reitance'

Armtrong 04 =6hris> Senior Lecturer @ ,ni8ersity of Southa#ton> Glo-al 6i8il Society and the Wuestion ofGlo-al 6iti9enshi> International Society for ThirdESector ?esearch and The Aohns okins ,ni8ersityC I ill ask: To hat extent does the #uchE8aunted Bglobal ci"il ociet$B =hereafter GCS)re!reent a meaningf#l !olitical embodiment of the ideal of global citi%en hi!Q %nd hat #i/ht ananalysis of G6S tell us a-out the likely character of an e#er/in/ /lo-al citi9enshiQ The next to sectionsexa#ine to oosed narrati8es on the role of /lo-al ci8il society> the first -roadly confident a-out its otential role in su-stantiatin/ a for# of /lo-al citi9enshi> and the second less so. The to final sections of

this aer offer so#e tentati8e conclusions a-out the otential role that G6S #i/ht lay in su-stantiatin/ afor# of de#ocratic /lo-al citi9enshi. The ad"antage of the lang#age of ci"il ociet$ i !reciel$ it!olitical content* it im!lication for !artici!ation and citi%enhi!' It add to the h#man right

dico#re the notion of indi"id#al re!onibilit$ for re!ect of h#man right thro#gh !#blic action' =Kaldor > 1333> . 211C % nely e#er/in/ /lo-al ci8il society is usually constituted as a Bthird 9one>B -eyondfor#al olitics and the #arket> or at least a 9one here Bci8ic initiati8eB #in/les ith B#arket forcesB andthe oerElay of Bstate interactionB =Keane> 2551> . +C. Thi GCS form an eential co#nterbalance tothe excl#ionar$* inegalitarian* and #ndemocratic nat#re of global !o+er' So#e rather /rand clai#s ha8e -een #ade a-out the otential of G6S to Bci8ili9eB /lo-ali9ation: that it !rod#ce the ke$ to the deli"er$ ofh#man right* b$ #!!lementing that dico#re +ith an effecti"e acco#nt of indi"id#al re!onibilit$ =Kaldor> 1333C> that it sulies an Banser to arB -y defusin/ conflict -eteen #ajor oers> and that it can ro8ide Ba check -oth on the oer and ar-itrariness of the conte#orary state and on the oer of un-ridledcaitalis#B =Kaldor> 255+> . 21C. Indeed ci"il ociet$ at the global le"el i ethicall$ #!erior to iteedbed at the national le"el* for GCS o"ercome the excl#ionar$ tendencie of Wet!halian

citi%enhi! =Linklater > 133&C. Such is the otential le/iti#isin/ role of G6S ithin /lo-al olitics that> for"aniele %rchi-u/i =133&C it is the existence of G6S alone that ro8ides the authority for /lo-al institutions tointerfere in the do#estic affairs of nationEstates. . !E$C ha8e descri-ed it as Bthe netork of autono#ous institutions that ri/htsE-earin/ andresonsi-ilityEladen citi9ens 8oluntarily create to address co##on ro-le#s> ad8ance shared interests and ro#ote collecti8e asirations.B Glo-al ci8il society is the lace here hu#an ri/hts connect ith hu#anresonsi-ilities> as indi8iduals and /rous seek to #ediate the ter#s of /lo-al inte/ration andinterdeendence. This #uch is also roclai#ed -y #any of the co#onent or/ani9ations of G6S hichexlicitly use the lan/ua/e of citi9enshi to fra#e their concerns and #ode of oeration. There is an oddslia/e in the literature> hoe8er> on the 7uestion of hether /lo-al ci8il society exresses the e#er/ence of

/lo-al citi9enshi> or in fact en/ineers that e#er/ence. ere ro#inent accounts of /lo-al ci8il society -eco#e so#ehat circular> for #any defenders of G6S do see it as layin/ a role in creatin/ /lo-al citi9ens.%s %nheier> Glasius> and Kaldor =2551> . 1$C ut it* =global ci"il ociet$ can be een a an a!iration toreach and incl#de citi%en e"er$+here and to enable them to think and act a global citi%en'= Thi

im!lie a critical (and "er$ liberal) ditancing from national tradition and identitie/ in the ne+

globali%ed +orld> eld and McGre =2552> . 15$C tell us* =Fach citi%en of a tate +ill ha"e to learn tobecome a como!olitan citi%en a +ell. that i* a !eron ca!able of mediating bet+een national

tradition and alternati"e form of life'= Hor Linklater =133&> . 1&1C transnational olitical co##unitiesare necessary to Bro#ote a transnational citi9enry ith #ultile olitical alle/iances>B and not just to /i8eexression to those alle/iances. Hor Keane =2551> . 0+C> e8en #ore -luntly> /lo-al u-lic sheres Bena-leciti9ens to shake off -ad ha-its of arochialis#.B


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ADI 2010 50


Global go"ernance ha been co,o!ted b$ elite neoliberal en#ring the ilencing of

diidence'

Armtrong 04 =6hris> Senior Lecturer @ ,ni8ersity of Southa#ton> Glo-al 6i8il Society and the Wuestion ofGlo-al 6iti9enshi> International Society for ThirdESector ?esearch and The Aohns okins ,ni8ersityC /lo-al

re/ulatory a/encies -e/an Oin the 13&5s to concern the#sel8es ith olitical and social rocesses -eyondcrude i#ress#ent> and -e/an to structure their relationshi ith 'G(s and other ouldE-e reresentati8esof /lo-al ci8il society... =Global go"ernance= i an attem!t to in"ent a !olitical interloc#tor +ith +homglob ali%ing elite might negotiate #tainable term for global acc#m#lation' ="rain8ille> 2552> . 2+C %second ersecti8e 8ies the narrati8e a-o8e ith considera-le susicion> and considers /lo-al ci8il society rincially as an a/ent or conduit of neoli-eral /o8ernance. ;n thi "ie+ the ne+ global citi%en i bet"ie+ed a the neoliberal =acti"e citi%en*= contr#ed a a !oliticall$ !liant con#mer of good and

er"ice rather than a omeone embarked #!on a !ro&ect of !olitical elf,determination =for #ore onthis 8ision of citi9enshi> see %r#stron/> 255!> . &E31C. The f#nction of GCS i to act a anintermediar$ bet+een indi"id#al citi%en and tate or !o+erf#l economic actor* b#t em!haticall$ not

to !ro"ide an$ #btantial from of !olitical acco#ntabilit$' Hor "rain8ille =133&> . +$C GCS haf#nctioned a a tool for =the making of a com!liant citi%enr$*= and not a the entr$ !oint for real

challenge to the global order' (f course #any radical critics ill already co#e to the notion of ci8il

society ith a #easure of susicion> /i8en that ithin nationEstates it is the Bci8il societyB of 8oluntaryor/ani9ations> cororations> lo--yin/ /rous> and 7uasiEstate or/ani9ations that neoli-eralis# has turned to inBrollin/ -ack the frontiersB -oth of the state and of de#ocracy. Hor Gra#scian critics in articular it is nosurrise that =the acti"itie of global ci"il ociet$Nmeaning the ci"il ociet$ that i een and heardN are th# neither a#tonomo# from nor !artic#larl$ challenging to the !rocee of globaliation=

=?o-inson> 2550> . 1$5C. (n the sternest assess#ent> GCS tand =coo!ted a the ocial +ing ofneoliberal global ca!italim= =Munck> 2550> . 25C> an agent of ine-#alit$ rather than e-#alit$' ut hatdoes this #ean in racticeQ "a8id 6handler =2550> . ++2E++0C considers G6S an exe#lar of Bcourtier olitics>B and clai#s that rather than G6S ressurin/ institutions such as the ,'> the ha =been largel$re!onible for creating a global acti"it net+ork= aro#nd itelf' or Andre Drain"ille the engagement

of intit#tion #ch a the I6 and World this has little to do ith any interest in de#ocratic citi9enshi and oliticalaccounta-ility> -ut a /ood deal to do ith increased fears a-out the s#ooth ro/ress of the /lo-al financialsyste# =as a result of antiEIMH riots in the 13&5s> the re#o8al of neoli-eral leaders in Latin %#erica> and#ore recently financial crises in %sia and Mexico> for exa#leC. The colo#rf#l !ectacle of GCS i +heeledo#t e"er$ time a ma&or #mmit i held* b#t the real f#nction of GCS i to negotiate and then !ro!agate

=back home= to indi"id#al citi%en a =reformit= "erion of neoliberalim +hich intit#tion #ch a

the I6 and World and erhas i##oderately critical of the critical otential of G6S> he is not alone in his susicionshere. Hor Aac7ueline est =255+> . +$&C e are itnessin/ the -irth of Ba stran/e ne kind of e#-eddedli-eralis#>B hich srin/s fro# a reco/nition of the li#its of an unsta-le and unoular Bdise#-eddedli-eralis#B for the sta-ility of /lo-al accu#ulation. The freedo# /i8en to finance caital in the 13$5s and13&5s ro8ed just too risky in ractice> as unrestrained seculation tri//ered a series of econo#ic and

olitical crises. The IMH and and althou/h they are securin/ it -y usin/aarently consensual ter#s such as Bci8ility>B Bci8ili9in/ /lo-ali9ation>B and the need for B/ood financialciti9enshiB =est> 255+> . +!+C> the realit$ i that GCS ha been t#rned to a a legitimating tool forglobal neoliberalim* =a mean of making the global !olitical econom$ go"ernable in !artic#lar +a$= =%#oore and Lan/ley> 2550> . 35C> re/ardless of the 8ies of indi8idual citi9ens.


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Global citi%enhi! amo#nt to the co,o!tion of mo"ement b$ global ca!ital and the

extermination of alterit$'

Armtrong 04 =6hris> Senior Lecturer @ ,ni8ersity of Southa#ton> Glo-al 6i8il Society and the Wuestion ofGlo-al 6iti9enshi> International Society for ThirdESector ?esearch and The Aohns okins ,ni8ersityC as ho no -een ar/ued fre7uently> that BThe clai# that in international affairs the

#ere resence of /lo-al ci8il society or/ani9ations reresents a de#ocrati9ation of the international do#ain#ust -e treated ith extre#e cautionB =Luel> 255> . 123C. ut #ore i#ortantly for #y uroses> thesecond narrati8e -e/s the 7uestion> and forcefully> of hether G6S as currently concei8ed is art of thesolution> as oosed to art of the roject of /lo-al citi9enshi in a -roadly neoli-eral i#a/e. Hor "rain8ille=2550>.2+C>theBne a/orasB of the /lo-al order atte#t to B#ake ne citi9ens> unsullied -y context>i##aculately concei8ed>B here-y the sheer dirtiness> #essiness> and co#lexity of indi8idualsD li8es and ersecti8es is erasedand this a#-ition does see# to resonate ith the clai#s of G6SDs cha#ions a-outits a-ility to o-li/e citi9ens to transcend their articular and arochial o-sessions. %s a result /lo-alciti9enshi -rin/s to -ear recisely the 8ision of uni8ersal citi9enshi that Iris 4oun/ =133&C earlier critici9edfor ullin/ a ru/ of Bi#artialityB o8er the distasteful facts of oression and cultural i#erialis#. If hatcharacteri9es /lo-al citi9ens is their a-ility to transcend their arochialis#> #i/ht this not also undercut the ossi-ility of radical criti7ue and of the solidarity for#ed -y the exerience of oressionQ These concernsare ellEtakenF ne8ertheless e8en the scetical 8oices cited a-o8e acknoled/e that a transnational olitics

indeendent of -oth state and econo#ic institutions is ossi-le. The de8il> as e8er> is in the detail: #ost criticsof G6S do not recoil so #uch fro# the asiration it exresses> -ut are rather hi/hly scetical of the do#inantnarrati8es of ho> and to hat extent> it is #anifested at resent. The dan/er of coEotion is real> and theindeendenceand therefore critical i#ortof #uch of hat /oes under the headin/ of G6S is hi/hlydu-ious. Hor Pasha and laney =133&> . 025C> Ba failure to attend to the #utually constituti8e relationshi ofci8il society> caitalis#> and the li-eral state ill #is/uide our assess#ents of the e#anciatory ossi-ilitiesof associational lifeFB althou/h a critical /lo-al ci8il society is ossi-le> it does not necessarily exist in the laces here suorters of the first narrati8e ha8e referred to look.

We can +ork to+ard global democrac$ thro#gh trannational ocial mo"ement'@o#ng* late 7rofeor of 7olitical Science for the ni"erit$ of Chicago* 2008

=Iris Marion> JModest ?eflections on e/e#ony and Glo-al "e#ocracy> Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory> %ril 2550> /s. 3E15> %PC.

Idea and arg#ment abo#t +hat global democrac$ and global tice re-#ire are more +ell,de"elo!ed

than are idea abo#t +hat the !eo!le and organi%ation of the +orld can do to get them' The reaon for

o!timim on thi !oint lie in the gro+th and imagination of trannational ocial mo"ement* e!eciall$

incl#ding !eo!le and aociation for the So#thern hemi!here +ho "ocall$ o!!oe the exiting

tr#ct#re of militar$ and economic hegemon$' Hor three years tens of thousands of these eole ha8e/athered at a and antiEcororate /lo-ali9ation de#onstrations ha8e -een 8isi-le and8ocal at nearly e8ery #ajor #eetin/ of /lo-al elites in the last fi8e years.2!Thee trannational ocial mo"ement* ho+e"er* are largel$ dic#ion oriented* immediate and

o!!oitional' So#e acti8ists ar/ue that these #o8e#ents should on rincile refrain fro# for#ulatin/ andtryin/ to achie8e secific ro/ra##atic o-jecti8es for institutional chan/e' I #ndertand the im!ortance ofretaining an o#tider critical "oice* and I a!!reciate the "al#e of broadl$ incl#i"e dic#ion that

might be c#t off b$ tr$ing to agree on ob&ecti"e for action' e"erthele* ome organi%ation and

intit#tion ho#ld !ro!oe intit#tional and !olic$ alternati"e for making global go"ernance more

democratic and t'


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ADI 2010 55


It i !oible to ha"e a +orld of global democrac$ +here local elf,determination i

!reer"ed thro#gh local #nit and collecti"e global !roblem ol"ing@o#ng* late 7rofeor of 7olitical Science for the ni"erit$ of Chicago* 2008

=Iris Marion> JModest ?eflections on e/e#ony and Glo-al "e#ocracy> Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory> %ril 2550> /s.!E$> %PC.

o+ doe the conce!t of elf,determination a non,domination contrib#te to a "iion of globaldemocrac$U I find that there is#uch theoretical i#a/ination -ein/ de8oted to this roject' 1+ directly deli-erati8e olyarchy>10 #ultiEsited federalis#>1 decentereddecentrali9ation>1! accounta-le autono#y>1$ and differentiated solidarity.1& These theories aly si#ilar rinciles of institutional desi/n to nested relationshis a#on/ locales in a #etroolitan re/ion and;or -eteen different locales across the orld. In thi ort of "iion there can remain a !lace for that le"el ofgo"ernance +e kno+ a tate* +hich retain the mot de"elo!ed enforcement ca!acitie' A enforcer

and adminitrator* tate can be concei"ed of a mediator bet+een the local and gro#! differentiated*

and the global' A #ch* the$ are !o+erf#l actor* b#t the$ are not o"ereign a traditionall$

#ndertood'


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ADI 2010 58


o dic#ion of global democrac$ ignore billion of im!o"erihed !eo!le' #mero#

co#ntrie lack !ro!er go"ernance and cannot !artici!ate in the c#rrent global order' Thi

make them "#lnerable to domination and ex!loitation'@o#ng* late 7rofeor of 7olitical Science for the ni"erit$ of Chicago* 2008

=Iris Marion> JModest ?eflections on e/e#ony and Glo-al "e#ocracy> Theoria: A Journal of Social and Political Theory> %ril 2550> /s.$E&> %PC.

'o discussion of /lo-al de#ocracy can i/nore the 8ast ine7ualities -eteen the /lo-al affluent and the /lo-al oor> hich the existin/ syste# of he/e#onic /lo-al caital roduces and reroduces. illions of eole inthe orld> the #ajority of the# in less de8eloed countries of the Southern he#ishere> suffer in deserate o8erty. The societies in hich #any of these li8e ha8e little infrastructure to roduce /oods and ser8icestheir eole need> nor /o8ernance caacity to roduce order and coordinated action. 'ot only does thissituation roduce and eretuate #isery> -ut it effecti8ely excludes #any eoles of the orld fro# the ossi-ility of articiatin/ in /lo-al /o8ernance sche#es in a #eanin/ful ay> e8en if and to the extent such/o8ernance #i/ht exist. Most countries are no#inal #e#-ers of the for exa#le>hich differs fro# the International Monetary Hund and the hoe8er> to send reresentati8es to #eetin/s or ro8ide the# ith staff ade7uate to do the research and #ake the ar/u#ents that could /i8e the# effecti8e8oice in deli-erations. More /enerally> existin/ /lo-al ine7ualities #ake #any eoles and states 8ulnera-le

to do#ination and exloitation -y cororate> /o8ern#ental> and international actors. Local selfEdeter#inationhas little #eanin/> #oreo8er> if relationally autono#ous units do not ha8e si/nificant control o8er so#eresources needed to #ake a decent life for their #e#-ers and to reali9e so#e of their collecti8e /oals. % roject of /lo-al de#ocrati9ation re7uires so#e #o8es toard /lo-al justice.


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ADI 2010 5?


An+er To/ 7erm

We need an acti"e reitance to o!!reion* b#t that i inconitent +ith legal mean

controlled b$ the o!!reor



In an oressi8e syste#> any #eans necessary is an antithesis to le/al #eans. This antithesis stes forardhen la and order has -eco#e synony#ous ith oression. The contrast -eteen the to concets is8i8id. La and order uholds oressi8e las as they areF any #eans necessary challen/es these las. Laand order rooses that any chan/e in the syste# #ust -e effectuated throu/h the le/al #eansF any #eansnecessary ar/ues that hen the oressor controls the le/al #eans> freedo# throu/h la is i#ossi-le. hoe8er> la and order ill allo enforce#ent a/encies to use force ifnecessary a/ainst those ho defy the las of occuation> sla8ery> aartheid> se/re/ation> caste syste#> and -latant discri#ination. 6onse7uently> any #eans necessary allos the oressed to use force if necessarya/ainst those ho institute occuation> sla8ery> aartheid> se/re/ation> caste syste#s> and -latantdiscri#ination.*ach for# of oression is uni7ue. Therefore> no ri/id for#ula exists definin/ the scoe of any #eansnecessary. The #ethods for fi/htin/ one for# of oression #ay or #ay not -e useful for fi/htin/ anotherfor# of oression. Malcol#Ds #essa/e is the sa#e: rise u and fi/ht it -y any#eans necessary. (nce the oressed -eco#e conscious of their redica#ent and are e#oered to doso#ethin/ a-out it> they ill choose freedo#> indeendence> and selfEhel. %ny #eans necessary teaches theoressed to lose resect for the oressor. They no lon/er surrender their offsrin/ to oression in the hoethat the oressor ill #ature #orallyF nor do they take a #oral hi/h /round to ci8ili9e the oressor at thecost of OY113 their on sufferin/. %cti8e resistance to sa8e honor and hu#an di/nity ree#ts the fear oflosin/ oneDs life to the /ri of oression.


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ADI 2010 54


An+er To/ The 7lan hel! Co#ntr$

Democratic aitance i a form of narciitic gift gi"ing that reifie hegemonic tr#ct#re

b$ en#ring the im#lacra of e-#alit$ i al+a$ o#t of reach of thoe +hom it i gi"en'

Arrigo and William 2k =ruce %.> 6hristoher ?.> rofessor of @ the ,ni8ersity of 'orth 6arolina> associate

rofessor of cri#inolo/y @ the ,ni8ersity of Possi-ility of "e#ocratic Austice and the BGiftB of theMajority : (n "errida> "econstruction> and the Search for *7uality Aournal of 6onte#orary 6ri#inal AusticeC la> hositality> andco##unity su//ests that the #ajority -estos a /ift =ostensi-le socioolitical e#oer#entCF ho+e"er* the r#e ofthi gift i that the gi"er affirm an econom$ of narciim and reifie the hegemon$ and !o+er of the

ma&orit$' This article concludes -y seculatin/ on the ossi-ility of justice and e7uality infor#ed -y an affir#ati8e ost#odern fra#eork. % cultural olitics of difference> contin/ent uni8ersalities> undecida-ility> dialo/ical eda/o/y> -order crossin/s> and constituti8e thou/ht ould underscore this transfor#ati8e and deconstructi8ea/enda. The i#edi#ents to esta-lishin/ de#ocratic justice in conte#orary %#erican society ha8e caused anational aralysisF one that has recklessly saned an aoretic existence for #inorities.2 The entrenched ideolo/icalco#lexities afflictin/ underE and nonreresented /rous =e./.> o8erty> une#loy#ent> illiteracy> cri#eC at thehands of olitical> le/al> cultural> and econo#ic oer elites ha8e roduced counterfeit> erhas e8en fraudulent>efforts at refor#: "iscri#ination and ine7uality in oortunity re8ail =e./.> Lynch Patterson> 133!C. The#is/uided and futile initiati8es

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