Nhung Ho Phap Vuong Cua Phat Giao Trong Lich Su an Do - Tran Truc Lam

8/3/2019 Nhung Ho Phap Vuong Cua Phat Giao Trong Lich Su an Do - Tran Truc Lam

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Trn Trc-LmNHNG H PHP VNG

CA PHT-GIO TRONG LCH S N-

Nh xut bn Phng ng 2007---o0o---

Ngunhttp://www.quangduc.comChuyn sang ebook 6-8-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc LcLI GII THIUCHNG MT - I ASOKA MAURYA (A-DC VNG) V NHNG PHPD KHC TRN

Dn NhpCc Nn Vn Minh Ban S n Triu i Mauryai Asoka Maurya (269-232 TTL)Khm ph cc bia Ngn ng thi MauryaCai tr theo Chnh phpCc Php d khc trn Nhng hang ng php d (The Cave Edicts)H Php Vng ca Pht GioLc k cc k kt tp kinh in quan trngCc an truyn gio ca PG ch xng bi AsokaMt i hi khc ca i chng b ti PtaliputraLi Kt

CHNG HAI -NI DUNG NHNG PHP D KHC TRN CA I ASOKA MAURYA

A. Mi Bn i Thch Php DA.1: TPD IA.2: TPD IIA.3: TPD III
http://www.quangduc.com/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/http://www.quangduc.com/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/


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A.4: TPD IVA.5: TPD VA.6: TPD VIA.7: TPD VIIA.8: TPD VIII

A.9: TPD IXA.10: TPD XA. 11: TPD XI.A.12: TPD XIIA.13: TPD XIII

B. Nhng Thch Php D KalingaB.1: TPDKa IB.2: TPDKa II

C. Tiu Thch Php DC.1: TTPD I. (Cn gi l Php D Maski)C.2: TTPD II. (Cn gi l Php D Brahmagiri)

C.3: TTPD III. (Cn gi l Php D Bairat hay Bhabra)D. By Thch Tr Php DD.1: TTrPD ID.2: TTrPD IID.3: TTrPD IIID.4: TTrPD IVD.5: TTrPD VD.6: TTrPD VID.7: TTrPD VII

E. Tiu Thch Tr Php DE.1: TTTrPD I (Cn gi l Thch Tr Php D Rummindei)E.2: TTTrPD II (Cn gi l Php d Sanchi, hay Allahabad)E.3: TTTrPD III (Cn gi l Php d Sarnath)

F. Php D Hang ng Karna ChauparCHNG BA - KHUNG CNH LCH S QUANH B KINH MILINDA VNO (MILINDA-PANH) HAY NA-TIN T KHEO KINH CA PHT GIO

Dn NhpVng quc Bactria v x Gandhara u?Ni Tu-di: (Cn gi l Meru hay Meros)S Hng Thnh ca triu i Maurya nS hng thnh ca Vng quc Bactria (hay Bactriana) v cuc chinh phc t nPh H ca nhng v vua ca vng quc Bactria vi cc nm tr vVua Menander hay MenandrosT Kheo Na-Tin (Nagasena)Cuc xm ln ca dn Sakas (Scythian) V Yuezhi (Kushan)Hang Kanishka IS giao ha gia PG v vn ha Hy-lp (Graeco-Buddhism)PG Hy-lp v s hng thnh ca phi i thanh hng n cc tn gio khc phng tyB kinh Milinda Vn o


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c im ca B KinhVi im khc bit gia hai bn dch Pali v Hn vnLi Kt

CHNG BN - VUA KANISHKAV S PHT TRIN CA I THA PHT GIO

Khi NhpNgun gc ca dn Sakas (Scythians) V Yuezhi (Kushans):Ph h ca cc vng triu Kushan:Hang Kanishka I (127 - 151 L)S dung ha cc nn vn haVua Kanishkan v s hng thnh ca phi i tha PGS suy vong ca quc Kushan

CHNG NM - TRIU I GUPTA, HONG HARSHAVARDHANA, VPHT HC VIN NALANDA

I) DN NHPII) BNG TM LC CC MC LCH S

III) THI I GUPTA (320 550)A. S Thnh SuyB. Di sn ca thi i Gupta

IV) TRIU I HARSHAVARDHANA (606-647)A. S Thnh Suy

V) PHT HC VIN NALANDAA) Lch sB) Phc ha tng th ca PHV Nalanda

VI) VI NT V CC I S NI DANH CHIM BI TY TRC NGTHI

A) Php Hin (Fa-Hsien hay Fa-Xian)B) Huyn Trang (Hsuan-tsang, cch ghi mi Xunzhung: 600-664)C) Ngha-Tnh (I-tsing: 635-713)

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LI GII THIUTc phm NHNG H PHP VNG CA PHT GIO TRONG

LCH S N ca Bc s Trn Trc Lm

C khng t ngi thng vin dn cu hi trit hc: Trng sinh ra ghay g sinh ra trng ph nhn o l nhn qu trc sau. V ng tngha tuyt i, mi s vt trn th gian ny ch l vng ln qun khng cci no trc, cng khng c ci no sau. Ht ny mm thnh cy, hay cysinh ra ht? Ly nguyn tc no xc nh ci no sinh ra ci no. Cngvy, trng sinh ra g hay g sinh ra trng, cu tr li no cng ng v cu


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tr li no cng sai c. Phi chng iu biu th gi tr nhn thc ca conngi tr thnh v ngha?

Vi ti, khng ph nhn o l tuyt i ny, nhng ti khng chpnhn quan im v tnh tuyt i m ph nhn tnh tng i ca cuc i.V d g i na, thn ngi l mt hp th ca 5 un, n ch nhn thc cqua nhng d liu t 6 trn, l nhng hnh nh (biu tng) ca sc thinhhng v xc v php. ng thi, c th con ngi ch tn ti khi con ngicn n ung, ht th khng kh mt i ngi cng ch trm nm, trc vsau cuc sng ny l g, n vn cn l cu hi ln cho con ngi. l l doti sao c Pht ni:

Qu kh khng truy tm,Tng lai khng c vng,

Ch c php hin ti,Tu qun chnh y

(Trung B. Kinh Nht d Hin Gi).

Ni nh th khhng ng ngha ph nhn kip trc hay kip sau, thigian trc hay thi gian sau, nhng d c hay khng cng khng l vn quan trng. im quan trng l hin gi chng ta ang tn ti, tn ti vicon ngi v han cnh chung quanh n iu mang ngha tng i, hnna mi vn u bt ngun t hin ti. Do vy, khng th ly l do v

mi vt l tng i l gi tm m chng ta t chi chng, chng ta likhng n ung, khng suy ngh theo mt trt t ca tng i , munn vn ti mt ci g c ngha cho cuc i. Hay ni mt cchkhc, chng ta khng nn qu cng iu tnh tuyt i m qun i ci ol tng i.

Trong iu kin con ngi v han cnh sng con ngi l nh th,chng ta ly g lm thc o cho s nhn thc? Theo ti, khi nim khnggian v thi gian l nguyn tc c bn nhn thc hay nh gi bt c vn no, v khng c mt s nht thc no li khng lin h n thi gian vkhng gian. C ngha l tch thi gian v khng gian ra khi s vt thkhng c nhn thc, hay ni cch khc i tng nhn thc tr nn mh ln qun, gi tr nhn thc tr thnh v ngha, ngay c vn lun l oc, trt t x hi cng khng th thit lp. iu chng khc no nh tcu hi khi nim i v no ci no c trc ci no c sau? Khi nim iv no ch c gi tr khi no khi nim thi gian v khng gian i lin vi n.


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Cng vy, khi nim m v con c hnh thnh ch khi no trt t v thigian c xc nh, nu khng, ng v mt sinh t lun hi th ai l m ail con tht kh ni. V l v ngha tuyt i m ta li ph nhn ci o l mcon hay sao?

Cng vy, ngha v con g sinh ra ci trng hay ci trng n ra cong n ch c gi tr nhn thc khi no trt t thi gian v khng gian ci cng. V d thng trc ti thy ti nh ng A con g sinh ra ci trng.Ti c quyn ni nh vy. Nhng mt thng sau ngi khc li thy tinh ng B ci trng n ra con g. Ngi ta cng c quyn pht biu theos thy ca mnh. Pht biu nh vy khng sai, v khi nim thi gian vkhng gian rt c th v r rng.

Nh vy, mt cch tng i m ni, khi nim thi gian v khng

gian l thc o truy tm gi tr tng i ca s vt, n l ci tiu chuntng i thit lp mi nguyn tc hat ng x hi, ngay c lun l oc.

cp n khi nim thi gian v khng gian l cp n b mn shc. B mn ny chuyn kho st mi quan h gia thi gian v khng gian.

Ni mt cch d hiu hn, khi nghin cu hay tm hiu mt vn no, iukin c bn cn phi xc nh a im v thi gian pht sinh ra n. Mc xc nh thi gian v khng gian cng r chng no th i tng nghincu cng r rng v ng chng y. V bt c s kin no pht sinh cng

pht sinh trong mt bi cnh c th, chng c mi quan h v tng tc lnnhau. Do vy, thi gian v khng gian ca vn cng r th i tngnghin cu cng chun xc hn.

Tc phm Nhng H Php Vng ca Pht gio ti n ca Bc sTrn Trc Lm, l mt tuyn tp bao gm nhng bi nghin cu ca tc gi,chuyn kho cu nhng ch quan trng mang tnh lch s ca Pht gio n . V d kho cu cc bia k ca nh vua Asoka l mt trong nhngvn ht sc quan trng trong vic tm hiu v nh gi nh vua, cng nhs pht trin Pht gio n . Bi vit tp trung nghin cu v cc

bia ny, khi gii thiu v nh vua Asoka, l vic lm ht sc cn thit vnghim tc. y l mt v d mang tnh in hnh, cc bi nghin cu khctrong tc phm ny, tc gi cng lm vic theo tinh thn nh vy.

Ti c qua bn tho ca tc phm Nhng H Php Vng caPht gio ti n ca tc gi BS Trn Trc Lm, l tc phm bao gm


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nhng bi vit c gi tr hc thut cao, mang tnh nghin cu hn l mt tcphm mang tnh tiu thuyt. Nu nh cun tiu thuyt hay lm cho tri timc gi ngt ngy php phng hi hp, th cng trnh nghin cu ny ca BSTrn Trc Lm c trnh by trong tc phm ny, lm cho ngi nghincu s lm iu th v, hc hi nhiu iu t tc phm ny. Tc gi tp trungtrnh by vn nin i, cng nh nhng s kin pht sinh chung quanh, vti hin bi cnh lch s ca n. iu gip cho ngi c nhn thc c hthng v logic hn, gp phn lm gim i cch suy t ty tin, thiu c s,dn n li ph bnh hay nh gi mang tnh cm tnh hay ch quan mchng ta thng gp. y, ti khng c nh bnh lun vn tnh ngsai ca tc phm, v cc s kin xy ra trong thi c i v cc chng liukho c v s hc vn cn tranh ci, vn ny xin nhng li cho cc nhnghin cu v hc gi, y ti ch tn ng v nhn mnh thi nghincu nghim tc v phng php nghin cu hp l ca tc gi.

Nh ti ni, tc phm ny l cng trnh nghin cu mang tnh khoahc, nhng n c th gip cho cc nh nghin cu v Pht gio tm hiuthm v lch s Pht gio, cho thy gio l ca c Thch Ca Mu Ni rt gngi vi i thng v tri qua bao thng trm lch s. Ti mong qu vc gi c tc phm ny trong tinh thn Ung nc nh ngun cmnhn cng c to ln ca bit bao bc cao c, A la hn, c nhng vua chal nhng v h php, tn gn gi v lu truyn Pht php cho hu th,qua hn 2500 nm lch s; c bit v trn qu nhng tm gng hy sinhcao c ca cc i s chim bi trong vic truyn b chnh php; c cmthy gn gi vi c nhn. Ti ngh tc gi khng v thng mi m vit,ngc li v l tng: phng s o php, phng s cho dn tc, cng thmtnh t m ca mt ngi quen lm vic khoa hc, mun tm hiu nhng vn ca Pht gio trong qu kh, vit ln nhng ng o suy ngh ca mnh.

Theo ti, tc phm ny c th gi tr v kinh t gii hn, nhng ti tinrng gi tr v hc thut kh cao. N mang tnh gi , gip cho ngi lmcng vic nghin cu Pht gio n c thm t liu, v c ci nhn chunxc hn.

Ti xin trn trng gii thiu tc phm ny n c gi trong v ngoinc. Ti tin tng rng, ngi nghin cu s cm thy hi lng vi tc

phm ny.

Ni y, ti cng xin cm n Bc s cng hin cho Pht gio nichung, Pht gio Vit Nam ni ring mt tc phm c gi tr hc thut.


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Si gn ngy 16 thng 7 nm 2007T Kheo Thch Hnh BnhGio s, Pht hc Vin Vin Quang, Taiwan.

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CHNG MT - I ASOKA MAURYA (A-DC VNG) VNHNG PHP D KHC TRN

Dn Nhp

hiu r thm v vai tr lch s trng i ca Hong Asoka (cnc ghi l Ashoka, Hn m l A Dc Vng, hay A-du-Ca: c ngha l Vu) khng nhng i vi dn-tc n, m cn i vi nhn loi qua struyn b Pht gio (vit tt PG) n cc nc khc, ta nn n li i cht v

bi cnh lch s n ng thi.

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Cc Nn Vn Minh Ban S n

Lch s n tn ti rt lu i. Mt cch khi qut th sau thi k (Stone Age) ko di t 70 ngn n 7 ngn nm TTL, nn vn minhMehrgarh xut hin n khong 3 ngn nm TTL Tip n l thi vn minhthung lng sng Indus c i vng ty bc tiu lc a n, da vo nhng

pht hin kho c Harappa v Mohenjo-Daro vo khong 1920, th n xut hin khong 2 ngn 500 nm TTL Nn vn minh ny ko di hn mtngn nm, c xem nh l mt trong nhng nn vn minh c nht canhn loi, cng vi nn vn minh Ai-cp v Lng H (Mesopotamia, Iraqngy nay). Nhiu s gia cho l ging dn Dravidian bn a, vc thp, dasm, mi rng, tc xon, dng ln nn vn minh vi l nghi tn gio

pht trin, thit k v kin trc th ban s c k hoch, xy nh bng gchhai ba tng, dng kho cha ng cc, bit cn o ong m. i a s lnng dn chuyn canh tc v bit dng ng v thau, bit thun ho gia

sc, dng tru ko xe, bit dt vi bng v lng cu v lm du mc. tctng vv...

Nn vn minh sng Indus ang hi pht trin vo khong 2,300-1,900nm TTL bng b tn li nhanh chng cho n nay cc s gia ch phngon l do kh hu bng thay i khc nght lm t ai kh cn; hoc docc dng sng i ging.


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n khong 1,500 nm TTL, c ging Aryan, vc ln, da trng, micao, nhiu ru, t vng Trung ( mn nam nc Nga ngy nay) theo ngIran trn xung nhiu t xm chim vng ty bc (Punjab ngy nay). Hchuyn i t li sng du mc sang nh c nng nghip, bit qu trng scvt, nht l nga v b ci, bit ch to xe trn do sc vt ko, bit lm lchtheo mt trng, tn sng cc o s v thy t l vv, n khong nm 1000TTL th h bit dng bng st nn bnh trng rt nhanh trong vng.Khong 800 TTL h chia thnh nhiu tiu vng cai tr ht vng ng

bc v nam n. H a vn hc, trit hc, tn gio, t chc x hi nn tt nh, to nn nn vn minh Vedas, ct li ca n gio. Upanishadsc l c kt tp gia th k th 8 v th 5 TTL.

Nhng cng t x hi n b phn chia ra nhiu ng cp khcbit, cn ko di n ngy nay; i c bn giai cp (varnas) t cao n

thp l Brahmans (B-la-mn: gm thy t l, tr gi), Kshatriyas (vngtng), Vaisyas (thng nhn, a ch) v Sudras (k lao ng, th thuyn,ngh nhn, gia nhn). Ba ng cp trn dnh cho ngi gc Aryan, cxem l tinh khit, c quyn hc kinh Vedas c ti sinh theo nghatn gio (born again). ng cp th ba dnh cho dn gc bn a, khng tinhkhit v khng c hc kinh Vedas. Phi k thm mt hng ngi nakhn kh thp km nht chng c xp vo giai cp no, gi l Harijanshay Paraiyans (Hng gh tm), bao gm nhng k lm ngh st sinh sc vt,thuc da. Nn nh l trong mi ng cp cn c s phn chia ra rt nhiuth loi (jati) tm gi l phng hay nghip on. Theo thng k nm 1901 c n 2,378 phng nh th.

n khong th k th 6 TTL, thi c Pht Thch Ca cn ti th, ny sinh nhiu trng phi i ci cch nhng quan nm bt cng i xtrong x hi bt ngun t Vedas v cn thch thc c n gio. Hai tn giomi c tm nhn khoan dung v cch mng hn xut hin: l Pht giov K Na gio (Janism). Trong giai on ny, t n c khong 16 nc lnnh; v cc vng quc hng mnh u tp trung vng bc n (vngBihar by gi) nh Avanti, Vaishali (V-s-l), Kosala (Kiu-tt-la),

Magadha (Ma-Kit-) vv.. Sau nhiu cuc chin tranh xm lc tng tn,Magadha di triu vua Bambisara (Tn-B-Sa-La, li c ni dch l Bnh-Sa-Vng) thuc ging h Haryanka thu tm cc ln bang tr nn mt quc kh rng, ng kinh Rajagrha (Thnh Vng X), cch Patnangy nay khong 35 dm v pha ng nam.


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Vua Bambisara ln ngi lc 15 tui, tr thnh mt c s Pht t lc 30tui, v nht tnh h tr o Pht. ng tr v c 52 nm, xy 16 tnh x Vng X v cng dng c Thch Ca khu vn trc rng ln Phtcng tng on c ngm hong ho. Khu vn ny c nhc n nhiuln trong Tam tng kinh in, l Tnh X Trc Lm (Venuvan-arama).

Nhiu tc gi nghin cu v Pht gio u cho rng ngn ng c Thch Cathuyt php thi by gi l ting Magadhi ph thng.

n khong nm 420 TTL triu i Haryanka li mt vo tay ca gingh Nanda, nhng h Nanda ch tn ti c trong vng 100 nm ri b gingh Maurya lt .

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Triu i Maurya

u th k th 4 TTL, vng Trung-ng i Alexander ca Hy lpsau khi nh bi qun Persians vo nm 326 TTL, m rng quc Hy t

pha Ty n bin cng n nhng ri b chn ng vng sng Bs (bygi l Lahore, Pakistan). Sau khi Alexander rt lui v qua i Babylon vonm 323 TTL, vua Chandragupta Maurya lc by gi lt triu i

Nanda vo nm 321 TTL y lui nhiu t qun xm lng ca SeleucusNicator I, k k v Alexander, vng Afghanistan, Baluchistan v Pakistanby gi, ri m rng b ci xung pha ty nam n Gujatt v thung lng

Daccan. Vua Chandragupta Maurya (tr v t 321 n 298 TTL) di n Ptaliputr (Thnh Hoa Th; tc thnh ph Patna ngy nay) vn l mtpho i kin c trn ng chu th giao tip ca hai con sng chnh lGanga (Hng H) v sng Sona.

S sinh hot v cai tr theo li trung ng tp quyn v nhng chnhsch ngoi giao kho lo ca triu i Chandragupta Maurya c ghi litrong cun Arthasastra bi Kautilya (cn c bit di tn Chanakya), l ttng ca triu ng. Ngoi ra nhiu on ca mt bo co do s thn cavua Seleucus tn l Megathenes ghi li cn tn ti n nay qua s trch dn

ca cc s gia Hy-La.

n i vua Bindusra Maurya (tr v t 298 - 273 TTL) th qucny cn bnh trng thm na t Kashmir pha bc n Karntaka phanam, v t chu th sng Hng pha ng sang n mn nam v ng cax Afghanistan by gi. quc Maurya ni ting vi nhng thnh phln phn thnh nh Takshasila, Ujjain, Vidisha, Tosali, v Suvarnagiri.


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n i Hong Asoka Maurya, v vua th ba ca triu i Maurya,ng k tip chnh sch b quyn, v thu tm gn ht tiu lc a n. quc ca ng hng mnh tt nh v ng li cho hu th mt chngliu min vin bng , di dng nhng php d, bi nu khng th nhngiu ni v vua Asoka ch c bit qua nhng huyn thoi ghi li trongnhng k yu vit bi cc tng s Pht gio Tch-Lan v n nh cc bDivyavadana, Asokavadana, Mahavamsa vv..

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i Asoka Maurya (269-232 TTL)

i Asoka Maurya sinh nm 304 TTL, ln ngi nm 269 TTL lc35 tui, tr v c 38 nm v mt nm 232 TTL th 73 tui. ng l v vuav i nht ca n, v l v hong u tin cai tr mt quc n rngln.

Da vo b Mahvamsa (i S) c bin son bi tng gi Tch-Lan th ngay sau khi vua cha l Bindusra bng h vo nm 273 TTL, c s tranh dnh ngi vua rt gay gt gia cc hong t trong 4 nm. Giaion ny S ghi l thi khng vua (Interregnum). Rt cc Asoka, vi s htr c lc ca vi i thn kinh Ptaliputr (Thnh Hoa Th), thnhcng v ln ngi vo nm 269 TTL.


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Tm nm sau khi k v vua cha, hong Asoka xua qun nh chimnc Kalinga dc vng duyn hi mn ng, nay l bang Orissa v x nygiu c nh qung m, sung tc nh va la, vv tr hng hi thun li dnn vng thung lng Krishna y m vng v qu. Chin dch thnh cngnhng m mu. Theo cc php d do ng sai khc ln th cuc xm lngny lm cho 150 ngn ngui b bt lm n l hoc b y i, 100 ngnqun s b git, s thng dn b st hi cn cao hn nhiu ln.

Trc trn Kalinga hai nm, c v nh l vua Asoka tr thnh mtPht t sau khi nghe v Sa-di Nigrodha (Ni-cu-thut) thuyt php, nhngkhng my nhit tm (xem Tiu thch php d s 1), mi n sau khi chngkin thm cnh au thng ca chin dch ny ng qu xc ng v rt hihn, ri t quyt t b chin tranh xm ln v hi tm tr nn mtUpsaka (u-b-tc: c-s Pht t) thun thnh. Sut qung i cn li ng

kin tr ng dng Pht php vo vic tr nc mt cch y nhn i mng gi l dhammavijaya (php chinh phc), v ng h Pht gio phttrin su rng khng nhng trn ton quc ng cai tr m cn truyn bn cc nc ln bang. Nhng s kin ny xy ra khong hai th k sau khic Pht Thch Ca nhp dit.

B Mahavamsa - vn c vit trong tinh thn tn gio vi nhiuhuyn thoi vi dng rn i mun cao Asoka t khi tr thnh Phtt t b qu kh y c nghip, t mt Candsoka (A-Dc Vng bocha) tr thnh Dhammsoka (A-Dc Vng m Php) - nn b ny ghi

rng trong cuc tranh dnh ngi vua, Asoka git 99 ngi trong s 100anh em ca mnh, ch cn st li mt ngi tn l Tissa. Thc ra khngc chng c kh tn v iu ny, v li trong i thch Php d s 5 c

ban ra 11 nm sau khi ng ln ngi cn cho thy vua Asoka nhc n anhch em mnh. Cc hc gi tin rng trong v tranh ngi ny ch c mt ngianh (hay em) b st hi m thi. Hn na vi thi gian tr v ca ng,ngoi hai s kin l tranh dnh ngi vua v cuc xm lng Kalinga trong 8nm u, sut qung 30 nm cn li ng tr thnh mt hong nhn tem Chnh Php ra ng dng vo i, ch khng tn bo nh Nero ca La

M hay Tr Kt, Tn Thu Hong ca Trung Quc, nn vc gn cho ngx danh Candasoka xem ra thiu c s. Nhiu hc gi nghim tc cn sosnh ng vi nhng v nhn khc nh Hammurabi ca Babylon,Charlemagne ca quc Ty u hu La M hay Akbar ca quc Mogul.

Nhiu c th Tch-Lan ghi li s kin l Asoka nh p dngchnh sch chinh phc n ho bng Chnh Php m ng khn kho n


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nh i sng chnh tr ton vng v nhiu ln dp yn cc cuc ni lon mkhng mu; trong ng k l cuc ni lon ca dn thnh Takshasilathuc vng Gandhara chng li s p bc h khc ca quan cai tr a

phng. V sau Gandhara tr thnh thnh a ca Pht gio, m t phii tha pht trin qua phng ng.

thn dn thng hiu chnh c nhng s ci cch trong chnh schcai tr mi v nhng nguyn tc v o c ng t ra da theo Chnh Phpct to dng nn mt x hi y nhn bn v cng chnh hn, Asoka ralnh khc nhng php d ny ln - c khi gi l Li ghi chnh php(dharmalipi) , c khi li gi l php lnh (dharma-sravana) - ng thi chorao truyn rng ri khp ni trong nc. Nhng php dkhc trn ca vuaAsoka minh ha c hnh nh ca mt v minh qun lun nhit tm thcthi Chnh Php ca Pht dy mang li cho trm h mt i sng hin

ho, no m phc li, nhng vn khng cho bit thm chi tit no v cuc ica ng.

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Khm ph cc bia

S khai th v cc Php d ca Asoka c xem nh ch l gn y mthi. Ngi nghin cu u tin li l mt tu s Thin Cha gio, khi chaTieffenthaler kho st nhng mnh ca php tr Meerut ti Delhi vo nm

1756, nhng khng hiu c ni dung. Mi n nm 1837 nhng php dca Asoka mi c nh kho c James Prinsep gii m m ln u tin, rit nhng php d c dch thut v in n qung b khp ni.

Ban u Prinsep thy rng nhng d ny c ban ra bi mt v vuat gi mnh l "Vua Piyadasi, Thin t" (phng t "Beloved-of-the-Gods,King Piyadasi") hoc "Devanampiya Piyadasi, Thin t, Ngi Nhn Xungvi T Tm" ("Beloved-of-the-Gods, He Who Looks On With Affection").Cc hc gi phng on Vua Piyadasi c th l Vua Asoka, thng cxng tng trong cc huyn thoi Pht gio. Cho mi n nm 1915, khi mt

php d khc c tm thy vi tn vua Asoka, ngi ta mi khng nhc rng c hai chnh l mt, l hong Asoka, v t , sau hn haingn nm b qun lng, nhng php dkhc trn ny ca vua Asoka bngdng lm sng t thm v mt con ngi v i ca lch s n v ca cnhn loi, ch khng cn l mt nhn vt ch uc bit n qua huyn thoi.Mt cu ghi li trn phn nh chiu hng tm linh ca Asoka: "Tt c


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thn dn l con ca ta. V l con ca ta, h phi c chu cp y an sinhv phc li trong i ny v i sau, nh ta vn hng mong."

---o0o---

Ngn ng thi Maurya

Theo gio s Romila Thapar v mn Lch s n c ti i hcJawaharlal Nehru New Delhi th h vn t ca cc Php d ny c xeml vn h sm nht ca n c th nghin cu c. Vn h c hn m ngita khm ph Harappa thuc vn minh thung lng sng Indus ch l nhngnt v tng hnh trn du mc, vt trang sc v l gm m n nay vncha ai hiu c ngha.

Nhng php d khc ca vua Asoka nh du thi k chuyn bin tkhu truyn sang vn t ca x hi n v chng l nhng ch tng m chkhng tng hnh nh xa. Nghin cu k nhng bia k, ngi ta thyHong Asoka cho ghi li Php d bng bn vn h cho ba ngn ng khcnhau. Phn quan trng v chim i a s bia k l ngn ng Prakrit - bygi l ngn ng m thoi ph thng ca x Magadhi, tc l ngn ng chnhthc trong triu Asoka, v phn cn li bng ngn ng Hy-lp v Aramaic.

Ngn ng Prakrit li c vit di hai dng vn h Brahmi vKharoshthi (gn vi Sanscrit). a s php d c vit theo vn h Brahmi,

truyn b rng khp quc. Nhiu hc gi cho rng vn h Brahmi do triui Maurya sng to bi nhu cu hnh chnh trong vic cai tr mt qucrng ln. N l dng chuyn tip gia Sanscrit xut pht t vng ty bc n(thng dng trong gii thn hc, trit hc, hoc huyn hc) v ngn nghin i Indo-European ca n. Vn h Brahmi, d vy cng b bin dngi cht theo pht m tng a phng, v d vn h vit ting Tamil vng pha nam vn ci bin t h Brahmi.

S s dng ngn ng Prakrit trong cc Php d cng cho thy rngAsoka mun em Chnh php ra ng dng vi i thng ch khng ch

mt s tng l dng bn lun theo ngn ng Sanscrit. Vn phong dngth ni chuyn rt bnh dn d hiu v thung lp i lp li, c nh Hong mun trc tip ni vi qun chng, ch khng kiu cch cu k nh ccquc vng khc ng thi hay x dng. Qua y nhiu hc gi nhnthy bn tnh bc trc chn tht ca Asoka.


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Rt t bn khc bng vn h Kharoshthi v bng ngn ng Hy-lp vAramaic. Nhng bn ny ch thy vng ty bc thuc Afghanistan by gi,ni c nhiu dn ni c hai ngn ng y. Khng r l nhng Php dthuc loi ny c triu nh ra lnh hay l do cc quan cai tr a

phng lm ra nh l mt bn dch cho dn trong vng, vn a chng hntp. Trn mt trong nhng php d vng ny, Hong Asoka k ratn ca 5 v vua cc nc phng ty ng thi c bang giao, nh vy gip nhiu cho vc nghin cu s i chiu. l cc vua Antiyoka (Anhng: Antiochos II Theos Syria: 261- 246 TTL), Turamaya (Ptolemy IIPhiladelphos ca Ai cp: 285 - 247 TTL), Antikini (Antigonos Gonatas caMacedonia: 278 - 239 TTL), Maka (Magas ca Cyrene: 300 - 258 TTL) vAlikasudara (Alexander ca Epirus: 272 - 258 TTT).

Da vo cc bia k bng Hy ng v Aramaic ny m cc nh nghin

cu Ty phng hiu c nhng t tng t bn Prakrit. Nhng cngchnh v vy gy kh nhiu ng nhn, v d t dharma li khng c lymt ch gc Hy v Aramaic (v c Anh ng ngy nay) tng ng dchv ngay trong cc bn vn bng Hy ng vAramaic ny cng khng c nino cp n c Pht. Cho nn nhiu dch gi phi phng dch ra nh l:thng xt (piety), c hnh (virtue), bn phn thing ling (sacred duty),hoc dng nguyn ng l dharma dy bi c Pht (the dharma taught bythe Buddha). Trong bn khc bng Hy ng li c ghi l eusebeia, vi mtngha rt tng qut nh va k.

Chnh v da vo nhng ng nhn ny m nhiu hc gi Ty phngnghi ng rng ch dharma Asoka dng khng phi mang mt ngha nhChnh php ca o Pht m l nhng khuyn d v o c x hi nichung. C k cn bo rng v trn nhng bia k chng h thy Asoka cpn gio l cn bn ca Pht gio nh l Lun hi (samsra), Gii thot(mokkha), Nit-bn (nibbna), V ng (anatta), Bt Chnh o (atthangika-magga), hay T Diu (cattari ariya-saccani) nn gii thch ch dharmatheo li suy din ngoi o ch quan ca mnh. Tht l ng tic, v h qunrng d Asoka tr thnh mt c-s Pht t nhng ng phi cai tr mt

quc rng ln nh mt minh qun, phi cng bng vi thn dn vn a dngv a tn ngng, mt x hi c nn vn ho bao dung ch khng cungtn c tn, c thn. Asoka khng th no dng nhng ngn t thun Pht

php ph d thn dn c.

Nhng qua mt vi php d ring cho tng gi v d tiu thch php ds 3 hay cn gi l Php d Bairt, th khng cn nghi ng g na v c tin


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Pht gio ca Asoka. Trong d ny sau li vn an tng gi, ng xc nh ctin v i ca ng vo Pht, Php v Tng. ng bo rng tt c php do cPht thuyt ging u l chn diu php v ng mun n c trng tn.ng cn cho ghi ra tn ca 7 bn kinh Tng-gi thng xuyn tu hc.

Nhng php d khc ni chung nhm vo nhiu thnh phn l ccquan chc di triu, gii tng gi, v thn dn. i vi thnh phn u thng quan tm n s an sinh phc li ca dn chng, v ku gi cc quanchc nn cao o c v nhm v x hi cai tr dn tt hn. thnh

phn gia th ng quan tm n vic tu tp ca tng chng v vc iu hnhcc tnh x. thnh phn sau th ng ch khuyn khch vic n theo Chnh

php (Dharma).

---o0o---

Cai tr theo Chnh php

Vua Asoka cn thng xuyn tun du thin ha, gi l nhng chuyn vihnh Php (dhammaytras) ging dy Chnh php cho mi ngi. ngcn ra lnh cho cc quan i thn cng nn lm nh th. Hong Asoka tcho mnh c trch nhim phi gii ngha, cng b v rao ging Chnh Php(Dharma). Vi s minh mn siu vit, Asoka ch ra trong i thng, nl s tng tc nhiu mt ca i sng o c: N phn nh nhng trchnhim v bn phn ca con ngi tu vo v tr ca mnh trong x hi; n

phn nh ci trt t trong v tr v chn l cm nhn c trong ci trt t; n l mi dy rng buc con ngi trong gia nh, x hi, tn gio v tnc; n l ci tri kin c bn lm nn tng cho s thng cm v an ho, vnc biu l khc nhau bi cc nn vn ho v tn gio d bit; n l s cho cho hnh ng v s t gic v hnh phc; n ch t c bng hnhng, pht trin thm bng thc hnh, v bo v bng lut l, v nh vy nto nn c s cho chnh sch, gio dc v cng l; n c khm ph bngt qun, thin nh, v chuyn ho, v n a dn n vic t b nhng iukhng thch nghi vi n. Sut thi tr v, ng kin tr thc thi nhng tintng ca mnh cho n cui i khi ng ng ho vi quan nimchakraqvartin, (Chuyn lun vng); t cho mnh l mt minh qun angvn hnh bnh xe chnh php khp ni bo ton s an sinh phc li chomi ngi.

ng li t ra mt b gi l "B thc thi Chnh php hay B PhpHnh", b nhim cc quan i thn gi l dharmamahmtras (Php ithn) vo nm 257 TTL (theo d s V, 13 nm sau khi ng ln ngi) chuyn


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trng coi mi cng tc phc li x hi ca ngi dn, quan tm n nhngnhu cu thit yu ca ph n, ca dn sng bin cng, n cc cng ngtn gio khc nhau v phi v t khi thi hnh cng l. ng cn ph d chocc quan chc cc cp nn thuyt phc dn trong vc ng dng Chnh phpvo i sng thng ngy hn l p buc bng lnh lc. ng cng u thmquyn cho nhng phn quan khp ni ngn nga s chnh mng cngtc, cng nh trnh vic i x d man vi sc vt v gii quyt nhanhchng nhng kh khn gp phi. Php d cn lit k nhng th rng ctriu nh bo v khng c sn bn. ng cn ra lnh l nhng vic khncp cn phi c t n ng ngay.

Nhng thnh tu ng k cn c ca tng n by gi l vic xy ctnhiu bnh vin cho ngi v gia sc, cng nh cho trng nhiu khu vntho dc, vic xy dng rng ri mt h thng ng s vi hng cy a v

xoi ph bng bn l, vi ging o v nh ngh dc ng tng khongu n cho khch l hnh. H thng giao thng ny lm cho vic thngmi v hnh chnh ca quc Maurya pht trin thun li nhiu mt.

i vi thn dn t khai ng th Hong Asoka khuyn khch vicng dng Chnh Php vo i sng hng ngy bng thc hnh nhng giic chn tht (sace), t bi, n ha (daya), t t vi mi ngi (samya

pratipati) hn l thng by tr cng t cu xin n phc; nn thng b th(dana) cho ngi ngho kh (kapana valaka), cho cc v tu hnh, bn b,thn nhn vv..; hn ch st sinh, khng hnh h sc vt (avihisa bhutanam);

khng xa x, khng tham cu, v trnh d lm lnh (apa vyayata apabhadata) [ta theo li dy trong Kinh Tng nht A-hm (Anguttara Nikaya,II:282)]; bit knh trng cc bc trng thng nh cha m, ng b, s ph,v c i vi bn b, ti t v thy cng t b la mn [tng t li dy cac Pht trong Trng B Kinh (Digha Nikaya) on 31]. ng dy rngnu lm c nh th th s mang li cng c v lng.

ng khng ra v bt phi theo mt nghi l tn gio c on no,nhng ch thuyt v Pht gio ring vi gii tng gi m thi. i vi cc

tn gio khc ng thi, gm c n gio, K na gio v gio phi Ajivikachuyn tu kh hnh, ng rt cng bng v khuyn khch sng i o hnh(bhava sudhi), nhit tm (usahena), tn trng ln nhau, cao gi tr ni tm(bahu sruta), t ch (sayame) v ngn cm vic xung t tn gio. ng khng ngng hc hi m o vi cc v chn tu ca cc tn gio.

---o0o---


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Cc Php d khc trn

V hnh thc th cc Php d c phn loi theo dng b mt c chm khc: mt ni tng, tr v hang ng. Ngay c b mt cavt liu v ni chn cng hm ci dng cng ca n, cho nn ni dung caPhp d cng i thay tng ng. Da vo cc php d ny m ngi ta cth on c nin k ca cc s kin trong thi Asoka tr v.

C th phn bit c hai giai on cc bia k c to ra. Giai onu, 11 nm sau khi Asoka ln ngi, cc php d c khc trn vch mt cch th thin, v tu vo ni dung di ngn m cn chia ra l iThch Php d (Major Rock Edicts) v Tiu Thch Php d (Minor RockEdicts). Nhng Thch Php d ny thng c khc trn nhng tng ni ln n nay b h hng kh nhiu. Ly trng hp bia k Sopara, ch

vi mnh ca d VIII v IX cn st li. Nh vo nhng vn bn khc cnc bo qun tt m ngi ta c c nhng on b mt nhng phpd b h hng.

Cho n nay ngi ta pht hin c 14 i thch php d mang ni dungrt rng ri t vic hn ch st sinh n cung cp cc dch v phc li v yt, ri n cuc chin Kalinga v nhng tc dng ca n. Li thm hai

php d Kalinga c ban ra vo nm mm 259 TTL, c hc gi cn gi lphp d s 15 v 16. (m ni dung tng t nh 3 php d b h hng, lcc php d s XI: ni v vic cu t v s tng thn ca nhn loi, s XII:

ni v s khoan dung tn gio v XIII: ni v cuc chn tranh Kalinga, shi tm ca Asoka). Hai php d ny cng c li dnh cho cc quan cai trvng mi chim, ni v nhng vn o c, thi hnh cng l, vn lmgim cng thng vi ln bang v ci thin ho bnh lin quc.

Mi bn i thch php d k trn c tm thy 6 ni khc nhaugm: hai ni gn bin gii pha ty ca quc Maurya bn bin Rp lSopara thuc bang Bombay v Girnar thuc bang Saurahtra; hai ni gn bingii ty bc l Mansehra v Shahbazgarhi vng ty Pakistan; mt ni

pha bc l Kalsi thuc Uttar Pradesh v mt pha nam Erragudi thucAndhra Pradesh. Mi mt i thch php d cng vi 2 php d Kalingacn c tm thy Dhauli v Jaugada thuc Orissa, gn b bin pha ng

bn vnh Bengal.

Nhng Tiu Thch Php d c l c ban ra vo nm 260 TTL vl nhng Php d u tin, cng lc vi nhng chuyn vi hnh Php bt u.


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Chng tp trung hu ht pha gia v nam ca quc gm Tiu ThchPhp d I, c tm thy ti 7 ni bc An v Hyderabad: l Bairat,Gavimath, Maski, Palkigundu, Gujarra, Rupnath v Sahasram. Tiu ThchPhp d II c tm thy ti 5 ni pha nam l Brahmagiri, Jatinga-Ramesvara v Siddaoura thuc bang Mysore, Erragudi v Rajula-Mandagirithuc bang Andhra. Tiu Thch Php d III (php d dnh cho tng gi banra vo nm th 12 sau khi ln ngi) c tm thy Bairat.

giai on sau, vo nm th 27 n 28 di triu ca hong Asoka,nhng php d mi c khc ln trn nhng ct nh ch bng long,c dng ln nhiu thnh ph quan trng trong thung lng sng Hng vcc ng ln trong quc, thng c gi l Thch tr Php d (PillarEdicts). Lc ban u c l c rt nhiu php tr c dng ln, nhng nnay ch cn li c 10 tr m thi. Mi tr trung bnh cao khong t 12 n

15 thc, nng n 50 tn. Trn u mi tr u c iu khc nhng hnhtng tht tinh xo nh s t gm, con b thn hay con nga thnh vv.. Ttc thch tr u c ly t cc m Chunar, pha nam Varanasi v cko n ni c dng ln, nhiu khi xa c hng trm dm. D sau baonhiu th k phi gia ma nng gi sng vy m nc bng lng vn cnsng nh gng, ni ln cht lng cao tuyt ca ngh thut tc caAn thi by gi.

Hai i s Trung quc hnh hng Ty trc (An) l Php Hin (FaHien: 401 - 410 TL.) ghi l nhn thy 6 php tr, v Huyn Trang (Hiuen

Tsang hay Yuan Chwang: 629 - 645 TL) th thy 15, trong s y ngy naych 2 cn tn ti ng theo li Huyn Trang m t trong k s. Nhng phpthch tr dng Meerut v Topra c vua Sultan Driuz Shah di vDelhi th k 14. Tr ti Kausambi (thuc bang Kosam ngy nay) cng c vua Akbar di v Allahabad th k 16. Mt s ln khc c l bchn vi, che ph bi rng rm theo thi gian thng trm, vt i sao di.

Cc Thch tr Php d ny gm 7 d m ni dung tng i n gin:bt u bng hai tr ni v t tnh ca Chnh php, n 3 tr ni v s ng

dng Chnh php vo vic ch ng c nghip v tham i, vic truyn b oc v cng l, v nhng qui nh v vic st hi sc vt v tic tng cngcng, v kt thc vi mt php d (hoc 2 nh trong trng hp ca trTopra) ni v phng thc truyn b o c. Nhng thch tr Php d ny c tm thy ri rc trn 30 ni khp ton ci quc Maurya baogm An , Nepal, Pakistan v Afghanistan ngy nay, nh Meerut vKausambi thuc Utter Pradesh, Lauriya-Araraj, Lauriya-Nandangarh v


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Rampurva thuc Bihar. Mt tr khc vi d th 7 li c tm thy tiTopra thuc vng ng Punjab. Vn bn ca bia k trn cc Thch tr Phpd ny ging ht nhau.

Tr Allahabad li c khc thm 2 d khc. D th nht, c khi c gil tiu thch tr php du I, cng cn thy xut hin Sanchi thuc bangBhopal v ti Sarnath thuc bang Uttar Pradesh. Bia k khng c boqun tt nn vn bn ca bia k trn tr ba ni c nhiu thay i.

Tr ti Sarnath (ni c vn nai: Lc Uyn) li cn khc thm phntip theo ca d trn tr Allahabad, cn gi l tiu thch tr php d II.

Ngy nay chnh ph n dng hnh tc bn con s t u lng vi nhau trnthch tr Sarnath lm biu tng quc gia. D cn li th hai trn trAllahabad c khi c gi l tiu thch tr php d III, l qu tng ca mt

b hong hu ca vua Asoka, nn cn c gi l Php d ca Hong hu.

Hai tr tm thy Nepal l tr ghi du thnh a, mt Rummindei hayLumbini, ni c Pht n sanh, mt gn h ln Nigali Sagar, gn thp gix li ca c Pht Kanakamuni.

---o0o---Nhng hang ng php d (The

Cave Edicts)


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Nhng hang ng php d (The Cave Edicts) c tm thy 3 trongs 4 hang trong dy ni Barabar thuc bang Bihar. Trong 2 hang trc c

bia k ca Hong Asoka ghi vo nm th 12, hang th ba ghi nm th 19

sau khi ng ln ngi, tng cc hang ng nh l ni c tr cho cc nh tukh hnh thuc gio phi Ajivika, m gio ch l Gosala cng thi vi cThch Ca. Trong hang th 4 th bia k c ghi li thuc th k th 5 TL sauny. mt ni khc l i Nagarjuni c 3 hang ng na cha bia k tng cho tu s phi Ajivika ca mt v vua dng tc v "Thin t ", nhngli do vua Dasaratha, chu ca hong Asoka cho dng ln.

---o0o---

H Php Vng ca Pht Gio

V tr ca Hong Asoka trong Pht gio tht l vinh hin, c th nil c tn sng ln hng H Php Vng. Nhng cng c ca ng thngc gii Pht t ca tng l lng sng bi v h tr Pht gio ca ng.Asoka cho xy ct nhiu thp th x li Pht (stpa), nhiu tnh x (vihra).Kinh sch cn ghi l 84 ngn vihras 84 ngn th trn, v ngi ln nhtAsokrma ngay kinh vua thng n cng bi.

ng chu cp thc phm cho hng trm ngn tng ni, v th thi by

gi c nhiu k xu li dng khoc o nh tu gia nhp tng chng c sng an nhn. iu ny a n tnh trng suy i trong vic tu tpPht php. Theo hai b Mahavamsa v Samantapsdik th khi bit ra tnn, Asoka lin ra lnh cho thanh lc hng ng tng gi v loi b n 60ngn k ngy danh v n bm, trc k i hi kit tp kinh in (sangti)ln th 3 ti kinh Ptaliputr di s ch tr ca cao tng


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Moggaliputtatisa (Mc-kin-lin T--tu hay ni gn Mc-lin--tu) vdo nh vua bo tr.

Theo vn hc PG th k t sau i hi kt tp ln th hai hn 116 nmsau khi c Pht nhp Nit bn, trong gii tng gi manh nha s phn

phi thnh hai trng l Trng lo b (s: sthavira) v i chng b (s:mahsghika), ty theo li gii dch gio php v gio lut ca c Pht.

Nh mt ging sng ln khi i t ngun s phi phn nhnh theo thigian v nhng a hnh khc nhau; o Pht cng th, c nhng s phn

phi t ln kt tp th hai. S phn phi ca Pht gio l mt iu kin phic trng tn. N phi p ng yu cu hin i ha thch nghi vithi th, v bn a ha dung ha vi truyn thng vn ha, tp tc v tnngng a phng trn ng pht trin. Vo thi vua Asoka th trnh

dn tr v mc sng kinh t tng i tng trng.---o0o---

Lc k cc k kt tp kinh in quan trng

Mun hiu r thm nhng tc ng a n s phn phi trong PG,xin c lc k nhng k kt tp kinh in quan trng trong Pht s. Mi

phi u c s bt ng v cc i hi kt tp t ln th ba tr v sau: TheoThng ta b th c 4 ln k tp kinh in chnh thc v thm 2 ln khc

Min in. Theo i chng b th ch c tng cng 4 ln kt tp chnh mthi.

Kt tp ln th nht: c t chc trong by thng ti thch ngSattapanna trn ni Vebhra thnh Rjagaha (Vng X nay l Rajgir)khong nm 478 TTL, ba thng sau khi c Pht nhp nit bn (Buddha'sParinibbana), gm 500 t-kheo do ngi Mahakassapa (i Ca-Dip) triutp, vi s tr gip ca vua Ajatasatru (s.) hay Ajaratthu (p.) (A X Th) xMagadha (Ma Kit ). Ananda truyn tng li nhng li Pht dy, v sauc ghi li thnh nm b Nikya; Upali (u-b-li) tng li b Lut tng (s,

p: Vinaya-piaka) v sau c ghi li thnh nm b dikamma, Pcittiya,Mahvagga, Cullavagga, Parivra.

Kt tp ln th hai: c t chc trong tm thng trong chaVlukrma ti Vesali (thnh V-X-l) 116 nm sau khi Pht nhp nit bn,hay 362 TTL, gm 700 v t-kheo do cao tng Revata ch tr v vuaKksoka bo tr, c gi l Sattasati. L do kt tp l v nhm T khu


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Vajjputtakas thnh Vesli khng duy tr 10 iu gii lut v sng rtphng tng, nn b mt t ca Ananda l Yassakkandaputta (Da-x) phphn v a n i hi chn chnh gio lut. C 8 cao tng trong banchp s l Revata, Sambhuta-Sanavasi, Yasa, Sumana, Sabbakami, Salha,Khujjasobhita, v Vasabhagamika, Vic ny manh nha a n s phn

phi gia Trng lo b (s: Sthavira, khi du nhp Tch Lan th thnhThng ta b - Theravada) v i chng b (s: Mahsghikas, hay cnghi l Mahasangitikas) v sau nh trnh by.

Theo b Dipavamsa (o s - 76, 82) Tch Lan c phi Thngta b ghi li v sau th sau khi b khin trch nhm Vajjiputtakas lin tchra t chc mt i hi khc gi l Mahsangiti (i Tng) nhng khnggm 6 tp ca Abhidhamma; Patisambhida; Niddesa; mt phn ca Jatakas;v vi cu k c Trng lo b ph chun.

Kt tp ln th ba: c t chc trong 9 thng ti ngi chaAsokrma ti Ptaliputra vo khong nm 242 trc TTL, hay 236 nm sau

Nit Bn, gm 1.000 t-kheo u t c chn lc k lng, ch tr bi caotng Moggaliputta Tissa, di s bo tr ca vua Asoka. L do l chnchnh li gio php v gio lut, ng thi thanh lc li hng ng tng gi,vn b phn tp bi s chu cp di do ca vua Asoka.

Trc k i hi gn n ngy rm, theo truyn thng c l Uposatha,tng gi qui t tr tng Gii bn t-kheo (Ptimokkh), nhng mt s

trng lo t chi hp chung vi m gi danh nn triu nh mnh tay canthp ca lm thit mng mt s tng s; v th vua Asoka vi mi cao tngMoggaliputta Tissa t ch n tu xung ni ch tr i hi. Khi kt thc,Moggalliputta-Tissa tng kt nn b Kathvatthu (Lun S) vn l nhnglp lun chnh thng bi bc cc t kin, c a vo Lun Tng (hayA-t-t-ma tng) cn truyn n ngy nay. Moggalliputta-Tissa cng cnc xem nh l v sng lp ra Phn bit b (s. vibhajyavdin). Phi nyc Mahind truyn qua Tch Lan khng lu sau .

---o0o---Cc an truyn gio ca PG ch xng bi Asoka

Sau i hi, vi s ngh ca Moggaliputta Tissa, vua Asoka chothnh lp nhiu on truyn gio (Dharmaduta) gi i khp ni ra ngoi bincng ca quc Maurya, nh th m PG c lan truyn rng khp.

Nhng cng v PG pht trin trn nhiu a bn khc nhau v khng c mt


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b phn ch o tp quyn nn vic phn phi l iu khng th trnh khit y (Frauwallner, 1956).

on th nht do cc t-kheo Mahinda, Sanghamitta, Ittiya, Uttiya,Sambala, Bhaddasla v v sau c t-kheo-ni Sumana hng dn i truyngio o Tch Lan (Lank, Lankdpa); v chnh an ny thit lp nn

phi Theravada (Thng ta b). Mahinda l hong t v Sanghamitta lcng cha, v v sau c a chu Sumana cng tham gia vo on truyngio vo nm th su di triu vua Asoka. on th hai do Majjhantikahng dn i truyn gio x Kashmir v Gandhara, v sau thnh phi Nhtthit hu b (Sarvastivdins). on th ba do Mahdeva (c l l mt v t-kheo trng tn vi v a ra 5 thuyt d cp) hng dn i truyn gio x Mahinsakamandala ngy nay gi l Mysore, v sau thnh phiMahisasakas. on th t do Rakkhita hng dn truyn gio qua x

Vanavsi pha nam n. on th nm do Yonaka Dhammarakkhita, cgc Hi-lp hng dn i n x Aparantaka, nay l bc Gujarat, Kathiwara,Kutch v Sindh); v sau thnh phi Dharmaguptaka. on th su doMahrakkhita hng dn i x Yonaka-loka tc vng ty bc lc a n baogm x Baktria, Trung v min bc Iran (Ionian). on th by do ch vMajjhima, Kassapagotta, Mlakadeva, Durabhissara v Deva Sahadevahng dn truyn b khu vc Himavant (Tuyt Sn) cnh ni Himlaya;v sau thnh phi Haimavata, gm phi Kasyapiyas. Nhng x-li ca qu vny c tm thy Vedisa (Willis, 2001). on th tm do hai i tkheo Sona v Uttara hng dn i hong php x Suvannabhmi, nay lMin in, Thi Lan, Campuchia, v c th n x Ph Nam (Funan), chu th sng Cu Long Vit Nam ngy nay.

Trong khi nhng on truyn gio qua hng ty, thuc quc Hy lpmi n vng bin a Trung Hi (Mediteranean) t Syria n Macedonia,nh ghi trong php d s XIII khng my thnh cng th nhng tng onhong ho do hong t Mahinda v cng cha Sanghamitta hng dnxung pha nam li thnh cng rc r. Ngay t bui u cho n nay Phtgio tr thnh quc gio Tch Lan.

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Mt i hi khc ca i chng b ti Ptaliputra

Ngoi i hi va k, cn c mt i hi khc ca i chng b din ra ti Ptaliputra trc triu i Maurya, khong nm 350 TTL, tc hn


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mt th k trc k kt tp th 3 k trn. i hi ny d nhin khng cphi Trng lo b ghi nhn nn khng c chnh thc ghi trong Lut tng.

L do i hi cng khng c chp li r rng, cho nn nhng skn bit c cho n nay ch nh l huyn s. Mt t-kheo ti Paliputratn l i Thin (Mahdeva), c v l th lnh ca i chng b(Mahasamghikas) by gi nu ln nm nghi thuyt v cnh gii ca Arhat(A-la-hn): 1. D s d: A-la-hn v cn nhc thn nn c th b tham i chi

phi; c ni cn ni r l b mng tinh (CBETA Chinese BuddhistElectronic Text Association T49, no. 2032, p. 18, a11-13 ghi l nocturnalemission ng hn phi l nocturnal ejaculation) 2. V tri: A-la-hn chahon ton thot khi V minh; 3. Do d: A-la-hn cha ht nghi ng; 4. Thalinh nhp: A-la-hn cn cn tr lc bn ngoi mi bit mnh t B-; 5.o nhn thanh c khi (o nng vo m thanh m sinh): A-la-hn cn

nhng thanh m c bit t nh, v ng chn l.

i chng b khng nhng ng h nm thuyt ca Mahadeva mcn i xa hn tn thnh lun thuyt v cnh gii chng ng ca Pht cn caohn A-la-hn. Phi ny cho rng Pht l nhn vt siu th, v tn, t

Nht thit tr, ton nng, th nhp i nh vnh cu, vi thn tm hon tonthanh tnh. Quan im ca i chng b c xem l tin thn ca gio

php i tha sau ny. Nhng i vi Thng ta b, Pht vn ch l mtnhn vt lch s, c xem l mt bc vn th s biu tn knh, khng phil ho thn ca mt tht th no.

Trng lo b bi bc cc quan im ny qua ln kt tp th ba vib Kathvatthu (Lun S) ca cao tng Moggalliputta-Tissa, nh nitrn.

Nm thuyt ca i Thin lm cho s phn chia Tng-gi ra lm haiphi su xa hn khng tha hip c na. Nhng nhng nghin cu gny cho thy ng thuyt ca i thin chng c lin h g n i chng

b c. Nhng cng v sau, nhiu lun bn xut hin lm xa dn khong cch

nh ngha gia t Pht v t A-la-hn. Lc ban s c Pht vn t chomnh l mt A-la-hn.

iu ny cn c i Chng B pht trin thm qua ln kt tp tht, vo nm Pht lch 400, tc khang u TK th 2 TL, ti JlandharKashmrthat, Kashmir, m trong vn hc PG hay gi l x - Trng-Na(Udanna), gm 500 v t-kheo di s ch ta ca i s Vasumitra (Th


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Hu, dch m l B-tu Mt-a) v s bo tr ca Hang Kanishka I (127-151 TL). Mc ch ca k kt tp ny l son ra cc b lun: Kinh S,Lut S v Lun S. i hi ny chnh l khi im cho s pht trin caSarvstivda (Nht thit hu b) v i tha (Mahayana) v sau.

Vasumitra l T th 7 ca Thin tng n . Gio l ca ngi nm giaTiu tha v i tha.Tng truyn Vasumitra l tc gi ca hai b lun lsamayabhedavyhacakra-stra (D b tng lun lun) v rya-vasumitra-

bodhisattva-sacita-stra (Tn B-tu-mt B Tt s tp lun). Chnh ngi cp n s tranh lun gia Trng lo b v 5 thuyt ca Mahadevatrong k kt tp th ba di triu Asoka; v b i t b sa (Mahavibhasa)c vit sau bi l Mahadeva, th lnh ca i chng b (CBETA -T27, no. 1545, p. 510, c23-p. 512, a19). Phn ny l gii rng phi Nhtthit hu b vng ty bc n l hu du ca nhng v A-la-hn k trn.

Ring Thng ta b th cho rng ln kt tp ln th t c t chcti ng Aloka gn lng Matale Tch Lan vo khong 35-32 TTL doMaharakkhita ch ta, gm 500 v t-kheo, di s bo tr ca vuaVattagmani. (John Snelling, The Buddhist Handbook). Qua i hi, tamtng ca Trng lo b c hiu nh, sp xp, ch thch ca ba tng, righi li Tam tng trn l c (palm) bng ting Pli.

Cc ln kt tp th 5 v th 6: u c Thng Ta B t chc vocc thi k 1868-1871 ti Madalay v 1954-1956 ti Yangon. C hai u l

kinh Min in vo thi tng ng.

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Li Kt

Ngoi ra vua Asoka thng i hnh hng chim bi nhng Pht tchv cho dng nhng ct tr tn thn, m gn y nhiu cuc kho c

pht hin c Lumbini ni c Thch Ca n sanh, hay B otrng (Bodh Gaya) m thi y c gi l Sambodhi hay Vajirasana. Ring

thch tr B o trng li c khc Php d s VIII ban ra vo nm th10 sau khi ng ng quang. ng cn ra mt chng trnh tu hoc Pht

php cho tn . ng cng cho dng nhng tr ghi s liu ng Pht phpca ng (nh trn Tiu thch php d). ng thng trc tip phn x nhngcuc tranh lun gia cc tng phi v cng quyt ngn chn nhng s phnho trong tng gi.


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Tr do Asoka cho dng ti Lumbini

ng tic l sau khi ng mt vo nm 232 TTL th quc Mauryarng ln cng tan r theo khong 50 nm sau, v ri b ging h Shungasthay th; v nhng cng tc phc li x hi do ng xng cng khngko di c lu tr nhng php d khc vo v nh hng truyn b oPht qua Tch Lan v ng Phng.

Trn Trc-LmSeattle, Chm thu 2001. Hiu nh ma h, 2007.

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CHNG HAI -NI DUNG NHNG PHP D KHC TRNCA I ASOKA MAURYA

Hin nay c kh nhiu bn dch ra Anh ng v nhng Php d ca Vua

Asoka vn c vit bng ting Brahmi (Prakrit). Bn dch Vit ng ny da vo 2 bn Anh ng ph thng nht v c nhn di 2 gc tiubiu: 1). Gii hn lm, ca cc tc gi Nayarayanrao Appurao Nikam vRichard McKeon thuc Vin i hc Chicago, n hnh nm 1959 (Vit tt"Bn Nikam") v 2). Gii tng gi, ca Ho thng S. DhammikathucBuddhist Publication Society, Sri Lanka, n hnh nm 1993 (Vit tt"Bn Dhammika").


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Qu c gi c th vo trang http://www.accesstoinsight.org xem bnDhammika. Tuy vy, trong khi i chiu lm r ngha hn gia 2 bn nychng ti nhn thy rng ngoi nhng khc bit v vn phong, vi oncc dch gi ni trn c li din dch khc hn nhau. V th chng ti cn nhc chn li dch no gn vi tinh thn ni dung ca Php d chuyn ra Vit ng, v dng nhng t ng hp vi ng thi hn. Ngoi rangay di mi Php d, chng ti thm phn ghi ch v nhn xt ring(NXR) gii thch nhng khc bit, thay v cui bi khng c tindng. D vy vn khng th trnh c nhng s st. Mong c qu v caominh ch gio. Mong bi vit ny ng gp phn no vo ti liu S PhtGio. a t.

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A. Mi Bn i Thch Php DA.1: TPD I

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi, ban lnh cho ghi php d ny 1. Trong lnh thdo trm cai tr khng sinh linh no c st hi hoc t sng v khng tctng lin hoan no c t chc, bi Thin t, Vua Piyadasi thy nhiu iuxu c trong nhng cuc t hp lin hoan y. Nhng Thin t, Vua Piyadasivn chun y cho mt vi cuc lin hoan khc.

Trc y, trong ng tr (nh bp) hu cung ca trm c hng trmngn sinh th b git hng ngy lm thc n. Nhng vi Php d ny kt nay ch c ba loi sinh th c php h tht m thi, l hai con cng vmt con nai, nhng thnh thong mi lm tht nai. V ri nay mai c ba thny cng s khi b git.
http://www.accesstoinsight.org/http://www.accesstoinsight.org/


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Ch Prakrit c chp li t TPD 1.

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A.2: TPD II

Khp ni 2 thuc lnh th do Thin t, Vua Piyadasi cai tr, v dn cngoi bin i nh dn Cholas, dn Pandyas, dn Satiyaputras, dnKeralaputras, v xa hn na dn Tamraparni, v x Yona (Hy-lp) do vuaAntiyoka cai tr, v vua cc x ln cn vi vua Antiyoka 3. Thin t, VuaPiyadasi ban cho hai loi sn sc y t: cho ngi v cho th. Ni no khngc tho dc tr liu, trm cho du nhp v trng. Ni no khng c c rhoc tri cy lm thuc, trm cho du nhp v trng. Dc cc ng trm choo ging v trng cy ngi v th c hng li 4.

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A.3: TPD III

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng 5: Php d ny c ban ra sau mihai nm trm ng quang - Trm lnh cho cc quan Yuktas, Rajjukas vPradesikas phi tun du thanh tra khp ni thuc lnh th do trm cai tr mi5 nm hun d Chnh php nh di y, ng thi lo cc chnh s khc6.

Bit knh trng vng li cha m l vic tt, ho phng vi bn b, thnhu, b con, cc bc tu hnh 7 l vic tt, khng st sanh l vic tt, bit


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chng mc trong tiu pha v tit kim l vic tt, tt c ton l nhng iuphc c.

Triu nh nn bo cho cc quan a phng phi tun th nghimchnh nhng iu hun d ny ng ca trm.

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A.4: TPD IV

Nhiu trm nm trong qu kh, vic st hi sinh vt, i x t bc vib con, v thiu tn knh vi cc bc tu hnh gia tng 8. Nhng nay dovic thc hnh Chnh Php ca Thin t, Vua Piyadasi, nn diu m caChnh Php thay dn cho ting trng 9. nhiu trm nm hin tng vnhng thin xa, voi lnh, sao bng v nhng cnh tng thn linh khngxy ra. Nhng nay do Thin t, Vua Piyadasi c xy vic khng ch st hisinh th, i x n cn vi b con, tn knh cc bc tu hnh, v knh trngcha m v bc trng thng, nhng cnh tng im lnh y li gia tng10.

Nhng iu ny cng vi nhiu li khc thc hnh Chnh Php c Thin t, Vua Piyadasi khuyn khch, v ngi s tip tc thng tinvic thc hnh Chnh Php. Ri cng th, cc con, chu v chc ca Thint, Vua Piyadasi s tip tc thng tin vic thc hnh Chnh Php cho n

ht i; an tr trong Chnh Php th h mi gio hun dn theo Chnh Phpc. Thc vy, gio hun theo Chnh Php l cng tc cao c. Tuy vy kthiu o c th khng th thc hnh Chnh Php c, bi vic thc hnhv thng tin Chnh Php l vic ng ca tng.

Php d ny c ghi nhng k k tha ca trm hoan h tn lcmnh thng tin Chnh Php v khng suy thoi. Thin t, Vua Piyadasi lnh cho Php d ny ghi li mi hai nm sau khi ngi ng quang.

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A.5: TPD V

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng 11: Lm iu thn thc kh. K nolm iu thin l lm c nan s. Trm lm nhiu iu thin, v nu cccon, cc chu v hu du ca trm, cho n ht i noi gng trm th s


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lm c nhng iu tht tt. Nhng ai trong bn chng b b d mt phnhun d ny th chng s lm iu c. Thc vy, lm iu c th rt d 12.

Trong qu kh khng h c Php i thn (Dhamma Mahamatras),nhng mi ba nm sau khi trm ng quang chc v ny c b nhim.T nay h c y nhim lm vic vi tt c cc tn gio cho vic cng cChnh Php, cho s thng tin Chnh Php, v cho an sinh v hnh phc catt c nhng ai ngng m Chnh Php. H c y nhim lm vic vi dnYonas (Hy-lp), dn Kambojas, dn Gandharas, dn Rastrikas, dn Pitinikas,v cc dn khc bin cng pha ty ca lnh th. 13 H c y nhimlm vic vi qun s, cc cp ch huy, cc bc tu hnh, cc c s, 14 k nghokh, ngi gi c, v nhng ai ngng m Chnh Php lo cho s an sinhv hnh phc ca h v h khi b nhng nhiu.

Cc Php i thn c y nhim lm vic ci thin cch i x vit nhn, a n vic phng thch chng, v nu cc Php i thn nghrng "K ny c mt gnh nng gia nh", "K kia b vu co", "k n gi", th h tin hnh vic phng thch cc k . H c y nhim lmvic khp ni, y (ni bia k c khc, dng), nhng th trn xa xi,trong nhng hu cung thuc cc bo huynh hay bo t ca trm, v hongtc. Cc Php i thn chuyn lo truyn b Chnh Php c c i khp nithuc lnh th, gia ngi dn ngng m Chnh Php xem ai ngngm Chnh Php, hay an tr trong Chnh Php, hay thc hnh b th.

Php d ny c khc ln n c th trng tn v hu du catrm c th theo y m thc hnh.

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A.6: TPD VI

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng:15 Trong qu kh, quc s hoc ccbiu tu khng h c trnh hong thng thng xuyn. Nhng naytrm ra lnh ny, khi cc quan c chuyn bm bo v dn tnh trong nc th

c th n gp trm bt c lc no v bt c u, d trm ang ng thin,ang trong hu cung, trong cm cung, trn long xa, trong ng gi, trongthng uyn hay ang cu nguyn. V khi mt ban b hay tuyn dng

bng khu lnh, hoc v quc v khn cp trm y quyn cho cc Php ithn, m gy nn s bt ng hay bn ci trong triu th phi cp bo chotrm bit ngay bt c lc no v bt c u. l mnh lnh ca trm.


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Trm khng h bao gi bng lng vi vic lm v canh cnh cho qucv ca trm. Trm cho rng vic thng tin an sinh ca thn dn l nhim vcao c nht ca trm, v ct li ca vic ny l phi chnh mnh tn lc. ivi trm, khng c iu g quan trng hn l vic thng tin an sinh ca thndn, v tt c nhng n lc ca trm ch l tr ci n trm mc chng sinh mu cu hnh phc cho h trong i ny v t n thin gii trong kipsau.

V vy trm lnh cho Php D ny c khc ra trng tn v cccon, cc chu v cht ca trm noi theo v s an sinh cho mi ngi. Tuynhin y l mt vic kh nu khng nhit tm v tn sc.

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A.7: TPD VII

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi mun rng tt c mn ca cc tn ngngu chung sng trn t nc ca trm, v tt c bn h u mong cu t chv thin tm. 16 Nhng con ngi thng c nhiu xu hng v kht vngkhc nhau, nn h c th thc hnh c mt phn hay tt c nhng iuy.

Nhng k thiu t ch, lng khng trong sch, thiu n tnh v tn tmm li nhn lm phm vt cng dng, th k y l gian c.17

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A.8: TPD VIII

Trong qu kh, cc thin t hay tun du sn bn hoc vui chi.18Nhng mi nm sau khi ln ngi, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi n thm B o Trng 19 v nh th thit ch nhng cuc Php du hnh (Dharma-yatras). 20 Trong nhng ln nh th, cc vic sau c lm: ving thm vqu tng cho cc bc tu hnh, ving thm v tng (tin) vng cho ngi gi,

ving thm dn thn qu, hun d h v Chnh Php v tho lun vi hv Chnh Php khi thch hp. Nhng iu ny lm Thin t, VuaPiyadasi p mt v li c xem nh l mt mi thu hoch khc. 21

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A.9: TPD IX

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: 22 Ngi ta hay cng nhiu l, nhtl nhng dp au m, khi ci hi, lc sinh n, trc mt chuyn i xa. c

bit l ph n li cn by ra lm l lt vt, v ngha khc.

Khng c g quy vi nhng l cng bi ny nhng thng th chngem li kt qu no. Ch c L Chnh Php (Dharma-mangala) l mang lirt nhiu kt qu. N bao gm vic i x t t vi n t v gia nhn 23, tnknh thy d, ng c c vi sinh linh, v cng dng cho cc bc tuhnh. Nhng vic nh th c gi l L Chnh Php. V th mt ngi cha,mt ng con, mt ngi anh em, mt ngi ch, mt ngi bn, mt ngi

phi ngu, hay c ngi hng xm thy th nn bo: "Nhng vic ny tt,nn lm cho t n mc ch, ti nn tham d."

Nhng bui cng l khc, d t mc ch hay khng vn chng cmy gi tr. Nhng nhng mc ch ny, nu c, ch hn ch trong i ny.Cn L Chnh Php th v cng. Cho d n khng t c mc ch trongi ny, n to ra v lng phc c cho i sau. Nu L Chnh Php tc mc dch trong i ny th li c c phc c trong i ny v isau. 24

Lng ho phng thc ng ca ngi. Nhng khng c qu no ln bngqu Chnh Php, hoc bng li lc Chnh Php. V th, mt ngi bn,

ngi khch, b con, hoc ngi phi ngu nn c xy ngi khc khi chi n v bo rng: "iu ny tt, nn lm, rt ng khen. Lm vic ny tac th t thin gii." V c vic g cn gi tr hn l t thin gii?"25

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A.10: TPD X

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi khng xem vinh quang v danh vng c gi trg tr phi thn dn ca trm u nghe n Chnh Php v thc hnh Chnh

Php trong hin ti v tng lai. 26 Ch c iu ny Thin t, Vua Piyadasimi mun c vinh quang v vang danh.

Tt c mi n lc ca trm ch nhm n gii thot cho con ngi khivng n l trong i t nay v sau. Bi c nghip l vng n l. Tht l nans cho k giu v ngi ngho tr phi h tn lc v t b tham vng. Licng kh bi phn cho k giu hn l ngi ngho. 27


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A. 11: TPD XI.

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: 28 Khng qu no bng qu Chnh

Php (Dharma-dana), 29 khng s quen bit no bng s quen bit ChnhPhp (Dharma-samstava), khng s san x no bng s san x Chnh Php(Dharma-samvibhaga), v khng s thn thuc no bng s thn thucChnh Php (Dharma-sambandha). V n bao gm nhng iu ny: i xt t vi n t v gia nhn, knh trng cha m, ho phng vi bn b, phingu, b con, cc bc tu hnh, v ng st sinh. V th mt ngi cha, mtngi con, mt ngi anh em, mt ngi ch, mt ngi phi ngu, hay mtngi hng xm nn bo rng: "iu ny c phc c, nn lm." Bngcch biu qu Chnh Php, ngi ta c li lc ngay trong i ny v v

lng phc c trong i sau".---o0o---

A.12: TPD XII

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi tn knh tt c cc bc tu hnh v cc c s cacc tn gio qua qu cp ngi ban v nhiu s vinh d. 30 Nhng Thin t,Vua Piyadasi khng coi trng qu cp hay vinh d bng s tng trng vo hnh ca ngi c tn ngng. 31 S tng trng v o hnh c th t

c bng nhiu li, nhng ci gc r vn l phi km ch li ni, khngc cao tn gio mnh v li ph bng tn gio khc mt cch v c,hoc l khi ng c th li qu .

D bt k l do no, tn ngng ca k khc cn phi c tn vinh.C nh vy th tn gio ca mnh cng c li lc, v tn gio ca k khcna. Ngc li th tn gio ca mnh b tn hi, v tn gio ca k khc na.K no huynh hoang v tn gio ca mnh v cung tn v ph bng tn giok khc vi c " ta lm vinh quang o ca ta", th ch lm tn hi ntn gio ca mnh. V th, s ha ng tn gio l iu tt. 32 Ai cng phi

lng nghe v tn knh gio l ca o khc.

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi mun rng mi ngi nn tm hiu thm gio lchn chnh ca tn gio khc.

K no ch bit c chp vi tn gio ca mnh th phi c dy rng:Thin t, Vua Piyadasi khng coi trng qu cp v vinh d bng s tng


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trng v o hnh ca mi tn gio. t n iu ny, cc Php ithn, cc i thn chuyn lo v hu cung, nhng quan li trng nom nhngvng xa xi v nhng quan li khc phi tn tm. V kt qu l tn gio cami ngi u thng tin v Chnh Php cng c rng r.

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A.13: TPD XIII

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi xm chim Kalinga tm nm sau khi ngi ngquang. 33 Mt trm nm chc ngn ngi b bt v b y, mt trm ngnngi b git v rt nhiu ngi na cht v nhng l do khc. Ngay sau khiKalinga c chinh phc, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi mnh m nghing v hchi Chnh Php, yu thch Chnh Php v mun pht trin Chnh Php.

Nay Thin t, Vua Piyadasi rt xc ng v ly lm hi hn chinhphc Kalinga. Thc vy Ngi rt bun v hi tic vic chinh phc mt dntc bt khut qua tn st, cht chc v y i. iu quan trng hn lmThin T hi hn l cc bc tu hnh cng nh gii c s, tn ca cc tngio ca nc ny - tt c u thc hnh knh trng bc trng thng, cham v thy dy, i x t t v trung thnh vi bn b, ngi quen, k phingu, b con, n t, gia nhn - b thng, b git hay b chia la vi ngithn. Ngay c nhng k khng bi h hn cng au kh khi thy bn b,ngi quen, ngi phi ngu v b con b lin ly. Nhng vic ny lm

Thin t, vua Piyadasi au bun.

Khng c nc no, tr x ca ngi Yonas (Hy Lp) khng ccc bc tu hnh (ging nh tu-s B-la-mn v o s kh hnh), v khng ni no m c dn li khng phng th tn gio ny hay tn gio n. [33]Bi th, d s t vong hay s b y i qua trn Kalinga ch bng mt phntrm hay mt phn ngn ca thc s, iu ny cng lm Thin t, VuaPiyadasi au bun. Ngi ngh rng nhng ai phm li nn c tha th nuc th. 34

Ngay i vi dn mi r nay sng di quyn cai tr ca Thin t, VuaPiyadasi, cng nn theo li sng mi m c x ng hong. Chng nn ckhuyn co rng d Ngi hi hn nhng Ngi vn cn quyn lc trngtr bn chng nu chng phm ti ng cht. Thc vy, Thin t mun aicng c v hi, t ch, v cng bng, ngay c nhng k phm li.


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Nay Thin t, Vua Piyadasi xem Chinh Phc bng Chnh Php(Dharma-vijaya) mi l cuc chinh phc quan trng nht. 35 Cuc chinh

phc ny chin thng lin tc khng nhng trong x m cn c vi nhngdn sng ngoi bin cng xa n su trm do-tun, (yojanas) 36 vuaYona (Hy-Lp) l Antiyoka cai tr, v xa hn na ni ca bn vua khc caitr, l vua Turanmaya, Antikini, Maka, v Alikasudara,37 xung pha namvi dn Cholas, dn Pandyas, v cn xa hn na l dn Tamraparni. 38

y trong lnh th ca Thin t, gia dn Yonas, 39 dn Kambojas,dn Nabhakas, dn Nabhapamkits, dn Bhojas, dn Pitinikas, dn Andhrasv dn Palidas, khp ni dn u theo li gio hun v Chnh Php caThin t, Vua Piyadasi.

C n nhng x m s gi ca Thin t, Vua Piyadasi cha n, dn

y cng nghe n Chnh Php v nhng chiu ch ca Thin t vChnh Php nn h tun th v tip tc tun th. Cuc chinh phc bngChnh Php ny din ra khp ni v em li nim hn hoan - nim hn hoanch do chinh phc bng Chnh Php em li m thi. Nhng nim hn hoancng ch l kt qu nh. Thin t xem qu gt c trong i sau mi thcquan trng.

Trm cho ghi Php d ny cc con v chu ca trm khi k v ngly xm lng lm thnh tch. Nu chinh phc th nn khoan ha v nh trng

pht. Nn xem chinh phc bng Chnh Php l cuc chinh phc tht s, bi

n c kt qu trong i ny v i sau. Hy vui ly nim vui trong ChnhPhp (Dharma-rati), bi n mang li kt qu tt rong i ny v i sau.

---o0o---

A. 14: TPD XIV.

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi ra lnh cho nhng Php d ny c ghi. Vibn c ghi ngn gn, vi bn c ghi va hay vi bn c ghi dihn. 40 Khng phi tt c u c trng by khp ni bi lnh th ca trm

rt rng. Nhiu bn c khc v trm s cn sai lm thm.

Vi Php d c lp i lp li v li hay p ca li dy thndn thc hnh noi theo. Vi Php d khng hon tt v khng thch hp via phng, hoc v cn loi b, hoc v li ca ngi ghi khc.

---o0o---


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B. Nhng Thch Php D Kalinga---o0o---

B.1: TPDKa I

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn lnh ny cho cc i thn Tosali cng lcc Phn quan thuc thnh y: 41 Trm mun thy nhng g trm xem lchnh ng phi c thi hnh nghim chnh. Trm phi ch th cho ccngi li thc hin iu ny v trm t cc ngi v tr phi thu phcc nhn tm ca hng vn ngi.

Mi ngi u l con ci ca trm. Nhng g trm c mun cho conci ca trm, nh phc li v hnh phc cho i ny v i sau, trm uc mun nh th cho thn dn. Cc ngi khng hiu lng trm mun nh

th no v nhng iu ny, v d mt vi ngi trong cc ngi hiu i nacng khng thu o ht lng ca trm.

Cc ngi phi quan tm n iu ny. Trong khi thi hnh lut phpnhiu ngi phi b giam cm, tra kho v ngay c b git v c nn lngdn ta thn. V th cc ngi phi hnh s tht v t. Phi trnh t him, tcgin, tn bo, th ght, nhn tm, try li hoc mt nhc. Lun phi t hi"Nhng thi y c trong lng ta khng?" Ct li vn l khng tc gin vnn nhn ni. Quan chc no chn mt khi thi hnh cng l khng nn cthng chc, k khc th cng thng tin v nn c bt. Ai trong cc

ngi hiu c iu ny nn ni vi ng s "C gng thi hnh nhim vm Thin t giao ph. Nh vy, nh th ny ng l li dy ca Thin t,Vua Piyadasi."

Thc hin nghim chnh hun d ny th gt c nhiu kt qu, cnnu lm khc i th chng t n thin gii v cng chng lm Thin t hilng. Nu cc ngi tht bi trong nhim v s lm trm km vui. Nu thchin nghim chnh th cc ngi s t thin gii v p lng trm.

Php d ny phi c tuyn co cho mi ngi vo mi ngy Tisya. 42

N cng c th c c cho nhng c nhn vo nhng dp c bit nhngngy khc. Nu lm c nh th l cc ngi thi hnh nhim v.

Php d ny c ghi y nhc nh cc Phn quan trong thnhny lc no cng nn c gng trnh giam cm v tra tn khng chnh ng. t c iu ny trm s phi cc i quan nhn i i thanh tra mi 5nm xem cc Phn quan c theo ng li dy ca trm. Hn na, v hong


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t cai tr thnh Ujjayini s phi nhng v quan thanh tra nh th mi 3 nm.Cng lm nh th t thnh Taksasila. Nhng i quan thanh tra ny khngc chnh mng cng tc, v h phi bo m l nhng phn quan theong hun d ca Thin t.

---o0o---

B.2: TPDKa II

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn lnh ny cho cc a thn Samapa: 43

Trm mun thy nhng g trm xem l chnh ng phi c thi hnhnghim chnh. Trm phi ch th cho cc ngi li thc hin iu ny.

Mi ngi u l con ci ca trm. Nhng g trm c mun cho conci ca trm, nh phc li v hnh phc cho i ny v i sau, trm uc mun nh th cho thn dn.

Nhng dn tc cha b chinh phc ngoi bin cng ca lnh thtrm c th ang thc mc: "Hong thng ang tnh ton g v chng ta?" nh duy nht ca trm l chng sng m khng phi s hi g n trm,v tin tng trm; l trm s ban cho chng hnh phc ch khng phi khau. Hn na, chng nn ghi nh rng trm tha th cho chng nhng li lmc th tha th c; v rng chng nn noi gng trm m thc hnh ChnhPhp hng phc trong i ny v i sau.

Trm dy iu ny l tr ci n m trm chu, v cc ngihiu r lng quyt tm v li cam kt khng lay chuyn c ca trm. Vth, thc hin c iu ny cc ngi phi thi hnh nhim v v lm

bn chng an tm tin tng rng "Hong thng cng nh l ngi cha vy.Ngi thng chng ta nh thng chnh Ngi. Chng ta i vi Ngi cngnh l con ci ca Ngi vy."

Trm dy cc ngi v cho cc ngi bit v lng quyt tm v li camkt khng lay chuyn c ca trm. Trm s b nhim cc quan chc thi

hnh iu ny khp cc tnh.44

Hn nhin, cc ngi cn c th khch lbn chng tin tng trm v bo m an sinh v hnh phc cho chng trongi ny v i sau. Lm c nh th, cc ngi s t thin gii v giptrm tr ci n cho chng sinh.


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Php d ny c ghi khc y cc i thn c th tn tykhch l cc dn ngoi bin cng lun tin tng vo trm v khuyn khchchng thc hnh Chnh Php.

Php d ny phi c tuyn co cho mi ngi mi bn thng lc uma, 45 vo mi ngy Tisya. N cng c th c tuyn co vo nhng kgia nhng ngy k trn; v c th c c cho nhng c nhn vo nhngdp c bit. Lm c nh th l cc ngi thi hnh nhim v.

---o0o---

C. Tiu Thch Php D

C.1: TTPD I. (Cn gi l Php D Maski)

Thin t, Vua Asoka phn rng: 46 Trm tr thnh mt c s Pht t(Upasaka) hn hai nm ri, nhng khng my thun thnh. Mi n naysau khi khi thng n ving Tng gi (Shanga hay Shamga) hn mt nmtrm tr nn rt thun thnh. 47

Thn dn ca trm nu cha c tn ngng th nn noi theo.48 y l ktqu ca lng nhit thnh ch khng phi v ngi cao c mi lm c. Chongay n c ngi hn ha,49 nu c lng nhit thnh vn c th t thingii. V tuyn ngn ny c ghi li cho mc ch y. Hy nhit thnh lnhi ngi cao c v k hn h, hy cho cc dn ngoi bin cng bitv hy cho lng nhit thnh trng tn. V ri lng nhit thnh s tngtrng, n s tng trng to ln hn, n s tng trng gp mt ln ri. 50

Thng ip ny c Thin t tuyn co hai trm nm chc lntrong chuyn du hnh. 51

---o0o---

C.2: TTPD II. (Cn gi l Php D Brahmagiri)

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: 52 Phi knh trng, vng li cha mv cc bc trng thng. Phi tn trng sinh mng. ng ni di. Phithc hnh nhng gii ny ca Chnh Php.

Cng nh th, hc tr phi tn knh thy dy, v trong gia nh philch thip vi thn nhn. y l l lut truyn thng ca Chnh Php dn ntrng sinh. Ai cng phi hnh ng nh th.


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Ghi bi ngi khc (tn l) Chapala.

---o0o---

C.3: TTPD III. (Cn gi l Php D Bairat hay Bhabra)

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi gi li cho Tng gi, v cu chc khe mnhv an lc, ng thi tha rng:53 Bch ch tn c, ch v r c tin caoc ca trm vo Pht, Php v Tng nh th no ri. Bch ch tn c,nhng g c Pht thuyt ging u l diu ngn. 54 Phi php m ni, thach v, diu Chnh Php phi trng tn. 55

Bch ch tn c, nhng bi php - trch t Gii Lut, Li Sng CaoThng, u Lo n, Bi Ca o S, Bi Ging v Cuc Sng Tinh Khit,

Nhng cu hi ca u-B--X, v Bi ging v vng ng do c Phtdy cho La-Hu-La nhng bi php ny, knh tha ch v trm mun tt cT-Khu v T-Khu-Ni (tng v ni) nn thng tng nim. 56Nhng u BTt v u B Di (c s nam v n) cng nn lm nh th. Trm cho ghiPhp d ny ch tn c hiu c trm.

---o0o---

D. By Thch Tr Php D

D.1: TTrPD I

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: 57 Php d ny c ghi hai misu nm khi trm ng quang. Hnh phc i ny v i sau thc kh mt c nu khng ht lng yu thch Chnh Php, ht lng t xt, ht lngknh trng, vng li, ht lng kinh s (c nghip), v ht lng hng hi.

Nu theo ng li dy ca trm v tn knh Chnh Php th lng yuthch Chnh Php gia tng mi ngy, v s tip tc gia tng. Mi quan licc cp ca triu nh t thng, trung v h cp u thc hnh theo ChnhPhp ng nh li dy ca trm, v c kh nng cm kch ngi khc lmnh th. Cc i thn bin cng cng lm nh th. V y l nhng lidy ca trm: cai tr theo Chnh Php, nng cao s an lc ca dn theoChnh Php, v che ch h theo Chnh Php.

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D.2: TTrPD II

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Chnh Php th diu ho, nhng cig to nn Chnh Php? N gm lm lnh trnh d, nhn i, ho phng, chntht v trong sch. Trm ban cho s sng bng nhiu cch. 58 Trm bannhiu sc ch nhn t bao gm qu ca s sng cho nhng sinh vt hai v

bn chn (ngi v th), trn khng v di nc, 59. V cn nhiu victhin khc do trm lm nn.

Php d ny c ghi thn dn noi theo, v n trng tn. V ainoi theo ng s lm nhiu thin nghip.

---o0o---

D.3: TTrPD III

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Ngi ta ch thy vic tt ca mnh,bo rng: "Ta lm vic thin ny." Nhng h li khng nhn thy vic xuh lm m bo rng "Ta lm ra vic c ny, iu ny gi l c nghip".

Nhng s t gic rt kh thy.60 Ngi ta nn t bo th ny:" Nhng vicny a n iu c, n bo hnh, n hung hn, n gin d, n kiucng v ganh t. Ta ng mc vo". V hn na, ngi ta nn ngh rng:"iu ny a n an lc trong i ny v i sau."

---o0o---D.4: TTrPD IV

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Php d ny c ghi hai misu nm sau khi trm ng quang. Cc quan u tnh (Rajjukas) ang cai trdn, hng trm ngn dn. H c giao cho trng coi vic thnh cu ca dnv thi hnh cng l mt cch v t v hin h, v nh th h mi chm locho an sinh v phc li ca dn. Nhng h nn nhn r iu g gy ra hnh

phc v kh au cho dn, v bi h hng ngng m Chnh Php, h nn

khuyn khch dn lm nh th c th c an lc trong i ny v isau. Nhng quan u tnh (Rajjukas) ny ht lng phng s trm. H cngtun lnh nhng thng quan (Purusas) hiu trm v ch th h lmtrm vui lng. Cng nh mt ngi an tm giao con mnh cho v nui ngrng: "B v ny s sn sc tt con mnh," nn trm b nhim cc quan lo cho an sinh v phc li ca thn dn.


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Cc quan u tnh c giao cho trng coi vic thnh cu ca dn v thihnh cng l nn h thi hnh nhim v mt cch qu quyt, hin hu vvui v, v nh th h mi chm lo cho an sinh v phc li ca dn. Trmmun rng phi c mt s cng bng trong lut php v trong vic kt ti.Trm cn i xa hn, trm mun gia n trin hn thm ba ngy cho nhng tti trc khi hnh hnh. Trong thi gian y, thn nhn ca chng c thkhiu ni khi ti cht. Nu khng cn ai khiu ni cho chng, t ti cth b th hay chay tnh c phc trong i sau. Trm thc lng munrng, theo li ny, nu thi gian ca t ti khng cn bao lu hn cng cth chun b cho i sau, v rng vic thc hnh Chnh Php ca dn qua tch v b th s c gia tng trong thn dn.

---o0o---

D.5: TTrPD VThin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Hai mi su nm sau khi ng

quang, trm ra lnh nhng th vt sau y c triu nh bo v: kt, chimso su, ngng, vt tri, di, kin cha, ba-ba, c khng xng, 61 ra, nhm,sc, hu c gc gi, b c, th nui trong nh, t-gic, la hoang, aruna,nandimukhas, gelatas, vedareyaka, gangapuputaka, sankiya, okapinda, bcu nui hoc hoang v tt c nhng th bn chn c ch hoc khng nc. 62

Nhng d ci, tru ci, hoc heo rng ci ang nui con hoc cho conb cng c bo v. Cng th, nhng th con di su thng. G trngkhng nh thin, v cy ang che ch sinh vt khng c t, v rng cykhng c t nu khng c l do hoc ch git th. Khng c dngmt con th nui con th khc.

Vo ba ngy Caturmasis,63 ba ngy trng trn Tisya 64 v vo nhngngy 14 v 15 ca thng Uposatha, 65 c khng c git v bn. Vo nhngngy ny th khng c git trong nhng khu bo tn voi v khu bo tnc. Vo ngy th 8 v vo ngy 14 v 15 ca thng , vo ngy Tisya, ngy

Punarvasu 66, ba ngy Caturmasis v nhng ngy thnh khc, b c, d c,hu c, heo rng v nhng th khc khng c thin. Vo ngy Tisya,Punarvasu, Caturmasis v mi na thng ca thng Caturmasis, nga v bcon khng c ng du nng trn da.

Hai mi su nm sau khi trm ng quang, t nhn c n x tronghai mi lm dp.


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---o0o---

D.6: TTrPD VI

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Mi hai nm sau khi ng quang

trm cho ghi nhng Php d v an sinh v hnh phc ca thn dn, hsa i m pht trin theo Chnh Php.

Trm tin rng ch vi cch ny an sinh v hnh phc ca thn dn mit c. Trm lun quan tm n lm cch no d bo m an sinh v hnh

phc cho mi ngi, khng phi ch ring b con ca trm hoc dn sng kinh m cn c dn sng nhng vng xa xi ho lnh. Trm i x

bnh ng nh th vi tt c mi ngi, mi gii.

Hn na, trm tn knh mi tn gio bng mi cch cng dngnhng cch tt hn ht l trc tip thm ving h.

Php d ny c ghi hai mi su nm sau khi trm ng quang.

---o0o---

D.7: TTrPD VII

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Trong qu kh cc vua ngh nnhiu cch tng s ngng m Chnh Php ca dn. Nhng d vy, s

ngng m Chnh Php ca dn vn khng tng trng.

V vic ny, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: "Vic ny cng xyra vi trm. Trong qu kh cc vua ngh n nhiu cch tng sngng m Chnh Php ca dn. Nhng d vy, s ngng m Chnh Phpca dn vn khng tng trng. Nay phi lm sao khuyn khch thn dntun theo? Lm th no s ngng m ca thn dn gia tng qua struyn b Chnh Php? Lm sao trm c th nng cao h qua s truyn bChnh Php?

V vic ny, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi cn phn thm rng: "Vic ny tng xy ra vi trm. Trm phi cng b Chnh Php v ch dy ChnhPhp. Khi thn dn nghe n li tuyn co v s ch dy, h s sng theoChnh Php, t nng cao h v tin b qua s truyn b Chnh Php." Vmc ch ny m trm phi cng b Chnh Php v trm phi ch dy ChnhPhp bng nhiu cch, v nhng quan li c lnh phi gng truyn b v


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gii thch Chnh Php thc r rng. Cc quan u tnh cai tr hng trm ngnngi c lnh nh th hng dn dn ngng m Chnh Php.

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Vi mc ch ny, trm chodng nhng Php thch tr cng b Chnh Php, v b nhim cc Phpi thn truyn b Chnh Php."

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Dc ng, trm cho trng nhiucy a ly bng mt cho th v ngi, v trm cng cho trng vnxoi. C cch khong tm krosas, 67 trm cho o ging nc, xy nh nghchn, v nhiu ni trm cho xy bn nc cho th v ngi dng. Nhngy ch l nhng thnh tu nh m thi. Nhng vic nh th lm cho dnvui c nhiu tin vng thc hin. Trm lm nhng iu ny ch vimc ch l mi ngi c th hng say thc hnh Chnh Php.

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Nhng Php i thn ca trm bnrn vi nhng cng tc gip cc bc tu hnh v c s cc tn gio. Trmra lnh cho h nn chm lo cho i sng Tng gi. Trm ra lnh cho h nnchm lo cho i sng ca cc tu-s B-la-mn v o-s Ajivika. Trm ralnh cho h nn chm lo cho i sng ca Niganthas. 68 Trm ra lnh cho hnn chm lo cho i sng ca cc tng phi khc.

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Nhng i thn ny v nhng quanli quan trng khc bn rn phn pht qu tng ca trm cng nh ca cc

hong hu. Trong hu cung ca trm, h cng t chc nhng sinh hot cut khc, ngay y (kinh ) v cc chu qun. Trm cng ra lnh cho ccthi t v hong t nn ban pht qu nhng vic thin cao c ca ChnhPhp v vic thc hnh Chnh Php c thng tin. Nhng vic thin caoc ca Chnh Php v vic thc hnh Chnh Php bao gm gia tng lngnhn t, ho phng qung i, chn tht, trong sch, t t v thin tm giami ngi.

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Nhng vic thin g trm lm,u c thn dn noi theo v thc hin. Nh vy m h tin b v cn tiptc tin b qua s tn knh cha m, tn knh cc bc trng thng, l phpvi ngi gi v t t vi cc bc tu hnh, vi ngi ngho, k kh v ngayc vi n t v gia nhn.

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Nhng tin b ny ca thn dn quaChnh Php c thc hin bng hai cch, bi nhng qui nh Chnh Phpv bi thuyt phc. Nhng qui nh Chnh Php th khng c hiu qu my,


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trong khi thuyt phc th hiu qu hn nhiu. Nhng qui nh Chnh Phptrm ban chang hn nh phi bo v mt s th, v nhiu qui nh ChnhPhp khc. Nhng ch bng thuyt phc th tin b ca thn dn qua ChnhPhp c nhiu hiu qu hn lin quan n khng hnh h sinh vt v khngst sinh.

V vic ny, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: u c thch tr haymt th y Php d c khc ghi n trng tn n i con chutrm, v cn di lu nh mt tri v mt trng cn soi sng thn dn thchnh theo li dy Chnh Php. Bi qua thc hnh Chnh Php th an lc mic trong i ny v i sau.

Php d ny c ghi hai mi by nm sau khi trm ng quang.

---o0o---E. Tiu Thch Tr Php D

E.1: TTTrPD I (Cn gi l Thch Tr Php D Rummindei)

Hai mi nm sau khi ng quang, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi vingthm v l bi ni ny bi v y l ni c Pht Thch Ca, Bc Gic Ng ra i. 69 Thin t cho xy mt tng bao bc xung quanh v dngmt thch tr. 70 V v c Th Tn n sinh y, lng Lumbini 71 cmin thu v ch ng mt phn tm nng sn.

---o0o---

E.2: TTTrPD II (Cn gi l Php d Sanchi, hay Allahabad)

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi lnh cho i thn cai tr Kosambi rng: 72 Kno chia r tng-gi khng c thu nhn vo tng-gi na.

Tng-gi ca t-khu hay tng-gi ca t-khu-ni nay c hahp, tip tc ha hp cho n i con v chu ca trm, v cn di lu nhmt tri v mt trng cn soi sng.

K no, d l t-khu hay t-khu-ni, quy ri trong tng gi b bucphi mc bch y 73 v khng c sng trong tnh x. 74 c mun ca trml tng-gi ha hp v trng tn mi mi.

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E.3: TTTrPD III (Cn gi l Php d Sarnath)

[..] 75 khng ai c gy xo trn tng-gi.

Nu mt t-khu hay mt t-khu-ni quy ri trong tng gi, tng hay

ni y phi b buc phi mc bch y v khng c sng trong tnh x.

Php d ny phi c cng b trong tng-gi ca t-khu v trongtng gi ca t-khu-ni.

Thin t, Vua Piyadasi phn rng: Treo mt bn ca Php d ny tronghnh lang ca tnh x; trao mt bn cho tt c tn . Tn phi t hp mingy chay hc tp v Php d ny. Mi quan li phi thng xuyn nd mi ngy chay lm quen v hiu rnh r Php d ny.

Li na, ngi (ch v quan u tnh) phi ra lnh xung khp ni thihnh nghim chnh Php d ny. Cc ph quan thuc quyn ca ngi cng

phi lm nh th khp cc chu huyn.

---o0o---

F. Php D Hang ng Karna Chaupar

Mi chn nm sau khi ng quang, Thin t, Vua Piyadasi 76 tnghang ng ny, trong dy i th mng Khalatika, khng h b ngp ncvo ma ma.

---o0o---

Ti Liu Tham Kho:

1. Ven. S. Dhammika, "The Edicts of King Asoka" Buddhist PublicationSociety, Kandy, Sri Lanka, 1993.2. Nayarayanrao Appurao Nikam and Richard McKeon, "The Edicts of

Asoka", The University of Chicago Press, 1959.3. Kenoyer, J.M., "Ancient Cities of the Indus Valley Civilization", OxfordUniversity Press, Oxford, New York, Delhi, 1998.4. Possehl, G.L., "Indus Age; The Beginnings", Oxford and IBH Publishing,

New Delhi, 1999.5. Possehl, G.L., "Harappan Civilization: a Recent Perspective", Oxfordand IBH Publications, New Delhi, 1993.


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6. Possehl, G.L, "Indus Age - The Writing" Oxford and IBH Publications,New Delhi, 1999.7. Shaffer, J.G., "The Indo-Aryan Invasions: Cultural myth and

Archaeological Reality" in "The People of South Asia" edited by J.R. Lukas,Plenum Press, New York, 1984.8. Chris J.D. Kostman, M.A., "The Demise of Utopia: Contexts ofCivilizational Collapse in the Bronze Age Indus Valley", JAGNES, the

Journal of the Association of Graduates in Near Eastern Studies, 2001.9. Romila Thapar, "Languages and Scripts of Asoka's Inscriptions".Microsoft Encarta DVD, 2001.10. John Snelling, "The Buddhist Handbook", B&N, NY. 1991.

Trn Trc-LmSeattle, trng thu 2001

---o0o---

CHNG BA - KHUNG CNH LCH S QUANH B KINHMILINDA VN O (MILINDA-PANH) HAY NA-

TIN T KHEO KINH CA PHT GIO

Dn Nhp

Thng thng ai cng ngh rng o Pht ch mi c truyn sang ty

phng trong cc th k gn y m thi, m qun rng trong nhiu th ktrc ty lch Pht gio (vit tt: PG) thm nhun vng Tiu v ty bcn, ri nh hng trn c nn trit hc Hy-lp v gio l ca vi tn gioln c ngun gc ty phng. Pht t Vit nam vn chu nh hng su mgio php truyn t Trung quc nn t bit n s giao ha ca hai nn vnha Hy-lp v PG khi u rt sm vng t ny.

Ngay c khi c Pht Thch Ca cn ti th, vng t xa xi ny tipxc vi PG ri. Trong mt b kinh ca Thng ta b (Theravada) c ghicu chuyn hai thng nhn, tn Tapassu v Bhallika t x Bactria tm nving c Pht v tr thnh t. Lc v x h xy dng nhiu ni th Pht.

Khi Alexander xm chim Bactria vo 329-327 TTL (cng khang vithi Chin quc bn Tu: 403-221 TTL), th vng ny thun PG. nthi ca hang Asoka Maurya (t 269 n 232 TTL), th bin cng ca


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n c m rng bao gm lun vng Gandhara nh ui c qun Hylui v bn kia dy ni Hindu-Kush. ng cng gi nhiu an truyn gioc ra hi ngai truyn b Pht php, do PG c lan trn mnhm hn.

Chnh t nhng ht ging PG do hong Asoka gieo vng ny dnln mnh v li nh hng kh su m trong vng ty bc n, v cnlu mi n nay nh nh tng c Pht theo m thut Hy-lp, nhng nim manh nha ca PG i tha pht sinh t nhng trung tm vn ha PG cmt thi rt rc r, v mt b kinh khng km phn quan trng, l bMilinda-Panh, c Vit dch l "Di Lan vn kinh" hay di nhiutn tng t.

Bi kho lun ny khng bn su vo gio ngha ca b kinh, vn c

nhiu tc gi lun gii, m ch ch trng vo lc s thi i ca hai nhnvt chnh ca b kinh sng, l vua Mi-Lan- v t kheo Na-Tin.

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Vng quc Bactria v x Gandhara u?

i vi dn Aryans trn vo t n (Arya-Varta) hn 15 th kTTL, th vng ty bc n l t ca Gandharvas hay ch thin vi ngaihnh tuyt ho, rnh v m nhc, gii v thn thng, vn thng c ni

n trong Kinh Rig-Vedas (V ), mt b lch s c nht ca nhn lai, chonn dn n gi vng ny l x Gandhara vi kinh Taxila (ting Sankrit lTakshasila, gn Rawalpindi thuc Pakistan by gi), nay thuc Afghanistanv Pakistan, ni ph nhiu vi 5 con sng chy qua nn Hn vn cn gi lvng Ng H, chnh l ph lu ca con sng Indus bt ngun t Hy-m-lp-sn. Sau khi nn vn minh ca thung lng sng Indus b tn li th vuaDarius (522 to 486 TTL) dn qun Persia chim vng ny.

Vo thi by gi li giao thng ch yu da vo ng b, v vngy li nm trn tuyn chin lc t chu u pha ty qua chu pha

ng, t Trung pha bc xung lc a n pha nam, cho nn dn tnhvng ny khng bao gi c yn n lu di v cc th lc quc lunlun xm lng n lm bn p tin xa hn.

Ngy nay, cc t liu v gai on lich s ny c cng b rt dido, v bi ny chn lc, so snh v tng hp t rt nhiu ngun khcnhau nh s liu c ca cc nc trong vng Pakistan, Afghanistan v


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Trung ng do cc tc gi hin i bin san, t nhng c vt do cc nhkho c ngi Php o xi c, t ri rc trong thnh in Pali v itha, cc nh tng c Pht tn ti n nay vv y cng xin c lu c gi n ngun s liu qu gi v cc v vua gc Hy-lp vng Tiu c hai nh s hc danh ting Hy-lp c l Strabo v Plutarch ghi li.

Strabo (sinh 63 hay 64 TTL, mt khong 24 TL), mt s, trit v a lgia Hy-lp. Tc phm ni danh ca ng l Geographia, gm 17 cun vitvo khang nm 7 hay 18 TL v nhn vt, a danh, trn th gii Hy-La vothi ng.

Plutarch, tn y l Mestrius Plutarch, mt nh s hc v tiu sdanh nhn hc, cng l ngi Hy-lp sau Strabo (khang 45-125 TL). ngsinh vo thi ca hang La m Claudius. ng tham quan rng ri vng

a trung hi, v v sau ging dy ti Rome, kt giao vi nhiu nhn vtchnh tr uy quyn trong Thng vin. Cui i, ng quay v sinh qun lChaeronea Hy-lp, tr thnh mt trong hai tu s chnh trong n thApollo Delphi, chuyn gii nhng li sm ca thn Pythia. ng cn chang Trajan c lm thi th ti vng Achaea. Trong thi gian ny ngvit nhiu b s quan trng.

Tc phm ni danh ca ng l Cuc i ca nhng danh nhn Hy-lpv La m(Lives of the Noble Greeks and Roman); nhng b sch cn cch trng khc l Nhng cuc i tng ng (Parallel Lives) so snh 23

cp danh nhn Hy v La; v Cuc i ca Alexander(Life of. Alexander).Ni chung nhng tc phm ca ng nh hng rt nhiu n nn vn hcv kch ngh ty phng, ngay c Shakespeare cng thng tham chiu.

Trc y, vua Darius I (521-486 TTL) ca Persia cng sai ngix Carian tn Scylax thm him vng ty bc n, v ghi li trong cun``Peripulus''. Khng lu sau Hectaeus (500 TTL) v Herodotus (483-431TTL) cng c vit v cc thi th (Satrapy) ngi Persia vng ny.

n thi vua Alexander, nhng cuc kho st cng c ghi li biStrobe, Ptolemy, Pliny, Arrian v nhiu ngi khc. H cho bit 5 ph luca sng Indus l Hydaspes (Jehlum), Akesines (Chenab), Hydroatis (Ravi),Hyphasis (Satluj) v Hesidros (Beas); lm bin gii cho 4 vng quc trckhi Alexander xm lng.

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Ni Tu-di: (Cn gi l Meru hay Meros)

Trong vn chng v cc tn gio gc n u xem n nh l mt ngnni thn thai v l tr chng ca qu t, v theo n gio th cng l trx ca v thn Shiva hay Vishnu.

Nhng o qun xm lng ca ca vua Alexander sau khi tin vo vngGandhara, tin l h khm ph ra ngn ni Meros v thnh Nysa trny, nm khang gia hai thnh Kapisa v Peucelaotis. Cng theo thn thaiHy-lp th l ni sinh ca thn Dionysus (ng ha vi thn Shiva).Philostratus (khang 175-245) thut li trong cun Life of Apollonius ofTyanachuyn chng Apollonius ving thm Gandara v sau nhiu nithng trm tro o vt sui ln n nh ngn Meros, ni c n ththn Dionysus vi tng trng mang dng v ngi thanh nin n.

[Philostratus, Live of Apollonius of Tyana 2.8; dch bi F.C. Conybeare]---o0o---

S Hng Thnh ca triu i Maurya n

Khang TK 4 TTL kinh Pataliputta (Thnh hoa th - nay l thnhph Patna) ca nc Magadha (Ma-kit-) tr thnh trung tm quyn lcca n. Ngay trong Kinh i Bt Nit Bn, h Pali (Maha-parinibbanasutta) ni v nhng nm sau cng ca c Pht ti th, Ngi c an s

phn thnh ca thnh Pataliputta v mi mt. Pht dy: Ny Ananda,ch no cc v Ariyans an tr, ch no cc nh thng mi qua li, ch ys thit lp mt thnh th bc nht tn gi l Ptaliputta, mt trung tmthng mi. Nhng ny Ananda, Ptaliputta s b ba him nn v la, vnc hay chia r bt ha.

[Trong Trng B Kinh (Digha Nikaya): Tp 1; Kinh s 16; Tngphm 1; an 28 bn dch ca HT. Thch Minh Chu]. By gi c vuaMahpadma Nanda thay th triu i Haryanka cai tr mt vng rng ln tsng Brahmaputra pha ng n Beas pha ty.

Nm 327 TTL, i tr tui ca Hy-lp Alexander bnh trngt ai, em qun nh bi qun Persia v thu tm lun vng Tiu . Hainm k, ng n nh vng Hindu Kush v Bactria (Baluchistan - bc A-ph-hn), thit lp ln nhiu thnh ph nh Samarkand, Leninabad (thuc Ngangy nay) v Chankar (pha bc Kabul), ti dng c Kapisa v i tn lAlasandra gn Caucasus ( khi b nhm vi Alexandria Ai-Cp) v..v...


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Tha thng ng nh vt sng Indus nm 325 TTL tin chim nth b chn li sng Jhelum (hay Hydaspes), vng Taxila (Takkasala) bimt tiu vng Paurava bit dng voi trn, v ri s chng tr mnh lit catng Chandragupta Maurya; Alexander nh rt v Babylon v cht yv bnh st rt. Ngay sau khi Alexander mt vo ngy 10 thng 6, nm 323TTL, cc tng ty tng (diadochi hay diadochoi) lin chia ct qucthnh nhng vng quc t mnh cai tr. Seleukos I Nicator k vAlexander nm 323 TTL ng Babylon, lp nn triu i Seleukos caitr mt t nc rng ln bao gm cc nc ngy nay l Syria, Lebanon,Jordan, Mesopotamia, Persia, v Bactria. Phn t Ai-cp th hu du catng Ptolemy Soter thay nhau tr v; v Hy-lp th do AntigonusMonopthalmos nm gi. Nhng nm chin tranh dnh quyn lc k tip cacc dng h ny lm dn tnh vng Tiu v Ty bc n b kh nntrin min.

Trong khi n vo nm 321 TTL. Chandragupta lt Nanda vlp ra triu i Maurya.

Hang Seleukos I Nicator

Nm 304 TTL Seleukos I li c xm lng n ln na, nhng cng by lui bi Chandragupta Maurya. S cho rng Chandragupta x dngn 100,000 lnh v 9,000 voi trn. Sau cng Seleukos I nh lp ha cnhng vng Baluchistan v g con gi cho Chandragupta i ly 500tht voi. Seleukos I cn gi s thn l Magasthenes n ng kinh

Panaliputta (Thnh hoa th) di triu Chandragupta, m n nay nhng tuchng ca ng vn cn tn ti hu th bit c sinh hat chnh tr cax Magadha thi by gi.

Chandragupta tri v c 23 nm, ngi con trai k v l Bindusara ngi c 25 nm v mt nm 273 TTL. Vua Bindusara cng c mt s thn


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Hy-Bactria ti triu tn l Deimachus (Strabo 170), v lun giao ho ttp vi vua Antiochus I Soter thuc dng Seleukos.

Sau khi vua Bindusara bng h, trong vng 4 nm c s tranh dnhngi gia thi t Tissa ang lm ph vng Ujjeni pha nam v mt hangt khc tn l Asoka lm ph vng Taxila. Sau rt thi t b git trongtrn v Asoka ln ngi hang nm 269 TTL, cai tr mt lnh th rng lnt Bengal n Afghanistan, oai hng nht trong lch s n. Ch sau khi cucxm lng m mu nc Kalinga (bang Orissa ngy nay) 8 nm sau khi lnngi, vua Asoka mi hi hn v thnh tm qui y Pht gio, dc lngkhuych trng o Pht ra khp ni. ng cng gi nhiu an truyngio ra hi ngai, trong s c i s Dharmaraksita hat ng rt tch cc vng tiu . (Mahavamsa, XII).

Asoka c mt mi quan h c bit vi vng ty bc n, bi ng tng lm ph vng y v ng dinh ti Taxila (ting Sankrit lTakshasila, gn Rawalpindi thuc Pakistan by gi). Taxila by gi lmt trung tm danh ting v thng mi, trit v thn hc, c bit l ngio v PG. Nhiu t tng gia ni danh ng thi lui ti tm o, vng tng gi thn dn gc Hy-lp vng ng cai tr l Yavanas. n khing tr thnh hang v ng h PG th vng ny tr thnh mt trung tmPG ni danh.

Ngy nay ngi ta bit n rt nhiu php d khc trn do ng sai

dng ln khp quc; trong s nhng bia k thung lng Kabul cghi bng ting Hy-lp v Aramaic, v ni dung cn cho bit l ng chotruyn b chnh php n cc nc Ai-cp, Syria, Macedonia, Greece,Cyprus, Bactria, Kashmir, Gandhara, Himalayas, Sindh (Gujarat), vv.

Sau khi Asoka mt vo nm 227 TTL th quc Maurya bt u tanr. cng vi ci l tng tm nguyn ca ng l dharmarajya (thun tr theoChnh Php), mc d cc con ca ng rng gi ngi v thm khang na thk na. Nm 185 TTL, v vua cui ca dng Maurya l Brihadratha, btng Pusyamitra Sunga trut ph v lp ra triu i Sunga (185-78 TTL).Vua Pusyamitra Sunga lin thi hnh chnh sch ng h n gio v tn hiPG.

V th k t nm 180 TTL cc vua x Bactria t Demetrios I,Demetrios II n Menander vn tn sng PG lin tc xm lng n nhndanh gii cu PG.


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S hng thnh ca Vng quc Bactria (hay Bactriana) v cucchinh phc t n

Vo nm 281 TTL vua Seleukos I b m hi, v sau khi ng cht th quc Seleucid cng b chia thnh 2 x: Syria (vi vua Antiochos I, dng dica Seleukos) v Parthia (vi vua Arsaces).

Vua Antiochos I c Diodotos lm thi th x Bactria (Kinh sch Hnvn gi l nc i H, vng bao gm Pakistan v Afghanistan by gi).Bactria (hay Bactriana - ting Iran c l Paktra) l mt x mu m nm giady ni xanh Hindu-Kush (Paropamisus) v con sng Amu Darya (Oxus).

Khi thy Syria v Parthia mi lo tiu dit ln nhau, Diodotos t xnglm vua vo nm 255 TTL, ng Bactra - nay l Balkh, tn c l Taxila

ri chim lun x Sogdiana pha bc. Tuy vy vua Antiochus III caSyria li xua qun ti lp nn thng tr ln Bactria.

Mi n khi Antiochus III b qun La-m nh bi th Bactria,Euthydemos vn l mt i thn ca Diodotos, ln ngi nm 227 TTL vy lui c nhng t tn cng ca vua Antiochos III. Nm 205 TTL.Euthydemos I chng c c cuc vy hm thnh Bactra sau hn hainm, rt cuc Antiochos III nh ging ha rt qun v g con gi cho con

trai ca Euthydemos I l Demetrios. T vng quc Bactria mi hantan c lp, v cc v vua cai tr c s gi l vua Hy-Bactria.

Vua Diodotos

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Nhung Ho Phap Vuong Cua Phat Giao Trong Lich Su an Do - Tran Truc Lam