NHA2 - VP ADVP PP

8/3/2019 NHA2 - VP ADVP PP

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PHRASESI> DEFINITION

II> CLASSIFICATION

II.1> NOUN PHRASE

II.2> ADJECTIVE PHRASE

II.3> VERB PHRASEII.4> ADVERB PHRASE

II.5> PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE


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II> CLASSIFICATIONII.3> VERB PHRASE

II.3.1> Structure

NOT+AUXILIARY(-IES)+HEAD VERB (LEXICAL VERB)

Modifiers= NOT&up to 4 auxiliaryverbs

E.g.: will have been being consideredare of two types primary auxiliaries& modal auxiliaries.


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II.3.2> Characteristics

Grammatical characteristics :tense, aspect, mood, voice,

number, and person.


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Tense Kaplan (1989: 174): tense is grammatical

expression of time relation, which is before,after or simultaneous with, between twoevents or situation.

One of the two events/situations, the event/situation the speaker talks about thenarrated event, and the other event is oftenthe event of speaking.past tense = narrated event occurring before

the event of speaking

present tense = narrated event beingsimultaneous with the event of speakingfuture tense = narrated event after the event

of speaking.


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Aspect Aspect is a category used in the description

of verbs which refers to the duration of theactivity indicated by the verbs (Finch, 2000:85), that is, how long it occurred for.

2 types of aspect:

- progressive/continuous aspect =-ingform of the verb, indicates on-goingactivities

e.g.: Im going for a walk.-perfective aspect =indeterminate time,

usually in respect to an activity or conditionwhich has present reference

e.g. Ive left Saigon for ten years.


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Mood Mood refers to the way in which the verb

expresses the attitude of the speaker towardthe factual content of what is beingcommunicated.

3 types of mood:

- indicative expresses the factual meaning,e.g. Were going to the movies this evening- imperative expresses directive utterances

those which direct someone to do something.e.g. Close the doorcommand), Will you

please close the door? (request)- subjunctive expresses wishes or conditions

of a non-factual type, e.g. If I were him, Iwouldnt let hergo.


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Voice voice is a category used in grammatical

description, with reference to the verb, to show

the way a clause can change the relationshipbetween subject and object without changingthe basic meaning of the sentence (Crystal1999:360).

Subject is the agent(in relation to verb)active clause.

Subject is the recipientof the action caused bythe verbpassive clause (transformation of a

sentence from an active to a passive is termedas passivilization)

E.g.: -The storm hit the central region. (active)

-The central region was hit by the storm.

(passive)


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Number is a grammatical category used for the

analysis of word classes, especially nouns,which display the contrast such as singularand plural.

English only distinguishes 1 (singular) and

more than 1 referents (plural) for nouns. Aparticular form of a verb can tell the numberof the referent of the subject which co-occurs with it.

E.g.: present tense verbs which ends in -s

always signify the singularity of their subject,so do the auxiliaries is, has, and does, e.g.She likes ice-cream, she is a teacher, Maryhas finished the course, does Anne comefrom Canada?


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PersonPerson is a grammatical category referring

to the number and nature of theparticipants in a situation.

3 persons: first person, second person,third person.

E.g.: the auxiliary verb am signifies asingular first person subject I, theauxiliaries has, is , and does, and -sinflection always signify a singular third

person subject, was shows the singularityof a subject which is either first person orthird person, e.g. Was I wrong?He wasntat Marys party last night.


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II.3.3> Functions 2 types:

finite verb phrase contains a finite formof the verb which shows characteristics ofthe verb phrase (tense, aspect, mood,

voice) and of the subject with which it co-occurs (number, person)

- non-finite verb phrase is the one that

contains non-finite forms of the verb, e.gthe infinitive form phrases, presentparticiple form phrases, past participleform phrases


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Finite verb phrase: functionas a verbassuming the role of predicate in a sentence

-The childis sleeping.- Iknowa man who can help.

Non-finite verb phrase: function as

-adjunct to modify a whole sentence

-She stopped and stood quietly in the dark,listening to the notes of a childhoodmemories arousing song (circumstance

adjunct)-To understand them better, she submerged

herself into the needy community(adjunct ofpurpose)


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-SV: To live is to struggle.

-SC: To live is to struggle.

-DO: They told us to arrive soon.

DO

-OC: He considered his favoriteactivity studying maths.

OC

-OP: They have the problem withsatisfying customers needs.

OP


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- -Complement of noun:

His offer to buy the whole lot was accepted

CN (Complement of noun-a wordgroup that behaves like a direct of theverb corresponding to the noun)

-Post-nominal modifier:

I know the man to answer this question

Post-nominal modifier

-Complement of adjective:

He was hesitant to see herComplement of adjective


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II.4> Adverb phraseII.4.1> Structure

PRE-MODIFIER(adverb)+HEAD ADVERB

E.g.: -extremely hard-totally differently-breath-takingly beautifully.


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II.4.2>Functions

Adjunct: to provide circumstantial

information about the action, processor event talked about in the clause inwhich they occur. Circums. info.includes info. about the place, time,

manner, etc. of the action, process orevent (Jackson, 1999: 25),

E.g.: too late, just right there, highly

proudly; Conjunct: connects one clause orsentence to another,

E.g.: ., however, I still want to

believe her


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Disjunct: refers to theexpression of the speakers

stance or attitude to what he issaying and reflect explicitlythe way in which a speakerintends what he is about to sayto be interpreted (Jackson,

1999: 26)E.g.: Honestlyspeaking, Ive

given jobs to many people.


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II.5> PREPOSITIONAL PHRASEII.5.1>Structure

PREPOSITION+NOUN PHRASE

E.g.: - in the corner- inside the bottom of her heart


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II.5.2> Functions- adverbial to be adjunct and

complement of adjective/post-modifier of adjective

e.g. He whispers in a threatening tone

(adjunct); afraid of spiders (post modof adj)

- nominal to be object of verb

e.g. Helooked at the studenthood photos- adjectival to be post nominal modifier

e.g. It is an order from an out-of-towncustomer


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III> Exercises

Documents

NHA2 - VP ADVP PP