NHA1 - Fricatives & Affricates

8/3/2019 NHA1 - Fricatives & Affricates

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ENGLISH CONSONANTSI> Structure of the larynx & 4 different position of the

glottis

II> Definition of & differences among consonants

III> Consonant sounds

III.1> Plosives (stops)

III.2> Fricatives

III.3> Affricates

III.4> Nasals

III.5> Lateral

III.6> Approximants


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III.2> FricativesIII.2.1> Definition

III.2.2> Classification

III.2.3> Characteristics


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III.2.1> Definition Air passage from the lungs is not always

completely stopped. In many cases, the air moves

through a narrow passageway created when thearticulatory organs approach but do not toucheach other. The air being forced through thispassage causes friction. We call the resulting

sound a fricative. [Celce-Murcia et al., 2002: 44] Sounds with the characteristic that, when they

are produced, air escapes through a small passage& makes a hissing sound. [Roach, P., 2000:48]


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III.2.2> Classification 09 fricative consonants

they are created when the air goes through and

is restricted by the narrowing passing formed bythe following articulators: the lower lip and theupper front teeth for /f, v/; the tongue tip and thetooth ridge for /s, z/; the tongue and the teeth for

/8, 5/ the tongue blade and the back part of the

tooth ridge and the front part of the hard palatefor /~, 2/; and the narrow opening of the vocal

cords for /h/. [Celce-Murcia et al., 2002: 44]


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Articulation of labio-dental fricatives

Lower lip is incontact with the

upper teeth. Velum is raised.

Noise is never verystrong.


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Articulation of dental fricatives/apico-dentalfricatives

Tongue is placedbehind the teeth

Velum is raised


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Articulation of alveolar fricatives

Tongue tip is close tothe alveolar ridge withspread lips

Air escapes trough anarrow passage alongthe center of thetongue

Sound produced is quitetense

Velum is raised


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Articulation of post-alveolar fricatives Tongue is in contact with

an area slightly furtherback than that for /s,z/.

Lips are rounded

Velum is raised

Air escapes through a

passage along the centerof the tongue but thepassage is a little widerthan in /s,z/


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Articulation of glottal fricative/pharyngeal

fricative Sound is produced

through narrow opening

of the glottis There is no obstruction

to the air flow as itpasses through the

mouth


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III.2.3> Characteristics Fortis fricatives /f,s,8,~/ are said to be articulated with

greater force than the lenis, & their friction noise is

louder. Shortening effect: Fortis fricatives shorten a preceding

vowel or diphthong as do fortis plosives, e.g.:

grace/gre1s/-graze/ gre1z/, ice/ais/ - eyes/aiz/

Lenis fricatives /v,z,5,2/ have very little or no voicing in

initial & final positions, but may be voiced when they

occur between voiced sounds, e.g.: via/vai6/, cave/keiv/,

convent/k4nv6nt/


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Glottal fricative/h/:

-place of articulation: glottal (the narrowing

that produces the friction noise is betweenthe vocal folds)

-phonetically: voiceless vowel (no obstruction tothe air flow, & vocal folds do not vibrate) with

the quality of the voiced vowel that follows it,e.g.: hat /h`t/

-phonologically (distribution): a consonant.


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Distribution: found in 3 positions: initial,medial, final, e.g.: hut/h^t/,

ahead/6hed/, boathook/b6$th$k/


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III.3> Affricates

III.3.1> Definition Affricatives /t~, d2/: the air pressure is first built

up, and then, rather than being released freely,

released through a narrow passageway like africative.

Affricates are rather complex consonants. Theybegin as plosives and end as fricativesIt is

usually said that the plosive and the followingfricative must be made with the samearticulators,, the plosive and fricative must behomorganic [Roach, P. 2000:49].

l f


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III.3.2> ClassificationArticulation of post-alveolar/alveo-

palatal affricatives Begin as plosives

and end as fricatives


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Voicing Place of articulation

Palato-alveolar/Post-alveolar

Voiced t~

Voiceless d2


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III.3.3> Characteristics

/t~/ is slightly aspirated in the positionwhere /p,t,k/ are aspirated, e.g.: choke,

choose Shortening effect: /t~/ in final position

has the effect of shortening a precedingvowel, e.g.: church.

/t~/ and /d2/ often have rounded lips,e.g.: cherry, manage, joke.

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NHA1 - Fricatives & Affricates