1

NH3 Emissions from Poultry Layer Operations

Lingying Zhao

Associate Professor and Extension Specialist

Air Quality and Bioenvironmental Engineering Lab

Dept. of Food, Agri. and Biological Engineering

The Ohio State University

2

Overview

• Layer facilities and air emissions

• Studies and Measurement methods on ammonia emissions

• Ammonia concentrations and emissions of layer facilities

• Conclusions

3

High-rise deep-pit (HR) layer barn

100,000 to 250,000 hens

Manure storage

pit

• 69% of existing layer facilities in the U.S.

4

Schematic of High-rise Deep-pit Layer Facility

56’x590’ laying house with deep pit

5

Manure-belt (MB) layer barns

• 70% new layer facilities in the U.S.

• 24% of existing layer facilities in the U.S.

6

Schematic of Manure-Belt Layer Facility

7

Air emissions from Layer Facilities

The major air emissions associated with layer facilities:

– Ammonia

– Airborne particles (particulate matter)

– Odor and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

– Microbial organisms

7

8

Measurement and Control of Ammonia and Particulate Air Emissions from Laying Barns

Dr. Albert Heber, Professor, Purdue UniversityDr. Albert Heber, Professor, Purdue UniversityLingying Zhao, Associate Professor, OSULingying Zhao, Associate Professor, OSU

Dr. Teng Lim, Research Associate, Purdue UniversityDr. Teng Lim, Research Associate, Purdue UniversityDr. JiDr. Ji--Qin Ni, Technical Director, Purdue UniversityQin Ni, Technical Director, Purdue University

Dr. Huwei Sun, Research Associate, OSUDr. Huwei Sun, Research Associate, OSUDr. Chaoyuan Wang, Visiting Scholar, OSUDr. Chaoyuan Wang, Visiting Scholar, OSU

9

Objectives

1. Quantify and characterize baseline particulate (PM) and NH3 emissions rates for two types oflaying facilities.

2. Demonstrate efficiency of a series PM and NH3 abatement technologies, including PMimpaction system, new diet, enzyme-based manure additives, alum, and an electrostatic space charging system.

10

Characterization and Abatement of NH3, PM, Pathogen and Odor

Emissions from Manure-Belt Layer Barns and Composting Facilities

By: By: Lingying Zhao, Associate Professor, OSULingying Zhao, Associate Professor, OSU

Matt Darr, Roderick Manuzon, Research Associate, OSUMatt Darr, Roderick Manuzon, Research Associate, OSUDr. Albert Heber, Professor, Purdue UniversityDr. Albert Heber, Professor, Purdue UniversityJiqin Ni, Technical Director, Purdue UniversityJiqin Ni, Technical Director, Purdue University

Sponsor: USDA NRI air quality program Sponsor: USDA NRI air quality program 0303//20052005--0202//20082008

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Objectives

1. Determine baseline air emissions (NH3, PM10, PM2.5, odor, and pathogen) from egg production facilities,

2. Test the hypothesis that belt battery barns emit less air emissions than conventional deep pit barns with replicated field tests.

3. Quantify effects of litter composting on air emissions from egg production facilities.

11

12

Monitoring Plan for Mt. Victory, Ohio

Thermocouple Air sampling (1-13)Anemometer (SVA)

RH/Temp probeStatic pressure portTEOM PM monitor

Floor plan (201 m x 21 m)

Vibration sensor on each fan

Fan number

Instrument shelter

7

811 12

109

F26F50 F38 F29F47

F25 F1F4F22

Floor plan (201 m x 21 m)

1

2

5 6

43

F26F50

F13

F38F29F47

F13F25 F1F4F22

Barn 1

Barn 2

Cages

Barn 2Pit

Barn 1Pit

OFIS

13

٭ Activity sensorWind sensorSolar sensorS

S

S

٭٭٭٭٭٭

٭٭

٭٭٭٭٭٭

٭٭

٭ ٭ ٭ ٭ ٭ ٭٭ ٭ ٭ ٭ ٭ ٭ ٭ ٭٭ ٭

٭٭

٭٭

٭٭٭

1234 567

9 10

2334 4455 5666 67 77 7

7

7

88

88

8889 9 9 9 9 9 91010101010101010 9

Fan stage

13

Mobil Air Emission Lab

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Gas Analyzers

Cal. gas cylinders

15

NH3-1-TEI 17C Chemiluminescence Ammonia Analyzer

http://www.thermo.com/eThermo/CMA/PDFs/Product/productPDF_12263.pdf

• Chemiluminesenceuses indirect measurement of ammonia by conversion to NO, and mathematical or chemical subtraction from the total nitrogen content;

• Has 1 ppb detection limit

15

16

NH3-2-MSA Chilgard RT Ammonia Analyzer

http://media.msanet.com

• Photoaccoustics uses gas irradiated with intermitent light of specific wavelength and converts it to acoustic signal,

• Has 2 ppm detection limit.

16

17

Air Flow Measurements

Flow Assessment Numeration System (FANS)Vibration sensors

•Fan activity was measured using vibration sensors (left),•Fan airflow was indirectly estimated by means of manufacturer fan curve and building pressure measurements, and•Fan curves were calibrated using Flow Assessment Numerations System (FANS) (right).

17

18

Fan Performance Curves

-80

-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Airflow rate, m3/s

Sta

tic p

ress

ure,

Pa

As found

Cleaned

Publilshed

19

NH3 Emission Calculations

actual out inexhaust

MQ * * ( C - C )0.0821*(273+T )E =

Where:E ammonia emission rate from barn, mg/sQactual outlet airflow rate at Texhaust, m3/sCout outlet gas concentration, ppmCin inlet gas concentration, ppmM ammonia molecular weightTexhaust temperature at the outlet sampling location

20

Indoor Environment

Daily Mean Temp.and RH at a Belt Battery Layer Barn

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

8/4 8/18 9/1 9/15 9/29 10/13 10/27 11/10 11/24 12/8 12/22 1/5 1/19 2/2

Day in 2004 and 2005

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

-5.0

5.0

15.0

25.0

35.0

45.0

55.0

65.0

75.0

Rel

ativ

e Hu

mid

ity (%

)

Barn T

Amb. T

Barn RH

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Ventilation Rates

Daily Mean Airflow Rate and Static Pressure at the Belt Battery Barn

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

8/4 8/18 9/1 9/15 9/29 10/13 10/27 11/10 11/24 12/8 12/22 1/5 1/19 2/2

Day in 2004 and 2005

Airf

low

Rat

e (d

sm3 /s

)

-70.0

-60.0

-50.0

-40.0

-30.0

-20.0

-10.0

0.0

Stat

ic P

ress

ure

(Pa)

Airflow Rate Fan Pressure

`

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High-Rise Barn-NH3 Concentration & Emission

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2.0

7/25 8/8 8/22 9/5 9/19 10/3 10/17 10/31 11/14 11/28 12/12 12/26 1/9 1/23 2/6

Day in 2004 and 2005

Em

issi

on (g

/d-b

ird)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm)

Emission

Conc.

23

Manure-Belt Barn—NH3 Concentration & Emission

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

8/4 8/18 9/1 9/15 9/29 10/13 10/27 11/10 11/24 12/8 12/22 1/5 1/19 2/2Day in 2004 and 2005

Emis

sion

(g/d

ay-b

ird)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm)

Emission

Concentration

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Summary of Results

Manure-Belt Barn

High-Rise Barn

NH3 Concentration (ppm) 9.1 40

NH3 Emission (g/d-bird) 0.29 1.03

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Ammonia Concentrations & Emissions from Manure-Belt Layer Facilities

25

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

2/1/07 4/2/07 6/1/07 7/31/07 9/29/07 11/28/07 1/27/08

NH

3C

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

v)

NH

3Em

issi

on R

ate

(g/d

/bird

)

Time

emission factor concentration

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Ammonia Concentration and EmissionAnnual Summaries

Daily Average NH3Concentration (ppmv)

Daily Average NH3 Emissions (g/d/bird)

ave ± sd max min ave ± sd max min

Barn 1 6.6 ± 4.7 18.6 0.1 0.14 ± 0.09 0.45 0.00

Barn 2 6.9 ± 4.9 25.8 0.1 0.18 ± 0.16 1.8 0.01

Total 6.7 ± 4.3 25.8 0.1 0.16 ± 0.13 1.8 0.00

2727

NH3 Emission from a Layer Manure Composting Facility

Row 3Row 4Row 5Row 6

Row 2Row 1

141.00

32.50

64.50

32.55

5.35 4.00

8.00

Compost Rows0 15 25 50

CompostLoading Area

Inter-fandistance

Wall to fandistance

airflow

axial fans

MSA

Samplingprobes

MSA

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Seasonal Variations in Ammonia Concentrations and Emissions

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

May-07

Jun-07

Jul-07

Aug-07

Sep-07

Oct-07

Nov-07

Dec-07

Jan-08

Feb-08

Time

Am

mon

ia c

once

ntra

tion

(ppm

v)

-10

10

30

50

70

90

Air

Tem

pera

ture

(OC

) R

elat

ive

Hum

idity

(%)

NH3 Concentration

Air Temperature

% RH

28

29

Emission Rates and Factors

Spring Summer Fall WinterAnnual Average

NH3 emission rates (Kg d-1)(Ave.± Std.) 231 ± 20 315 ± 49 243 ± 41 263 ± 109 263 ± 37NH3 emission factors(Kg ton-1 d-1) (Ave.± Std.) 10.5 ± 1.3 26.4 ±2 12.3±0.9 12.5 ± 1.1 15.4 ± 1.3

NH3 emission factors(g d-1 hen-1) 0.23 0.53 0.25 0.26 0.32± 0.14

Annual emission rate (Kg yr-1)

96143

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Conclusions of Study 1

• The average daily mean ammonia concentrations from ammonia the MB layer facility was 9.1 ppmv ranging from 2 to 25 ppmv.

• The average daily mean ammonia concentrations from ammonia the MB layer facility was 40 ppmv ranging from 0 to 90 ppmv.

• NH3 emission rate: 0.29 g/day-hen for the BB barn and 1.03 g/day-hen for the HR barn.

• 44,400 hens from the HR barn or 158,000 hens from the BB barn would emit 100 lb NH3/day.

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Conclusions of Study 2

• The average daily mean ammonia concentrations from ammonia the MB layer facility was 6.7 ± 4.3 ppmv ranging from 0.1 to 18.6 ppmv;

• The average daily mean ammonia emissions from the MB layer facilities was 0.16 ± 0.13 g/d/bird ranging from 0.007 to 1.78 g/d/bird.

• The daily average NH3 concentrations in the MB layer manure composting facility varied from 123 to 278 ppm in a year.

• The daily average NH3 emission rates varied from 114 to 426 kg d-1.

• The annual NH3 emission rate was estimated as 96,143 kg. The emission factors were calculated as 0.32 ±0.14 g d-1

hen-1.

32

Thanks.

Lingying Zhao

Associate Professor and Extension Specialist

Dept. of Food, Agri. and Biological Engineering

The Ohio State University

Phone: (614) 292-2366

Email: zhao.119@osu.eed