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Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and NanoScale Textures Axel Schülzgen College of Optics and Photonics, CREOL & Townes Laser Institute University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA

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Page 1: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR Applications: 

Novel Materials and Nano‐Scale Textures

Axel Schülzgen

College of Optics and Photonics, CREOL & Townes Laser InstituteUniversity of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA

Page 2: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Outline

• Impact of fiber optics• What are next generation optical fibers?

• Selected IR fiber research activities at CREOL, Townes Laser Institute  

– Single frequency phosphate glass fiber lasers at  1.5 m

– High power cw and short pulse Tm:fiber lasers at 2 m

– Hollow‐core photonic bandgap fiber 

– Chalcogenide glass fiber 

Page 3: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Nobel Prize in Physics 2009

"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"

Charles K. Kao

Brief history of fiber optics:

1970’s: First low-loss silica glass fiber1990’s: US information superhighway project2000’s: Global fiber-optic network

The internet has changed our way of life. It has• created new industries• given rise to new cultures • influenced politics

Impact of Fiber Optics

Page 4: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Next Generation of Optical Fiber

Low‐losssilica fiber

Transmission of light & data

Fiber‐optic sensing

• High power laser• Low‐noise lasers• Supercontinuum sources• IR light sources

• Environmental• Bio‐Chemical• Long distanceacoustic sensing

Advances in optical fiber technology:

Medical fiber‐optic • Fiber miniaturization• Diagnostics and surgery • Photodynamic therapy

Fiber‐optic light sources• New materials• Micro‐ and  nano‐structures

Expansion of  application areas

Page 5: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 201010-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

Pow

er (W

atts

)Year

Fiber Lasers – CW Laser Oscillator

Specialty Fiber

Fiber Bragg Grating

Commercially available today:1.5 kW single mode 1 micron fiber laser10 kW  multi mode 1 micron fiber laser

2010/2011 Industrial laser PRISM award:YLR‐150, quasi cw fiber laser, IPG Photonics (http://www.ipgphotonics.com)

MM Cladding Pumping

Page 6: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

1995 2000 20050.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Out

put P

ower

(W)

Year

Cladding pumpingwith multi modepump diodes

Highly‐doped phosphate glass

fiber

Single‐Frequency Fiber Lasers Oscillator

Photonic crystalhighly‐doped phosphate fiber

FBG 1 FBG 2Active fiber

Short length DBR fiber lasers @ 1.5 m • Long distance interferometric sensing

(acoustic sensing: security, oil exploration)• Doppler LIDAR (wind measurements)• Seed laser, test equipment, … 

Page 7: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Major achievements

• Low loss fiber (~ 0.01 dB/cm)

• Microstructuredlarge mode area fiber

• Photonic bandgap fiber

• Multiple core fiber

• Optimized high concentrationEr/Yb doping for efficient fiber lasers

• Photosensitive fiber for Bragg grating fabrication

New Fiber Materials ‐ Phosphate Glass Fibers

Reflection> 92%

fiber Bragg grating in phosphate glass fiber

Page 8: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

0 5 10 15 200

1

2

Out

put P

ower

(W)

Pump Power (W)

active MOF (3.8 cm)

step‐index fiber (4 cm)

Single‐Frequency Phosphate Glass Fiber Laser

Page 9: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

2 μm Light Sources: Thulium Fiber Lasers

New dopants – Tm doped fiber lasers offer: Wide range of emission wavelength ~1.8 – 2.2 μm Eye‐safe operation  >75% slope efficiency via

• pumping at ~1.6 μm• diode pumping at 790 nm

& efficient cross relaxation

Potential applications include:• Materials processing• LIDAR• Medical• Directed energy• Free space communication

Page 10: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Tunable CW Tm:Fiber MOPA Laser System

8 W Tm:fiber laser oscillator

Tm:fiber amplifier

>200 W 1927‐2097 nm

M2 < 1.2

Page 11: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Femtosecond Tm:Fiber Laser and Raman Amplifier

Raman Amplifier:

Pulse energy:  8‐9 nJPulse duration:  150‐170 fsPeak power: ~60 kWλcenter :   1.97 – 2.2 mΔλ (FWHM) :  27‐31 nm

-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 6000

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

Sign

al (A

.U.)

Time (fs)

AC width = 260 fs

1900 2000 2100 2200-70

-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

Sig

nal (

dB)

Wavelength (nm)

Increasing Pump Power

Page 12: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

IR ‐ Limits of Silica Fiber

Page 13: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Photonic crystal fiber OmniGuide fiber

Hollow core

Periodic glass/polymer structure 

Cladding

• P. Yeh, A. Yariv, & E. Marom, JOSA 68, 1196 (1978). 

• Y. Fink et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 2039 (1999).  

Periodic glass/air structure

Light guiding in hollow core fibers 

• P. St. J. Russell, private papers (1991).

• R. F. Creganet al., Science 285, 1537 (1999). 

Hollow Core Photonic Bandgap (HC‐PBG) Fiber 

Page 14: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Different HC‐PBG fiber in chronological order.

(a) The first fabricated HC‐PCF: air‐filling fraction ~40%, transmission loss of a few 100 dB m−1.(b) ~60% of air‐filling fraction, transmission loss ~10 dB m−1.(c) Air‐filling fraction >70% with expansion of the core and distortion of the cladding structure).(d) Air‐filling fraction greater than 87% drawn using the modified stack‐draw technique. (e) A HC‐PCF from BlazePhotonics. 

“Over the past decade HC‐PBG fibers have been developed from a radical concept to a high performance product.”

F. Benabid, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2006 364, 3439‐3462 (2006).

Evolution of HC‐PBG Fibers

Page 15: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

300 nm

wavelength, (nm)

atten

uatio

n, (d

B / k

m)

50 dB / km

Attenuation down to 15 dB / km

Low‐loss Photonic Bandgap Fiber

~96% air‐filling fraction

Nano‐ and Micro‐Structured Optical Fibers 

Group 

Page 16: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

• IR transmission• High power delivery • Femtosecond pulse delivery and compression• Gas‐phase nonlinear optics & lasers• Laser guiding of molecules and atoms

Applications of HC‐PBG fiber

Page 17: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

IR ‐ Limits of Silica Fiber

Glass type

Borate 1400Phosphate 1200Silicate 1100Germanate 900Tellurite 700

Fluorozirconate 500Chalcogenide 350

Page 18: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

High nonlinearity for IR continuum generation in short fiber segments.

Mid‐Infrared Chalcogenide Glass FibersMulti‐Material 

Optical Fiber Devices Group 

Page 19: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Multi‐material chalcogenide glass preform

Chalcogenide glass PCF preformFiber‐preform extrusion

Multi‐Material Optical Fiber Devices 

Group New Materials ‐ Chalcogenide Glass Fibers

Page 20: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Multi‐Material Optical Fiber Devices 

Group Mid‐Infrared Chalcogenide Glass Fibers

Page 21: Next Optical Fiber for IR Applications: Novel Materials and Nano …libvolume8.xyz/textile/btech/semester8/intelligentand... · 2014-06-17 · Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR

Summary

• Advanced functionality of optical fiber can be achieved through the incorporation of novel materials and nano‐scale textures into next‐generation fibers.

• Examples of various research activities at the Townes Laser Institute including novel fiber host and fiber doping materials as well as photonic bandgap fibers have been presented.

• Fiber optics is a fertile ground for research and applications in

– IR light transmission beyond the silica transmission window. – IR light sources.– IR light manipulation.– IR light detectors.