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George Washington on his horse. Hand-colored engraving.
The War for Independence1775–1783
The battle for American independence wins popular support in Georgia and the colonies. The Continental Army faces harsh conditions, but eventually defeats the British.
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The War for Independence1775–1783
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
Moving Toward Independence
Declaring Independence
Fighting for Independence
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Section 1
Moving TowardIndependence Fighting between American and British troopsconvince most colonists that they should seekindependence from England.
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The Second Continental Congress
Moving Toward Independence
Forming the Continental Army• Second Continental Congress meets in
Philadelphia, May 1775• Georgia had not joined Continental Association
trade boycott• Continental Congress cuts off trade with Georgia• Delegates vote to create Continental Army on
June 14, 1775• Name George Washington commander; accepts
post without pay- former British officer in French and Indian War
SECTION
1
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SECTION
1
Patriots Rebel• Georgia Patriots discuss Massachusetts events at
Noble W. Jones’ home- plan first act of rebellion in Georgia
• Noble and other Patriots steal 600 pounds of gunpowder
• Governor Wright realizes loss of control, writes to England for aid
• Patriots intercept letter; forgery sent saying situation under control
Georgia Takes Action
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
The Second Provincial Congress Convenes• Georgia’s second provincial congress opens
July 4, 1775• Ten of 12 parishes represented, 102 delegates
- vote to join Continental Association boycott- form Council of Safety to coordinate boycott
with other colonies- elect five representatives to Second Continental Congress
• Claim rights as British subjects and threaten independence
continued Georgia Takes Action
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SECTION
1
“Don’t Fire Until You See the Whites of Their Eyes”• Patriot militia take Bunker, Breed’s Hill outside
Boston• British attack Breed’s Hill with 2,200 soldiers, June
1775• American Colonel Prescott orders not to fire until at
close range• Americans lose, but British lose 10 times as many
men• Battle of Bunker Hill proves Americans can stand
up to British
The Battle of Bunker Hill
Image
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SECTION
1
Olive Branch Petition• Congress drafts Olive Branch Petition asking to
restore peace (1775)• Adopts Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of
Taking Up Arms- written by Thomas Jefferson- colonists would rather die than accept English
enslavement• King George III rejects petition, announces new acts
to punish colonies- blocks American ports- sends 10,000 Hessians—hired German soldiers—
to fight
A Last Attempt at Peace
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SECTION
1
Battle of Moores Creek• North Carolina’s militia plan to meet British near
Wilmington• Patriots remove planks from Moores Creek
Bridge; grease supports- surprise Loyalist troops, 50 killed, 850 captured
in three-minute battle
Fighting Spreads Through the Colonies
The British Retreat From Boston• Continental Army surrounds British in Boston; neither side
backs down• Americans send 50 heavy cannons from New York’s Fort
Ticonderoga• British see cannons; 9,000 soldiers retreat to Canada
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
The Battle of the Rice Boats in Georgia• Georgia’s first battle in March 1776• English fleet in Savannah for supplies; Wright
wants cooperation• British want nearby rice boats; colonists burn
ships instead • British sail away, taking Wright; royal government
ends in Georgia• Council of Safety, Committee of Thirty take
control of colony
continued Fighting Spreads Through the Colonies
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SECTION
1
Booklet Changes Opinions• Most Americans still do not want to break away from
England• Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense in
January 1776- pamphlet explains Patriot point of view; urges
independence• Many colonists change minds after reading
Common Sense is Published
Image
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The Declaration of Independence states the colonies’ intention to be free of British control.
Section 2
Declaring Independence
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The Decision for Independence
Declaring Independence
Continental Congress Debates• Continental Congress undecided on
independence, appoints committee• Thomas Jefferson chosen to write a Declaration
of Independence • Jefferson from Virginia—colony’s support is critical
for success- excellent writer—Ben Franklin, John Adams
make minor changes• Debate resumes, seven colonies including Georgia
favor independence • Button Gwinnett, George Walton, Lyman Hall are
Georgia’s delegates
SECTION
2
Continued . . .
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The Colonies Agree• Independence resolution passes second vote
July 2; New York abstains• Congress makes two changes to Declaration of
Independence• Does not want Declaration to blame British
people; Jefferson agrees
SECTION
2
continued The Decision for Independence
Slavery Threatens Their Unity• Congress deletes passage blaming King George III for
slave trade- passage offends Georgia, South Carolina, New
England shippers- passage removed against Jefferson’s wishes
Continued . . .
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Congress Accepts the Declaration• Declaration of Independence adopted
July 4, 1776• Read publicly four days later to cheers and
celebration• Sons of Liberty in New York destroy King George
III statue- melt statue, use for bullets
SECTION
2
continued The Decision for Independence
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Signing the Declaration of Independence
The Cost of Signing• Document officially signed August 2; John
Hancock first to sign• Remaining delegates signed in order of votes—
by colony, north to south• Georgia’s Walton, Gwinnett, Hall are last to sign• Signers expect to be hanged as traitors, but none
killed by British• Homes of twenty signers damaged or destroyed
- many become poor by war’s end; sell property to help war effort
SECTION
2
Section 3
Fighting for IndependenceThe poorly trained and equipped Continental Army defeat a much stronger British army to win independence for America.
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War in the Middle States
Fighting for Independence
Fighting in New York• March 1776, British general Howe’s troops flee
Boston, go to Canada• Washington expects attack on New York; sends
army to Long Island• Howe, Hessians arrive in New York in July;
reinforcements come in August• After months of fighting, Washington retreats to
Pennsylvania- many of his soldiers die in battle
SECTION
3
Continued . . .
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A Desperate Situation• Washington’s troops discouraged, many desert
army, only 3,000 remain• Howe waits for spring, does not follow
Washington into Pennsylvania• Thomas Paine writes The American Crisis to
promote the cause- series of pamphlets urging soldiers not to
give up
continued War in the Middle States
SECTION
3
Continued . . .
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Washington Crosses the Delaware• Washington needs victory to raise troop morale
- also running out of time—enlistments end December 31
• Christmas 1776, Washington crosses Delaware River into New Jersey
• Americans enter Trenton at daybreak, surprise Hessian soldiers
• Hessians surrender—gunpowder is wet, unusable; commander killed
• Victory encourages soldiers, attracts Continental Army recruits
continued War in the Middle States
SECTION
3
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War at Sea
SECTION
3
Continental Navy Forms• Over 400 British ships off American coast; small
battles at sea• Early in war, private ships allowed to attack
British supply ships • Accused of being pirates, but become first ships
in Continental Navy- navy grows to 12 warships; some states have
own navies• John Paul Jones becomes first American naval
hero• Wins sea battle September 23, 1779 against
world’s best navy
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European Allies for the Patriots
SECTION
3
French Aid• Jones delivers news of victories to France in
1777 • For two years France had been secretly aiding
colonies; now openly• Marquis de Lafayette—French noble, volunteers
in Washington’s army- convinces France to send 6,000-man army;
hero to Americans, French
Casimir Pulaski• Count Casimir Pulaski of Poland also assists in
Revolution- killed at Battle of Savannah, October 9, 1779
Image
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War in the South
SECTION
3
War in Georgia• Americans don’t give up despite losses; British
turn south• British take Savannah December 1778, then
Sunbury, Midway, Augusta • Creek help British gain control over most of
Georgia
Fighting Comes to the Backcountry• Patriots determined, continue fighting British in occupied
Georgia• Battle of Kettle Creek—attack on Loyalist militia,
February 1779• South Carolina, Georgia Patriots beat Loyalists, lose just
9 men
Map
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The British Try to Take the South
SECTION
3
The British Try to Take the South• General Cornwallis is in charge of taking North
Carolina, Virginia• British not used to hot, humid summers;
Cornwallis postpones attack• Delay lets North Carolina militia prepare, slow
down British• Small battles move British further from their
supplies at coast• British eventually forced to retreat to get supplies• Georgia, South Carolina back in American control
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Battle of Yorktown• Most fighting in Virginia in 1781; Cornwallis
based at Yorktown• Yorktown on peninsula in Chesapeake Bay; ships
deliver supplies• Washington has French fleet block bay, traps
British in Yorktown• Washington moves south; French, Americans fire
cannons on city • Cornwallis surrenders at Battle of Yorktown on
October 19, 1781- last major battle, though some fighting
continues
SECTION
3
The End of the War
Continued . . .
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The War Ends in Georgia• Americans reclaim Augusta, June 1781; British
leave Backcountry • British leave Savannah in 1782; postwar years
bring prosperity
continued The End of the War
SECTION
3
The Treaty of Paris• War officially ends with Treaty of Paris in 1783• Negotiations include recognition of nation and its
boundaries
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The Articles of Confederation• War teaches colonies that their strength is
greater when together• Articles of Confederation hold the 13 new states
together• Country quickly outgrows Articles of
Confederation- needs stronger Constitution to unite Americans
SECTION
3
From Colonies to States
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