Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 29 Geography Today’s Issues: East Asia The issues facing East Asian nations include

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Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Chapter 29

Geography

Today’s Issues:East Asia

The issues facing East Asian nations include earthquakes, economic recessions, growing populations, and rapidly changing societies.


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Chapter 29

Geography

Today’s Issues:East Asia

SECTION 2

SECTION 1

Case Study

The Ring of Fire

Trade and Prosperity

Population and the Quality of Life


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The Ring of Fire Section-1

• The islands of Japan form part of a geologically active area called the Ring of Fire.

• Because of its location, Japan has faced disastrous earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.


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Shifting Plates

Physical Forces in the Ring of Fire

The Ring of Fire Section-1

• Many Japanese cities are threatened by earthquakes − Japan is on the Ring of Fire—chain of volcanoes around Pacific Rim

• Subduction—oceanic plate slides under continental plate • In East Asia, Pacific oceanic plate meets Eurasian continental plate

− crumpled continental crust forms mountains, volcanoes − stress builds where plates meet; sudden slip creates earthquake


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Volcanoes

The Geology of Japan

• Subduction of Pacific plate under Eurasian plate created volcanoes − volcanoes formed Japanese islands

• Since first records, at least 60 Japanese volcanoes have been active − best-known Japanese landform, Mt. Fuji, is a volcano

Continued…


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The Geology of Japan {continued}

Earthquakes and Tsunamis • An average of 1,000 earthquakes occur in Japan each year

− most are mild, but some cause many deaths, great destruction

• 1923 Great Kanto earthquake and its fires killed 140,000 people − left Tokyo in ruins, damaged or destroyed

700,000 homes • Underwater earthquakes move ocean floor; can create tsunami

− huge wave of great destructive power that can reach over 100 feet


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Preparing for Disasters

Problems • Older buildings won’t withstand earthquakes as well as newer ones − some are built on less stable ground or landfill • Underground gas lines are likely to rupture in an earthquake − leaking gas can catch fire • Crowded blocks and narrow streets hinder rescue operations

Continued…


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Preparing for Disasters {continued}

Solutions • Japan has strict building code

− engineers study how different buildings withstand quakes− studies affect codes governing construction materials,

techniques− this makes newer buildings safer than older ones

• Schoolchildren have yearly disaster drills with firemen


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Trade and Prosperity Section-2

• East Asian economies became global powerhouses in the 1970s and 1980s.

• The decline of Asian economies in the 1990s created a crisis that spread around the globe.


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Opening to the West

Opening Doors

Trade and Prosperity Section-2

• East Asian nations are isolated from world until 1500s − Europeans use various means, including force, to end isolation

• By 1800s, treaties give Europeans spheres of influence in East − exclusive areas where specific nations control trade

• Commodore Matthew Perry sails to Japan in 1853 to open U.S. trade − U.S. warships intimidate Japan into opening up to U.S., West

Continued…


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Opening Doors {continued}

Industrialization and Globalization • After WWII, nations industrialize, East-West trade increases

−“Made in China,” “Made in Japan” labels are common in West

• Regional economies merge, global economy develops − global economy—nations are interdependent for

goods, services • Japan imports resources, exports manufactured goods worldwide • East Asian nations use cheap labor to become manufacturing powers


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Powerful Economies of East Asia

Zone of Prosperity • Many Asian economies do very well in 1980s, early ’90s • Economically powerful nations in Pacific Rim zone of prosperity − called the Jakota Triangle—Japan, Korea (South),

Taiwan

• But by mid-1990s these economies are having problems

Continued…


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Economic Problems Arise

Powerful Economies of East Asia {continued}

• Asian economies run on efficiency, innovation, and cheap labor • 1995 report from UNICEF (the United Nations Children’s Fund)

− over 500,000 East Asian children work in factories, beg on streets

• Bank, business bankruptcies in mid-1990s panic foreign investors − they sell Asian stocks; riots occur; governments topple

• Japan enters recession—an extended decline in business activity

Continued…


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A Global Ripple Effect


• Many of the world’s economies are interconnected− Asian economic crisis spreads through the world− creates concern on New York Stock Exchange, other exchanges

• Steps are taken to prevent global economic downturn− World Bank, International Monetary Fund step in− they lend money to East Asian countries that

promise reform • The economic downslide begins to reverse

Continued…


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The Promise of Reform


• Crisis shows East Asia that serious reform is needed − increased wages for adult workers − ban on child-labor, forced-labor practices

• Reform also requires an end to using sweatshops − places where people work long hours in poor conditions for pennies


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BACKGROUND

What Pressures Does Population Put on the Environment? Population and the Quality of Life Case Study

• Some East Asian countries, cities are among world’s most prosperous • Japan, South Korea, Taiwan have high incomes, life spans, literacy • Economies are strong, but today’s problem is managing population


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The Situation at Mid-Century

Patterns of Population

Case Study

• In mid-1900s, East Asian nations are among world’s least developed− poor health, literacy, economic statistics− widespread poverty, short life expectancy

• High fertility rates, but also high infant and maternal death rates − in 1950, region’s women marry young, average six children

• Economies remain rural through mid-century


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Continued…

Environmental Stress

Addressing Population Problems

Case Study

• Policy makers know population control is key to solving problems • Unrestricted population growth strains quality of life, environment

− food production is barely adequate − lack of sanitation fouls water supplies − water tables are drained to low levels

• East Asian governments move to prevent catastrophe


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Impressive Results •Drop in birth rate, industrialization lead to fast economic growth

− life expectancy, literacy rates are now among world’s highest

Problems and Policies

Case Study

Addressing Population Problems {continued}

• Aggressive family planning programs level, then lower birth rates − by 2000, region’s women marry later, average 2.5 children

• In China, 1950-55 birth rate was 6.2 children per woman − drops down to 1.82 children per woman in 2000


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Some Ongoing Problems

Case Study

The Quality of Life

• Region’s huge populations still put pressure on environment − a 1% growth rate in China equals 13 million people each year

• Population growth is concentrated in cities − more people require more housing, sanitation, transportation

• Citizens don’t always like family planning programs − feel China’s one-child-per-family policy compromises rights


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Next Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company Chapter 29 Geography Today’s Issues: East Asia The issues facing East Asian nations include