FORTITUDINENEWSLETTER OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAM

VOLUME XIV SPRING 1985 NUMBER 4

THE MAJOR WHO SHOULD HAVE BEEN COMMANDANT, DANIEL CARMICK, HERO OF THE BATTLE OF NEWORLEANS.. . THE GREAT MEMENTOS OF WORLD WAR II, SAMuRAI SWORDS SURRENDERED TO VICTORIOUSMARINES. . . FAMOUS AUTHORS WE HAVE KNOWN. . . FLIGHT LINES: NORTH AMERICAN PBJ-i MITCHELL

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

PCN 10401220100

Oral History Section: Mr. Benis M. Frank.

FORTITUD INEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.

Spring 1985

This quarterly newsletter of the Marine Corps historical program is publishedfor the Corps and for friends of Marine Corps history in accordance with Depart-ment of the Navy Publications and Printing Regulations NAVEXOS P-35. In-dividuals and institutions desiring Fortitudine on a complimentary regular basisare invited to apply to: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S.Marine Corps (HDS-1), Washington, D.C. 20380.

The Secretary of the Navy has determined that this publication is necessary inthe transaction of business required by law of the Department of the Navy. Fundsfor printing of this publication have been approved by the Navy Publications andPrinting Policy Committee.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Director's Page: Maj Carmick at New Orleans 3

Acquisitions 9

Writers Find Necessary Assistance Supplied by Historical Center 10

New Certificates of Lineage and Honors 12

Recent Books of Historical Interest 13

Professional Seminars A Tradition at Center for More Than Decade 14

Historical Quiz: Medals of Honor 15

In Memoriam 16

Reserve Historical Unit Report: Col Millett to Head AMI;MajBrownto TestSOP 17

Flight Lines: North American PBJ-1 Mitchell 18

World War II Chronology: April-June 1945 19

New York Times Reporter Wins 1985 Hem! Award 24

Archives: Mrs. Joyce E. Bonnetr.

MUSEUMS BRANCHCol F. B. Nihart. USMC (Ret)Depury Direcror for Museums

Mr. Charles A. WoodChief Curator

Artist'in-ResidenceCol Charles H. Waterhouse, USMCR

Marine Barracks, Special Projects: Mr. Richard A. Long. MaterialHistory: Mr. Kennerh L. Smith-Christmas. Exhibits: Mr. Carl M.DeVere, Sr.: Sgr RebeccaLynnJ. Mays, USMC: Mr. Benny L. Lertos,Sr. Art: Mr.John 1'. !Dyer,Jr. Persona/Papers: Mr.J. Michael Miller.Registrar: Mr. John H. McGarry Ill.

Museums Activities, QuanticoLtCol Rudy 1. Schwanda, USMC

Officer.in.Charge

Administration: Capt David C. Uhley, USMC. Ordnance: Mr. An.thony W. Tomrssell. Restoration: Mr. Joseph E. Payton. Aviation.'Mv, John C. Willever. Exhibits.' Mr. Ronald J. Perkins. Uniforms:Mrs. Nancy F. King. Security: Sgt Miguel Saninocencio, USMC

SUPPORT BRANCHMa) Danny R. Smith, USMC

Head/Division Executive Officer

Administration.' CWO2J. C. Owens, USMC. Security: Gysgt C. W.Vtar, USMC. Library: Miss Evelyn A. Englander.

Publications Production: Mr. Robert E. Struder. Production: Mrs.Catherine A. Kerns. Graphics: Mr. William S. Hill. Typesetting:LCpI James 1. Rodriguez, USMC.

Editor, FortitudineMr. Robert E. Struder

THE COVER

"The 7th Regiment, 2d Battalion CP in Itoman" was sketched by then-Sgt John R.McDermott on Okinawa near the end of World War II. Sgt McDermott wrote,"The CP was set up in this shrine about a mile from Kunishi Ridge. The 22dMarines came down the coast road and through the town. The 7th gave them the'razzberry' as they passed and the 22d returned it. The rickshaw in the foregroundwas typical of these towns as was the amount of grenade cases and ration cans scat-tered about."

Forlitudine is produced in the Publications Production Section of the History and Museums Divi-sion, The text for Fortitudine is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in18-point or 24-point Garamond. The newsletter is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper. Printingis by offset lithography.

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Volume XIV

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

No.4

Marine Corps Historical CenterBuilding 58, Washington Navy Yard

Washington, D.C. 20374-0580Telephone: (202) 433-3838, 433-3840, 433-384!

DIRECTORBGen Edwin H. Simmons, USMC (Ret)

HISTORICAL BRANCHCol John G. Miller, USMCDeputy Direcror for History

Mr. Henry I. Shaw, Jr.Chief Historian

Histories Section: LtCol Wayne A. Babb, USMC: LrCol Cyril V.Moyher, USMCR: Maj Frank M. Batha, Jr., USMC: Ma) 0. RossDunham, USMC: Mr.Jack Shulimson: Mr. Charles R. Smith: Dr. V.Keith Fleming, Jr.

Reference Section: Mr. DannyJ. Crawford: Mr. Robert V. Aquilina:Mrs. Ann A. Ferrante: Miss Lena M. Kaljot: Mrs. Regina Strother.

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Director's Page

Maj Carmick at New Orleans

BGen Simmons

Just before I got up to speak a waiterbrought me a note from Gen RobertBarrow, the former Commandant,

which read ". . . Patty and I drove 120miles down river primarily to catch yourperformance—which if it fails tomeasure up will cause me to take correc-tive action!!!?"

This was 8 January and I was speakingat the annual banquet of the LouisianaHistorical Society held, in the statelyterms of the printed program, "In Obser-vance of the One Hundred and Seven-tieth Anniversary of the Battle of NewOrleans and in Celebration of the

Lasting Peace thereafter between theUnited States and Great Britain."

I didn't need Gen Barrow's injunctionto put me on my mettle; I was alreadyimpressed by the Society (officially theState Historical Society since 1836) andthe pedigrees of the 250 or so guests whofilled the ballroom of the new and veryelegant Windsor Court Hotel at 300Gravier Street, New Orleans. Part of thelengthy program that had preceded mytalk was an introduction of distinguishedguests which seemed to include everyonein the room. There was a table full of"Wilkinsons" and that caused me to

review mentally my notes to see if I hadsaid anything too critical about GenJames Wilkinson, Andrew Jackson'spredecessor at New Orleans.

I was speaking on the role of theMarines in the Battle of New Orleans. AsI told the audience, this is essentially thestory of one man, Maj Daniel Carmick,who first came to New Orleans on 4 May1804, an event reported on by GovernorClaiborne in a letter to Secretary of WarHenry Dearborn the following day:

The Marine Corps under theCommand of Captain Carmick ar-

At the start of his career, "Captain Carmick Arrives for Inspec-tion, Boston, 9July 1799." Carmick's detachment of Marinesserved aboard the 44-gun frigate Constitution, and joined in

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capturing the French privateer Sandwich in the West Indies in1800. The painting is one of 14 produced by Col CharlesWaterhouse with the theme, "Marines in the Frigate Navy."

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rived here, last evening apparentlyin good Health, and were this mor-fling Marched to the Barracks.

His detachment consisted of threelieutenants, four sergeants, two musi-cians, and 96 rank-and-file. The barracksto which they were assigned waspresumably the old French Barracks con-structed in 1758 and lying somewhere inthe quadrangle formed by Ursilines,Chartres, Barracks, and what is nowDecatur Street.

Carmick, born in Philadelphia in1772, had been appointed a lieute-

nant of Marines on 5 May 1798 for dutyin the Ganges, the first ship of the re-born Navy to go to sea in the Quasi-Warwith France. At that time Marine officerswere individually commissioned to servein specific ship's companies. While theGanges was at sea the status of theMarines changed. President Adams on11 July 1798 signed into law an act ofCongress creating the United StatesMarine Corps. When the Ganges put in-to New York in August, Carmick found

himself promoted to captain and thethird-ranking officer of the new Corps.Too senior for continued duty in theGanges, he was ordered to report to theMarine Camp in Philadelphia.

In April 1799 he went with 24 Marinesto Lancaster, Pennsylvania, to escort aparty of French prisoners toPhiladelphia. In May he was ordered toNew York to guard stores being gatheredfor the frigate President then being builtin the East River. From New York, hewrote to MajComdt William Ward Bur-rows:

I find it impossible to keep mymen clean, they must be granted asailor suit of clothes, besides theiruniform if it is expected for themto be kept decent.

In lateJune 1799 he was transferred tothe 44-gun frigate Constitution, then atBoston. At the end of August Constitu-tion sailed from Hampton Roads for theWest Indies and in May 1800 Carmickwould have his first great adventure.Capt Silas Talbot had learned that the

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14-gun French privateer Sandwich (thatun-French name because she was a cap-tured English packet) was loading coffeeand sugar at Puerto Plata, a north coastDominican port still in Spanish hands.

Talbot commandeered the Americanmerchant sloop Sally and put into it hisfirst lieutenant, Isaac Hull, and Carmickwith 90 Marines and sailors. (A "Trojanhorse," Carmick called it.)

At noon on 12 May 1800, Hull sailedthe Sally into the Puerto Plata harborand lay her alongside the Sandwich, cat-ching the crew at mess under an awning.Carmick loaded his Marines into theSandwich's boat and pulled for FortalezaSan Felipe on the eastern arm of the har-bor. Carmick's Marines spiked the gunsof the fort while Hull's sailors re-riggedthe Sandwich to sail her out of the har-bor as a prize.

He left the Constitution in December1800 for a year of barracks duty inPhiladelphia before joining the 36-gunfrigate Chesapeake at Norfolk in January1802. In April the Chesapeake sailed forthe Mediterranean where there was trou-ble with the Moroccans. After a year

Sketch of a crewman of the privateer Sandwich adorns the map "cutting out" action in the Dominican port of Puerto Plata. Atprepared by Col U7aterhouse to accompany h:s rendition of the the time, Capt Carmick was the Corps' third-ranking officer.

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spent in blockade and convoy duty, thefrigate came back inJune 1803 to be laidup in the Washington Navy Yard. Car-mick was furloughed until January 1804when he was ordered to board the brigSuperior with the detachment of Marinesdetailed to newly acquired Louisiana.

H is Marines may have arrived ingood health, but yellow fever was

raging and by 27 June Carmick wasreporting to Burrows that he had 22Marines on his sick list. Carmick did notquarter with his men, but found a housenearby, probably in Ursilines Street. Hehimself came down with fever and thisseems to have given him a kind of im-munity that increased his usefulness inNew Orleans.

The Act of 11 July 1798 had per-petuated the Revolutionary War prac-tice, which in turn was copied from theBritish, that Marines were to be governedby, the Articles of War when ashore andNaval Regulations while afloat. In NewOrleans Carmick was subordinate to thesenior Army officer, BGen JamesWilkinson. Governor Claiborne, pushedby Wilkinson, had designs on Spanish-held Mobile and Pensacola. In May 1805Claiborne sent Carmick to Pensacola,

ostensibly to deliver dispatches to ColVincente Folch, the Spanish governor,proposing a U.S. mail route throughWest Florida. Carmick was also to spyout the Spanish defenses. After a falsestart that included getting shipwreckedon Lake Borgne, he delivered the dispat-ches on 2 June. Governor Folch held himfor a month before giving him a

favorable decision concerning the mailroute. While returning to New Orleans,he lost Folch's letter, presumably to apickpocket on the wharf at Mobile.

Meanwhile orders recalling him toHeadquarters that had left Washingtonon4 May reached him on l2July 1805. Itis worth noting that it took ten weeks forroutine dispatches to get fromWashington to New Orleans. Carmick,after first reporting that 30 of his menwere sick and presumably dying,departed New Orleans in August. InWashington he received orders givinghim command of the Marine Barracks inPhiladelphia. A new Commandant,LtCol Franklin Wharton, had succeededBurrows earlier in the year. Carmick andWharton had had the same date of rankas captains. In those high-temperedtimes the two men were soon quarrelingand in August 1806 Carmick was called

to a court martial on charges of disrespectto his commanding officer. He was ac-quitted, but Wharton gave him a set oforders returning him to New Orleans.

Carmick arrived in New Orleans on 28January 1807 with a fresh detachment oftwo lieutenants, four sergeants, four cor-porals, two musicians, and 64 privates. Itwas a short tour. In August he was recall-ed to Washington to take command ofthe Marine Barracks, which were wherethey still are today, the quadrangle form-ed by a double city block beginning atEighth and I Streets, Southeast.

Early in 1808 he was transferred toNorfolk and he was serving there when aset of circumstances brought him a pro-motion and a third tour in New Orleans.Newly elected President Madison hadgained a considerable expansion in thesize of the Marine Corps and he wantedthe garrison there brought up to 300Marines. This would justify the rank ofmajor of which there were none at themoment in the Marine Corps. Carrnickwas promoted on 7 March 1809 and re-assigned to New Orleans on 5 July.

In July 1811, he led his Marinesagainst a band of "negro insurgents"north of New Orleans. Of this hereported: "They gave us little opportuni-

In "Cutting Out of the Sandwich, Puerto Plata, 11 May 1800,"Col Vaterhouse pictured then- Capt Daniel Carmick orderingthe crewmen of the French privateer from their hiding places

below deck. In a surprise assault, the Constitution's Marinesandseamen seized the privateer without the loss of a man, put-ting an end to the vessel's West Indian raiding activities.

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ty to put ourselves in danger; they fled atour first approach, and when theymustered courage to come to the attack,they stood but one fire and ran."

Yellow fever continued to be the moredeadly enemy and in August 1811 hewas reporting, with some exaggeration,that a third of his Marines were sick andthat they were dying at the rate of five aday. When he was required to go toBaton Rouge to sit on a court martial, hehad to borrow an Army officer to taketemporary command of his Marines.

In the spring of 1812, Carmick askedto be relieved at New Orleans so that

he could take a more active role in theexpected war with England. LtColComdtWharton was amenable and even alertedhis relief, but Secretary of the Navy PaulHamilton countermanded the orderaverring that "Circumstances strongly in-dicate the necessity of having in thatquarter an officer of experience andenergy." In saying this SecretaryHamilton was echoing the sentiments ofGen Wilkinson. In an 18 May letter tothe Secretary of War, Wilkinson notedthat the recent transfer of senior officers

left Maj Carmick of the Marines as theonly talented and experienced officer inNew Orleans.

War with England came in June. Atthe end of August, Wilkinson called acouncil of war of his local commanders todetermine if his authority extended tothe seizure of Mobile and Pensacola.Carmick was amongst the majority whosaid they didn't think so and the warcontinued to be something that was faraway.

Carmick's Marines did play a majorpart in the suppression of Jean Lafitteand his merry men at Barataria. On 16September 1814 a naval force underCommo Daniel Patterson engaged thepirates and put a landing party ashore.Most histories relate that the landing wasmade by soldiers of Col George Ross's44th Infantry, but the Marine Corps ver-sion is that it was done by Carmick'sMarines reinforced by 70 members of the44th Infantry. In any case, according to acontemporary account:

All their [that is, Lafitte's]buildings and establishments atGrand-Terre and Grand Isle, with

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their telegraph and stores atCheniere Caminada, weredestroyed, and the whole of thisimportant service performedwithout the loss of a man.

Wilkinson had been promoted tomajor general and ordered north to theCanadian front. His place at NewOrleans was taken by BGen ThomasFlournoy. Command relations with theNavy, which had bothered Wilkinson,were straightened out. The Secretary ofWar instructed Flournoy that the Navywas under the orders of its own officersexclusively, but the Marine Corps, whenactually doing duty in garrison andseparate from the Navy, was under com-mand of the general.

Meanwhile, the British were ap-proaching New Orleans. VAdm Sir Alex-ander Cochrane, the commander-in-chief, had with him Wellington'sbrother-in-law, MajGen Sir EdwardPakenham, and some 9,000 troops,many of them veterans of theNapoleonic Wars. Cochrane boasted thathe would eat his Christmas dinner inNew Orleans. The British plan was to

Map prepared by Col Waterhouse to accompany 'Repulse of British forces. MajGen Sir Edward Pakenham, brother-in-lawthe High/anders" illustrates disposition of American and of the Duke of Wellington, hit three times, died in the battle.

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move against New Orleans through LakeBorgne. Royal Navy Capt NicholasLockyer had overwhelming superiority ofnumbers, some 1,000 sailors and RoyalMarines embarked in 42 barges, but theBritish advance was stoutly delayed on 14December by Navy Lt Thomas ap CatesyJones and his five gunboats. Jones' 182men included 35 Marines. One by oneLockyer captured the gunboats but theattack cost him about a dozen dead and70 or so wounded. American losses wereabout half that.

Before my turn to speak at the ban.quet there had been a report by the

Chairperson of the Ladies Auxilliary ofthe Royal Lake Borgne Historical Society.She announced that membership in theSociety, which commemorates Lockyer'svictory, had doubled in the pastyear— that is, from one member to two.

Actually, Jones' delay of the British atLake Borgne gained critical time forMajGen AndrewJackson, who had arriv-ed in the city to take command of theAmerican forces on 2 December.Pakenham next sent a brigade underMajGen Keane across Lake Borgne tocamp on some hard ground with theirleft flank on the river. This is the campthat Gen Jackson attacked with some

1,500 troops on the night of 23

December. Carmick, because of this ex-perience, was given command of MajJean Baptiste Plauche's four-companyBattalion of Volunteers. His detachmentof Marines was put under the immediatecommand of lstLt Francis Barbin deBellevue, a New Orleans Creole who hadbeen commissioned in the Marine Corpsin 1812. During the night action of 23December, the Marines lost eight killedand eight wounded. Jackson, afterdisrupting Keane's brigade, fell back totake up his famous defensive line behindthe Rodriguez Canal, one flank on theMississippi, the other secured by thecypress swamp.

During Pakenham's first attack ofJackson's line, that of 28 December, Car-mick remained in temporary commandof Plauche's battalion. His Marines, stillunder lstLt de Bellevue, appear to havebeen on the right flank. The 24-gunLouisiana took station across the riverfrom Jackson's line so as to be in positionto enfilade his front. The Marine guardin the Louisiana was commanded by30-year old 2dLt John RaimondMontegut, the son of a prominent NewOrleans surgeon. On that clear and frostymorning of 29 December 1814 the gunsof the Louisiana opened with very telling

effect on the two advancing British col-umns.

The British left-hand column, its ownguns silenced by the American fire,halted on orders in ditches some 600yards in front of the American line toescape the galling fire, most of it fromthe Louisiana as Jackson had only five ar-tillery pieces in position. However, theBritish right column, guiding on theedge of the swamp, was soon out ofrange of the Louisiana. It was a goldenopportunity for the British, butPakenham, without artillery support,decided against an assault and insteadwithdrew to a position about two milesfrom the American lines.

Pakenham had some 5,500 troops onthe field that day and he lost 40 to 50killed or wounded. Jackson's returns for28 December show 3,282 Americans pre-sent. British guns and Congreve rocketsdid some damage before they weresilenced by the Louisiana. Americanlosses were nine killed and nine wound-ed. Major Carmick was one of thecasualties. As reported by an observer:

That gallant officer, Major Car-mick, of the Marine Corps, wasamong the wounded. Whilstdelivering an order to Major

"Repulse of the Highlanders, New Orleans, 8Januaty 1815,"captured by Col W"aterhouse, is the painting displayed at theannual banquet of the Louisiana Historical Society, observing

the 170th anniversaly of the Battle of New Orleans. The workdepicts lstLt Francis de Bellevue's U.S. Marines stormed bymembers of the British 93d Sutherland Highlander Regiment.

Plauche near the center of theAmerican line, he was struck by arocket, which tore his horse topieces and wounded the Major inthe arm and head.

The wounded Carmick was taken to anearby hospital and presumably was stillthere at the time of Pakenham's secondand climactic attack on 8 January 1815.

Jackson took full advantage ofPakenham's hesitation to strengthen hisposition. The number of guns was in-creased from five to 12. On the very rightflank there was Battery No. 1 on thelevee itself, two 12-pounders and a6-inch howitzer. Supporting thisredoubt was the Marine detachment,now down to 56 men, with lstLt deBellevue still in charge and 2dLt PhilipBouche de Grand-pre as second-in-command. With them were 39 membersof the New Orleans Rifles under CaptThomas Beale.

Before speaking at the banquet I hadre-visited Chalmette Battlefield Park tofix in my mind the probable location ofthe redoubt. The trace of the RodriguezCanal is still clear. Today's levee is a littlefurther inland than it was in 1815.

A t dawn on 8 January Americanlistening posts reported the British

less than half a mile away. When abluish-silver rocket arched its way acrossthe sky Jackson recognized it as theBritish signal to advance.

To divert the fire of the redoubt whichcould have enfiladed his advancing linesas they approached the Rodriguez Canal,Pakenham sent out the three light infan-try companies of the 7th Fusiliers Regi-ment, the 43d Monmouth Regiment,and the 93d Sutherland HighlanderRegiment under BvtLtCol Robert Rennieof the 21st Foot. Fascines and scaling lad-ders were entrusted to a company of theWest Indian Regiment which was to ac-company them. Rennie was to advancealong the levee toward the redoubt andthis he did. Morning mists clinging tothe river protected him from the navalguns across the river. The West Indiansfell behind, but Rennie's men got acrossthe ditch and into the redoubt wherethey spiked the two 12-pounders. Asthey continued on toward the mainbreastwork a rifle ball from one of CaptBeale's riflemen killed Rennie.

This is the moment about as it is

shown in Col Charles Waterhouse'spainting, "Repulse of the Highlanders."We had the painting at the banquet,having sent it down from Philadelphiawhere it was on exhibit with the re-mainder of the "Marines in the FrigateNavy" series. Getting it fromPhiladelphia to New Orleans had takenalmost as long as dispatches had taken ingetting from Washington to NewOrleans in 1805. We also displayed aframed copy of the painting which wasour gift to the Louisiana Historical Socie-ty.

In Col Waterhouse's painting theMarines are dressed in the uniformprescribed by the 1810 uniform regula-tions: blue coats, white trousers, andblack leather "tar bucket" shakos. TheSutherland Highlanders are wearingbonnets with a high crown and red-and-white dicing. Their jackets are scarlet forofficers and sergeants and brick-red forrank and file, with lemon yellow facings.Some are wearing tartan trousers. Othersare wearing blue-gray pantaloons with ared side seam for officers.

MajGen Keane, commanding theBritish left, was to have reinforced Ren-nie with the rest of the 93d HighlandRegiment if Rennie appeared successful.But the Highlanders, in the confusion ofbattle and possibly as a result of an orderfrom Pakenham, moved to the right to aposition about 150 yards in front of thecenter of the American line. Here theywere met by a murderous fire. Theregimental commander was killed andthe Sutherlanders, receiving no orders tomove, "stood like statues" whileAmerican fire continued to reap its

harvest of officers and men. The regi-ment suffered 75 percent casualtiesbefore being ordered off the field. In 20minutes the British had lost 2,036 menkilled and wounded. Pakenham, hitthree times, was dead. Rennie's threelight companies had lost two out of everythree men. American casualties, by someaccounts, were as few as 8 killed, 13

wounded. The Marines lost not a singleman.

Jackson let the British bury their dead,about 700 of them, and go back to theirships unmolested. Pakenham's bodywent home to Ireland in a cask of rum.

News of the success at New Orleansand of the favorable Treaty of Ghentreached Washington almost si-multaneously. In the warm glow of vic-

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tory there was plenty of praise all

around. Congress passed a resolution on22 February 1815 extolling "the valourand good conduct of Major Carmick, ofthe officers, non-commissioned officers,and Marines, under his command, in thedefense of the said city, on the latememorable occasion."

On 4 March 1815 the still invalid MajCarmick was married to Margaret

O'Brien Cowperthwait by Jean Olivier,priest of the Church of Saint Mary's. Car-mick never regained his health nor didhe have long to live. He died on 6November 1816 of an inflammation orinfection of the brain perhaps caused byhis wounds. His obituary in the Loui-siana Gazette has this to say:

Died last night, after a verysevere illness of four weeks, MajorCarmick of the United States'

marine corps. He was a

Pennsylvanian by birth, noble,generous and brave, has been inthe marine corps ever since its for-mation, always respected for hiscorrect conduct, as an officer and agentleman. He has left an amiablewife with her infant child to mournher irreparable loss, The UnitedStates in him has lost one of its bestofficers, society both civil andmilitary a social friend and a

gallant soldier.

If Carmick had lived, or more par-ticularly, if he had lived and had takenpart in the second battle at Chalmette,he almost certainly, by the iron rules ofseniority, would have succeeded FranklinWharton—who had been embarrassinglyabsent from the field at Bladensburg— asLieutenant Colonel Commandant.

Tradition has it that he was firstburied in the Protestant Cemetery onBasin Street, then later moved to St.Louis Cemetery No. 2, bounded byClaiborne, St. Louis, Conti, and Robert-son Streets. I visited the cemetery whichthe parish is making a valiant effort torestore and maintain. The Carmick tombis an impressive obelisk with a wroughtiron fence around it. The cemetery itself,with its mausoleums and above-groundcrypts has an eerie, Old World quality. Iwould not like to be locked inside thegates, as almost happened, when theyare closed at night.

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Acquisitions

o the victor belong the spoils."For two hundred years fighting

Marines have taken the old adage toheart. And of the "trophies" of war of alldescriptions brought home by returningMarines, none comes more readily tomind than the samurai sword.

The samurai sword is at once both anobject of art and an extremely functionalmilitary weapon. This unique imple-ment was designed as a personal sidearmfor the powerful samurai warriors. Thesewarriors effectively ruled Japan from the11th Century until 1868. Following theMeiji restoration in that year, it was for-bidden to wear the sword in the pro-vinces of Japan. The rise of nationalismbeginning in 1926 produced a renewedinterest in sword making, and its readop-tion for wear by the rapidly growingmilitary forces.

The sword's expert craftsmanship andits distinctive shape helped create a

powerful imagery for Imperial Forcesduring World War II. Frequentlydepicted in art, the sword came to sym-bolize the stern advance of Japaneseforces in the Pacific.

For this reason, and others, thesamurai sword became a favorite trophyfor Marines. The Marine Corps Museumholds in its collection numerous ex-amples presented by veterans. Recently,the collection has grown with the ac-quisition of two significant finds.

T he Japanese garrison ofTsingtao, China, numbering over

10,000 men, surrendered to MajGenLemuel C. Shepherd,Jr., on 25 October1945. The commanding general of theJapanese garrison presented his sword(which is now on display in the Museum)directly to General Shepherd. Theswords of the other officers were col-lected and loaded into an old com-munications truck to be destroyed. Twoof these swords were liberated from thetruck, and tucked away inside the man-sion set up as the headquarters of the 6thMarine Division.

lstLt John L. Clemmitt, USMCR, ar-rived at division headquarters in lateJanuary of 1946 to act as aide-de-camp toMajGen Archie F. Howard, who hadrecently replaced General Shepherd.Moving into his new quarters, lstLtClemmitt was delighted to find twosamurai swords hidden in the third floorof the headquarters building. Unable tolocate the owner, the lieutenant stowedthem away in his footlocker, and even-tually returned home with them. Recent-ly, Mr. Clemmitt, now a resident ofBethesda, Maryland, rediscovered theswords and presented them to theMuseum.

The two swords presented by Mr.Clemmitt are both classified aswakizashi, or medium-length swords.Although one of the weapons has suf-fered some damage to the binding onthe hilt, both swords are in excellent con-dition. The tsuba (guard) and habaki(collar around the uppermost part of theblade) indicate these blades may havesurvived from a much earlier period. The

Museum curatorial staff will remove thehilt to examine the tang for marks. Theywill also examine the blade shape, thenioi and nie (temper marks), and otherfeatures in order to determine the dateand place of manufacture. While allsamurai swords are similiar, certaindistinctive characteristics allow thecurator to properly identify the weapon.

In 1937, the Japanese Armed Forcesbegan to adopt a new style of sword

mounting. The blade construction anddesign remained the same as with theolder samurai style, but the grips, moun-ting, and scabbard began to reflect aEuropean influence. The Imperial Navyadopted a kaigunto (new navy) moun-ting, of which there were three sizes. Thesmallest is very similiar in appearance. toan American midshipman's dirk of the19th century.

An example of this type was presentedto the Museum this quarter by Mrs.Agnes McCluskey through the assistanceof her son, LtCol Charles A. McCluskey,USMC (Ret). The naval officer's swordwas brought home by her husband, MajWilliam A. McCluskey, Jr., USMCR.Maj McCluskey, commanding MarineAir Squadron 9, was sent to YokosukaNaval Air Base in October of 1945,where he found the trophy. A tag attach-ed indicates the sword was originallyowned by LCdr Rokuro Okudaira of theFirst Naval Technical Depot.

In addition to the historic connota-tions of these artifacts, viewers will ap-preciate them as examples of a longtradition of craftsmanship in militaryweaponry. —JHMcG

The naval officer's dirk, left, brought home from the war byMa] William A. McCluskey, Jr., is an example of the kaiguntostyle, reflecting western influence on Japanese sword-making;

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it is similar to American naval dirks. Samples of traditionalsamurai swords, right, were found by lstLt John L. Clernmittfollowing the surrender ofJapanese forces at Tsingtao, China.

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Writers Find Necessary

Assistance SuppliedBy Historical Center

by Benis M. Frank

W hen plans were being for-mulated to convert a Marine

barracks in the Washington Navy Yardinto a new Marine Corps HistoricalCenter, it was conceived that, with theHistories and Museums Branches of theHistorical Division living together underone roof with their individual sections,the Center would become a one-stopresearch facility requiring researchers togo no further afield to pursue theirstudies of all aspects of Marine Corpshistory.

In this one building a researcher couldfind the Oral History Collection withover 7,000 interviews spanning MarineCorps history from the Spanish-American War to the present; a PersonalPapers Collection with approximately1,500 different groups of papers whichextend back iii time even earlier; a

Reference Section whose files bulge withfacts, figures, biographies, and otherMarine Corps-related historical data; an

LtGen Victor H. Krulak, who used theCenter's resources extensively in prepar-ing his award-winning book, First toFight, is donating royalties from sales tothe Marine Corps Historical Foundation.

Art Collection holding over 6,000 piecesof contemporary art; a library consistingof some 40,000 volumes, most of whichare concerned with American militaryand naval history of all periods and witha heavy emphasis on Marine Corps sub-jects; and a Museums Branch whichholds a vast collection of Marine-relatedartifacts.

The Oral History Collection is anespecially important resource for authorsbecause they can use the memoirs toflesh out the bare accounts found inafter-action reports, commandchronologies, and the like, givingcredibility to their works by quotingMarines who "were there." Added to allthis is a staff of experts whose institu-tional knowledge and memory of MarineCorps history and artifacts fill in the gapsexisting in the written record.

N ot only has this material assistedthe Corps' historians as they wrote

their official histories of Marines in theRevolution, World War I, the BananaRepublics, World War II, Korea,Dominican Republic, Vietnam, Lebanonand Grenada, but it has served as atreasure trove for outside historians andresearchers as well as popular writers,most of whom have acknowledged theirgratitude for the assistance they havereceived from the collections and theircurators.

It is difficult to go too far back in timeto list all the authors who spent con-siderable time with the History andMuseums Division's sections whileresearching the extensive collections richwith yet untapped material. Morerecently, in fact since the Marine CorpsHistorical Center opened for business inthe Washington Navy Yard in 1977, wehave kept track of our visitors and theareas in which they were working. In ad-dition, the library now holds the fruits oftheir labors. Listed below are some of thebooks whose authors spent considerabletime researching in the center:

LtCol Merrill S. Bartlett, ed.Assault from the Sea (Annapolis,Maryland: USNI Press, 1983)

LtCol Donald F. Bittner, The Lionand the White Falcon: Britain andIceland in the W"orld War II Era(Hamden, Connecticut: ArchonBooks, 1983)

(Boulder, Colorado: WestviewPress, 1977)

Stanley Cohen, Enemy on Island,Issue in Doubt (Missoula, Mon-tana: Pictorial Histories PublishingCo., 1977)

Alfred Coppell, The BurningMountain (New York: HarcourtBrace Jovanovich, 1983)

Col Victor J. Croizat, The BrownWater Navy (Poole, UnitedKingdom: Blandford Press, 1984)

Jeffrey M. Dorwart, Conflict of in-terest (Annapolis, Maryland: USNIPress, 1983)

Harry A. Gailey, Peleliu, 1944(Annapolis, Maryland: Nauticaland Aviation Publishing Com-pany, 1983)

Joseph C. Goulden, Korea: TheUntold Story of the Korean War(New York: Times Books, 1982)

Eric Hammel, Chosin: HeroicOrdeal of the Korean War (NewYork: Vanguard Press, 1981)

RAdm John Harilee, The Marinefrom Manatee (Washington: Na-tional Rifle Association ofAmerica, 1984)

BGen Robert H. Williams delved deeplyinto the collections held by the Center tocompile his distinguished memoir, TheOld Corps, a personalized account of hisservice before and after World War II.

Peter Braestrup, The Big Story

1010

Edwin P. Hoyt, On to the Yalu(New York: Stein and Day, 1984)

,Pusan Perimeter(New York: Stein and Day, 1984)

,Storm Over theGilberts (New York: Van NostrandReinhold, 1978)

D. Clayton James, The Years ofMacArthur: Triumph and Disaster,1945-1964 (Boston: HoughtonMifflin, 1985)

LtGen Victor H. Krulak, First toFight (Annapolis, Maryland: USNIPress, 1984)

Lester D. Langley, The BananaW"ars: An Inner Histoiy of theAmerican Empire, 1900-1934 (Lex-ington, Kentucky: University ofKentucky Press, 1983)

Herbert C. Merrillat, GuadalcanalRemembered (New York: DoddMead, 1982)

Peter Mersky, Naval Air War inVietnam (Annapolis, Maryland:Nautical and Aviation PublishingCompany, 1981)— — — — , U.S. Marine Corps

Aviation, 1912 to Present (An-napolis, Maryland: Nautical and

Col Gerald H. Turley was the recipientof a Marine Corps Historical Foundationresearch grant to assist him in the writingof his much-praised operational analy-sis, Easter Offensive: Vietnam 1982.

Aviation Publishing Company,1983)

Allan R. Millett, Semper Fidelis:The Story of the U.S. Marine Corps(New York: Macmillan Company,1980)

— — — — , and Peter Maslowski,For the Common Defense: AMilitary History of the UnitedStates ofAmerica (New York: FreePress, 1984)

J. Robert Moskin, The U.S. MarineCorps Story (New York: McGrawHill Book Company, 1977)

Keith Nolan, Battle for Hue(Novato, California: Presidio Press,1983)

Robert Pisor, The End of the Line:Siege of Khe Sanh (New York: W.W. Norton Company, 1982)

John Clark Pratt, Vietnam Voices(New York: King-Penguin, 1984)

Ronald H. Spector, Eagle Againstthe Sun (New York: Free Press,1984)

John Toland, Gods of War(Garden City, New York: Double-day, 1985)

,No Man's Land(Garden City, New York: Double-day, 1980)

Col Gerald H. Turley, Easter Offensive: Vietnam 1982 (Novato,California: Presidio Press, 1985)

James H. Webb, Jr., A CountrySuch as This (Garden City, NewYork: Doubleday, 1983)

BGen Robert H. Williams, TheOld Corps (Annapolis, Maryland:USNI Press, 1982)

In addition to these books there is aconsiderable number of others, as well asarticles in preparation, with several closeto publication. Dr. Gene Alvarez, a

former Marine and DI at Parris Islandreceived a Marine Corps Historical Foun-dation Research Grant to write "Where itAll Began: A History of Parris Island,"which will be published by the Historyand Museums Division. Another grantwas given to retired Naval Academy Pro-fessor Paolo Coletta to prepare an in-depth Marine Corps bibliography, which

11

is at the publishers and should be outthis year. Yet a third grant was given toCol Turley to assist him in researchinghis book. The Museums side of the Divi-sion assisted Emil Stefannaci, an experton military uniforms, in the preparationof a study of Marine Corps headdress,which will be published in the MarineCorps Museum monographs series. TheMuseums Branch also provided im-measurable assistance to other resear-chers and authors.

A number of these books have receiv-ed critical acclaim and have beennominated for or have in fact receivedawards. General Krulak's book receivedthe Navy League's Alfred Thayer lvi ahanAward for Literary Achievement thisyear. The author has donated the lion'sshare of his royalties to the Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation, with the re-mainder going to two other MarineCorps-associated organizations. Dr.Spector's Eagle Against the Sun is a

Book-of-the-Month-Club main selectionand has appeared on a number of best-seller lists.

The Time-Life World War II and CivilWar series additionally benefitted fromassistance obtained from the Division, asdid the Boston Publishing Company'sseries of books on the Vietnam War.

Col VictorJ. Croizat sought detailed as-sistance from Center staff as he compiledhis The Brown Water Navy, newly avail-able from a well-known publisher of mil-itary history materials in Great Britain.

11

New Certificates of Unit Lineage and Honors

Among certificates of lineage andhonors recently prepared for MarineCorps units and activities were:

MARINE OBSERVATION SQUAD-RON 1:1943-1945: Activated 27 Oc-tober 1943 at Quantico, Virginia, asArtillery Spotting Division, MarineObservation Squadron 155, FleetMarine Force; relocated duringNovember 1943 to San Diego,California, and assigned to MarineFleet Air, West Coast; deployed dur-ing January 1944 to Espiritu Santo,and assigned to Marine Air, SouthPacific; redesignated 12 February1944 as Marine Observation Squadron1 and assigned to the 1st Marine Air-craft Wing, Fleet Marine Force;reassigned during June 1944 to the 2dMarine Aircraft Wing, Fleet MarineForce; participated in the World WarII campaigns, Guam and Iwo Jima;reassigned during June 1945 toMarine Observation Group 1, 3dMarine Aircraft Wing, Fleet MarineForce; reassigned during November1945 to Marine Aircraft Group 21,4th Marine Aircraft Wing.1946-1957: relocated during January-February 1946 to Cherry Point, NorthCarolina and assigned to Marine Air-craft Group 22, 9th Marine AircraftWing; reassigned during March 1946to the 2d Marine Aircraft Wing, FleetMarine Force; detached duringDecember 1946 from the 2d MarineAircraft Wing and assigned to Air-craft, Fleet Marine Force, Atlantic;relocated during May 1947 to CampLejeune, North Carolina, andreassigned to the 2d Marine Division,Fleet Marine Force; reassigned duringAugust 1948 to the 2d Marine Air-craft Wing, Aircraft, Fleet MarineForce; relocated during July 1952 toNew River, North Carolina; reassign-ed during January 1956 to MarineWing Headquarters Group, 2dMarine Aircraft Wing, Aircraft, FleetMarine Force, Atlantic; reassignedduring June 1956 to Marine AircraftGroup 26. 1958-1984: deployed dur-ing July-August 1958 to the Atlantic

Ocean on board the USS Antietam;relocated during August 1958 to NewRiver, North Carolina; elements ofthe squadron participated in theCuban Missile Crisis, October-December 1962; elements of thesquadron participated in the interven-tion in the Dominican Republic,April-June 1965; reassigned duringMay 1972 to Marine Aircraft Group29; participated in numerous trainingexercises throughout the 1970s andearly 1980s. (Honors: Navy UnitCommendation Streamer; WorldWar II; Iwo Jima- 1945; Asiatic-PacificCampaign Streamer with two BronzeStars; World War 11 Victory Streamer;National Defense Service Streamerwith one Bronze Star; Armed ForcesExpeditionary Streamer.)

2D BA11ALION, 9TH MARINES:1942-1945: Activated 1 April 1942 atCamp Elliott, San Diego, California,as the 2d Battalion, 9th Marines, andassigned to the 2d Marine Division;reassigned during August 1942 toAmphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet;relocated during September 1942 toCamp Pendleton, California, andreassigned to the Advance Echelon,3d Marine Division; deployed duringJune-July 1943 to Auckland, NewZealand; redeployed during June-July1943 to Guadalcanal; participated inthe following World War II cam-paigns, Bougainville, NorthernSolomons, Guam, and Iwo Jima;relocated during November-December 1945 to Camp Pendleton,California; deactivated 31 December1945. 1952-1956: Reactivated 9 April1952 at Camp Pendleton, California,and assigned to the 3d Marine Divi-sion; deployed during August 1953 toCamp Gifu, Japan; redeployed dur-ing June 1954 to Lamp Sakai, Japan;redeployed duringJuly 1955 to CampKawasaki, Okinawa; redeployed dur-ing September 1955 to Camp Napun-ja, Okinawa; redeployed duringJanuary 1956 to Camp Sukiran,Okinawa. 1957-1965: Redeployedduring March-April 1957 to Camp

12

Fuji, Japan; redeployed during Oc-tober 1957 to Camp Hauge,Okinawa; redeployed duringFebruary 1958 to Camp Kinser,Okinawa; participated in the bat-talion transpiacement system betweenthe 1st Marine Division and the 3dMarine Division during June1959-December 1960; deployed atvarious times between 1960-1965 asthe Battalion Landing Team of theSeventh Fleet. 1965-1984:Redeployed during July 1965 to DaNang, Republic of Vietnam; par-ticipated in the war in Vietnam, July1965-August 1969, operating fromDa Nang, Than Cam Son, Hue/PhuBai, Ca Lu, Dong Ha, Quang Tn,Camp Carroll, Cua Viet, Cam Lo,Vandegrift Combat Base, and ConThien; redeployed during August1960 to Camp Schwab, Okinawa, andassigned to the 9th Marine Am-phibious Brigade; reassigned duringNovember 1969 to the 3d MarineDivision; deployed at various timesbetween 1969-1971 as the BattalionLanding Team of the Seventh Fleet;participated in the typhoon reliefoperations in the Philippines duringOctober 1970; relocated during Oc-tober 1978 to Camp Hansen,Okinawa; participated in the bat-talion rotation between the 3d MarineDivision on Okinawa and divisionsstationed in the United States duringthe late 1970s and into the 1980s.

(Honors: Presidential Unit CitationStreamer with two Bronze Stars;World War II; Guam 1944; Iwo Jima1945; Presidential Unit Citation (Ar-my) Streamer; Vietnam 1969; NavyUnit Commendation Streamer withone Bronze Star; Vietnam 1967,

1967, 1968-1969; Asiatic-PacificCampaign Streamer with four BronzeStars; World War II Victory Streamer;National Defense Service Streamerwith one Bronze Star; Korean ServiceStreamer; Vietnam Service Streamer;Philippine Presidential Unit CitationStreamer; and Vietnam Cross ofGallantry with Palm Streamer.)

12

Recent Books of Historical Interest

From the library of the Marine CorpsHistorical Center, recently publishedbooks of professional interest to Marines.These books are available from localbookstores or libraries.

First to Fight: An Inside View of the U.S.Marine Corps. LtGen V. H. Krulak,USMC (Ret). Naval Institute Press. 252pp, 1984. In First to Fight, GeneralKrulak identifies the distinctive qualitiesthat seem to set Marines apart and thatgive them their mystique . He examinesMarines in war: World War II, Korea,and Vietnam. And he describes theCorps' relationship to the other servicesduring the unification battles in theperiod following World War II, offeringnew insights into the decision-makingprocess in times of crisis. $19.95.

For the Common Defense: a MilitaryHistory of the United States of America.Allan R. Millett and Peter Maslowski.Free Press/Macmillan. 621 pp, 1984.The newest book by the author ofSemper Fidelis, History of the U.S.Marine Corps. In this book, Dr. Millettfocuses not only on battles and the con-duct of war, but also provides an analysisof the development of U.S. militarypolicy, the role of the armed forces in theexecution of that policy, and the impactof military policy on America's interna-tional relations and domestic develop-ment. $24.95.

Eagle Against the Sun: The AmericanW"ar with Japan. Ronald Spector. FreePress/Macmillan. 589 pp, 1984. A com-prehensive account of the Pacific Warfrom the American point of view, em-phasizing policy, strategy, and militaryoperations. Dr. Spector is also the authorof a recent Vietnam history, Advice andSupport, The Early Years, 1941-1960,for the Army's Center of MilitaryHistory. $24.95.

The U.S. Marine Corps Since 1945. LeeRussell, Osprey. 52 pp, 1984. An il-lustrated history of the Marine Corpssince the end of World War II. Theauthor tells of the two major wars fought

by America, Korea and Vietnam, andthe Marines' contributions, along withdescribing the Corps in the 70s and 80s.A title in the new Osprey "Elite" series,following on from its "Men at Arms"series. Includes black-and-whitephotographs and colored uniform plates.$5.50.

The Paras, British Airborne Forces1940-1984. George Ferguson. Osprey.52 pp, 1984. Another in the Osprey"Elite" series. This book, written by aformer Para, traces the story of theParachute Regiment from its inceptionin 1940 to the present day, including itspart in the Falklands Campaign. Il-

lustrated with color plates and black-and-white photographs. $5.50.

The Pusan Perimeter, Korea, 1950. Ed-win P. Hoyt, Stein & Day. 288 pp, 1984.This is the first in a series of books on theKorean War by the author. This onebegins with the surprise attack by NorthKorea against South Korea on 25 June1950. The author goes on to describehow the Americans and South Koreanswere finally able to halt the enemy's ad-vance nearly three months later near thecity of Pusan, close to the southern tip ofthe Korean peninsula. The book in-cludes both strategic and politicalanalysis. $19.95.

A Matter of Honor. Don Kowet. Mac-millan Publishing Co. 317 pp, 1984.The story of the CBS documentary, "TheUncounted Enemy: a Vietnam Decep-tion," which resulted in GenWestmoreland's libel suit against thenetwork. The author recreates the eventsleading up to the making of thedocumentary and he goes back 16 yearsto Vietnam to show how Army in-telligence and the CIA arrived at theirviews of enemy strength and danger.$16.95.

The Battle to Save the Houston, October1944 to March 1945. ColJohn G. Miller,USMC. Naval Institute Press. 329 pp,1985. Based on 70 eyewitness accounts,personal papers, and official documents,

13

this book by the Marine Corps Historical,Center's deputy director for history,records the USS Houston's harrowing14,000-mile journey from Formosa,where she nearly sank, to the BrooklynNavy Yard. The book is a case study ofcombat leadership and damage controlphilosophy and techniques. The extraor-dinary measures used by the Houstoncrew triggered changes throughout theNavy. In late 1944, the Houston—thesecond ship of that name to serve inWorld War TI—was caught up in some ofthe most bitter fighting of the war.Thanks to a determined crew who refus-ed to give her up, the ship survived twodirect torpedo hits, a typhoon, and othernew catastrophies to make a triumphantreturn to the U.S. $21.95.

The Profession of Arms. General SirJohn Hackett. Macmillian PublishingCo. 239 pp.' 1983. The author has writ-ten a history of professional military menand a view of their role in the nuclearage. The text spans 4,000 years, tracingthe rise and development, cruelties anddelusions of the professional soldier.Highlights include the legions of ancientRome, where the richest citizens servedas cavalry; the medieval period with itshuge castles and mounted armoredknights; the beginnings of the modernarmy under Louis XIV; the 18th centurywhere withdrawal from a battle withoutorders was punishable by death; and thedelusions of modern warfare seen inWorld Wars I and II and the VietnamWar. The author believes that thehistoric role of the professional man-at-arms must be understood if nuclear waris to be avoided. This book is based onthe Lee-Knowles lectures Sir Johndelivered at Cambridge. The book in-cludes over 180 illustrations. $24.95

Bloods: An Oral History of the VietnamW/ar by Black Veterans. Wallace Terry.Random House. 311 pp, 1984. An ac-count of the black soldier in the VietnamWar, as expressed by 20 veterans whosestories comprise the book. Edited byWallace Terry, who covered the war forTime for two years. $17.95 —EAE

13

Professional Seminars

A Tradition at CenterFor More Than Decade

W hen a Professional DevelopmentCommittee was activated in the

History and Museums Division inFebruary. 1973, one of its first missionswas to undertake a program for the pro-fessional development of staff members.An outgrowth of this mission is the Divi-sion's Professional DevelopmentSeminars, which have been conductedalmost monthly since that time. A themewas generally established for each year'sseminars and appropriate speakers weresought to address subjects related to theseminars' themes. Over the years, thestaff and guests of the Division haveheard an impressive number of infor-mative talks and presentations.

The 1984-85 seminar year has beenespecially productive. The themeselected was the practical uses of militaryhistory, and presenters generally spoke tothat theme.

T he first speaker was Dr. Oscar P.Fitzgerald, director of the Navy

Memorial Museum, who spoke inSeptember 1984 about the "Life andLore of the Navy Yard and NavyMuseum." Dr. Fitzgerald's illustratedpresentation vividly portrayed the ra-

tionale behind the decision to declareparts of the Washington Navy Yard ahistorical district.

In November, Col Alan L. Gropman,USAF, Deputy Director of Doctrine,

Co/Alan L. Gropman, USAF, spoke onphilosophers "Clausewitz and Sun Tzu."

Strategy, and Plans Integration, Direc-torate of Plans, Headquarters, U.S. AirForce, spoke on "Clausewitz and SunTzu," commenting on their philosophiesand principles of war, and relating themto current U.S. strategy, and their effecton American war planning.

That same month, Col Samuel B. Gar-diner, USAF, a faculty member of theNational Defense University, gave a

presentation on the "U.S. Art ofWar—A Summary" This was an ex-cellent follow-on lecture to Col Grop-man's.

In December, there were twoseminars. In the first, Joseph Y. Smith,head of the obituary desk at TheWashington Post, a veteran journalistand former Marine, spoke on "The Art ofWriting Military Obituaries." At firstglance, this may have appeared a morbidsubject, but Mr. Smith showed howhistorical research is required to prepareobituaries of noted individuals, and howmuch knowledge of military history isnecessary to prepare suitable obituariesfor retired military personalities.

Later that month, BGen Gordon D.Gayle, USMC (Ret), one-time head ofthe Headquarters Marine Corps'Historical Division, gave "A Retrospec-tive on Long-Range Planning," pointingout the necessity of having a historicalview even while planning for the future.Gen Gayle headed the Long-RangeStudy Panel at Quantico, 1963-65.

T he new year began with ColJohn M.Collins, USA (Ret), the widely

respected and renowned Senior Specialistin National Defense, Library of Con-gress, speaking in January 1985 on "Howto Think about National Defense." Hehas been with the Library of Congress for13 years and, for four years before that,was Director of Military Strategy Studiesat the National War College. Like GenGayle, Col Collins graphically relatedthe importance of a knowledge ofmilitary history while planning nationalstrategy.

In February, LtCol Donald F. Bittner,USMC, the historian on the staff of theEducation Center at Quantico, discussed"The Use of Military History in the Pro-fessional Military Education of FieldGrade Officers." LtCol Bittner told ofhow the students in his battle studiesprogram prepared for their presentationsby researching the historical documents

14

Air Force ColSamuelB. Gardiner gave asummary of "The U.S. Art of War."

available at Breckinridge Library and atthe Marine Corps Historical Center.

The March seminar was different inseveral ways. The speaker that monthwas BGen Eran Dolev, Israeli DefenseForces (Ret). Gen Dolev was SurgeonGeneral of the IDF and is currently aguest lecturer on medical military historyat the Uniformed Services University ofthe Health Sciences. He spoke on "Com-bat in an Urban Area: Lebanon, a CaseStudy." This was a particularly well-attended seminar which aroused greatinterest, as evidenced by the many ques-tions Gen Dolev fielded after his il-

lustrated presentation. He is to addressthe seminar again in June, when he willdiscuss the Entebbe Raid. Gen Dolev wasthe medical officer assigned to theraiding forces.

Gen Dolev's colleague at the USUHS,Col Robert J. T. Joy, MC, USA (Ret),was the speaker in April and addressedthe subject, "Military Medical History:Why Should You Care?" Col Joy's lec-

The Washington Post's Joseph Y. Smithtold how military obituaries are written.

14

ture was also illustrated by slides as hediscussed a number of health problemsendemic to military situations and howthey were handled. He drove home thepoint that commanders in the field mustbe knowledgeable about the enemiesthey must fight in the form of diseasescoming from improper field sanitationand prophylactic measures.

The guest speaker in May was ColWilcomb E. Washburn, USMCR (Ret),who in civilian life is Dr. Washburn,Director of American Studies at theSmithsonian Institution. A recent visitorto Russia, he gave "Some Observationson Soviet Russia."

A s this season's seminars end, a maintheme and speakers for the 1985-86

season are being selected. To learn of thedates and subjects for the upcoming

BGen Eran Dolev of the Israeli Defense seminar season, call seminar coordinator "How to Think about National Defense"Forces addressed operations in Lebanon. Benis M. Frank, at 433-3838. — BMF was explained by Col John M. Collins.

Historical Quiz: Medals of Honor

1. What Marine regiment claims the highest number of •uoJ7141

Medal of Honor recipients? Pt' '-Jnoqg 'sfz18apuv4 ';/iaaN spziau ..Inoj oi:

2. Who are the only two Marines to have received two 1utJ/aa put' 'ianv 'Ja/t' '$aaiçMedals of Honor for two separate, heroic acts? 'qszuI.ç 'q5/V4 'uOruvJ-r 'SSOJ 'uo,i'Ui,CO :aulN 6

3. Which World War II battle resulted in the largest (9) ffZN 8

number of Medals of Honor?viui[ oflj uioif 'LI 'V 'StXlfl7 u1uv[jq L

4. Who was the first black Marine to receive a Medal ofHonor? /vuvft'pvflf

UIOJJ 'cc a't' 'sfL.&'aput4 4apuvx2pr UaD/t'W 9

5. Who was the first Marine to receive a Medal ofHonor? '98I ,Cvj,jj ç '.iaazj sauivf JJn

sifinj iv 'u:pva $.IotJ uo uvssv aqi U: .cgn aqi

6. Who was the oldest Marine to receive a Medal of pivoq UO azqai a.na.iar no.Iaq .iof a:uvw .q uqo[p . ç

Honor?L961 tCivnqaq

7. Who was the youngest Marine to receive the Medal of 'uIvuiaA Ut suo:iar zo.saq .iof ef/snouinq:so1 .IOUOHHonor? Jo ívpaw aqi pap.evaiv srnn 'jf 'uo.c.Iapuv sauiv[jq,j .p

8. Which state claims the most Marine Corps Medal of .'jon çHonor recipients?

9. How many Marine Corps aces in World War II were (cr6r 'tiWH

recipients of the Medal of Honor? 0061 'uozflaqaJ .iaxo) tivj lazuva fvi'g put' (cr6r''jvH fr161 'znJ vJaA) .ia1n a Ca/pazuç Ua9ivW Z

10. How many Commandants of the Marine Corpsreceived Medals of Honor? (c) U.t'W qiL 1

1515

In Memoriam

LTGEN THOMAS A. WORNHAM,USMC (RET), who commanded FleetMarine Force, Pacific, at the time of hisretirement in 1961, died 17 December1984 in San Diego, five days after his81st birthday.

He was born in Rensselaer, New York.and attended the Naval Academy.Following his graduation in 1926, hewent to The Basic School, and in theyears 1927-39, he served in China, Haiti,and at stateside posts and stations. Heformed the 27th Marines inJanuary 1944and led the regiment in the battle forIwo Jima, where he earned the NavyCross. His citation reads in part:

Landing with the assault waveson extremely difficult firesweptbeaches, Colonel Wornham led hiscombat team through heavy hostilefire to establish the initialbeachhead in his sector. Servinggallantly throughout this entireoperation, he made continuousreconnaissance of the terrain in hiszone of action and exposed himselfto the heavy fire in frontline Posi-tions to encourage his men. Pass-ing through an area infested withsnipers on 12 March, he went toone of his battalions held up bystrong enemy resistance and,

LtGen Thomas A. W/ornham

despite intense mortar and smallarms fire, rallied his men to renewthe attack and advance thefrontlines while inflicting heavylosses on the Japanese.In Korea, Gen Wornham commanded

the 1st Marines, June-October 1951,during some of the most difficultfighting in the war. Following promo-tion to general officer in 1952, he com-manded the 3d Marine Division; therecruit depot at San Diego; and FMFPac.

After he retired in San Diego, he wasactive in civic affairs. His ashes were to bescattered at sea.

IOWA-BORN MAJGEN FRANK C.CROFT, a veteran Marine aviator, died atthe age of 81 in Coronado, California,on 27 January.

Following graduation from the NavalAcademy in 1928, he was commissioneda Marine second lieutenant, attendedBasic School, and then entered flighttraining. In World War II, as the MarineIII Amphibious Corps air officer, he sawaction at Bougainville, Guam, andPeleliu. In 1951, Col Croft was assignedto the staff of Allied Air Forces,Southern Europe, and two years laterreturned to the United States to becomeAssistant Wing Commander of the 2dMarine Aircraft Wing at Cherry Point.He later commanded the Cherry Pointair station, and at the time of his retire-ment in 1959, he was Commander,Marine Air Reserve Training Commandat Glenview, Illinois. Gen Croft's re-mains were donated to science.

Early photo of MajGen Frank C. Croft

16

MajGen Ion M. Bethel

MAJGEN ION M. "TEx" BETHEL, 84,former Quartermaster General of theMarine Corps, who served first as anenlisted Marine, died on 21 January inTorrance, California.

He enlisted in the Marine Corps in1918, was discharged a year later, andwas commissioned in 1925 after hisgraduation from Texas A&M University.Following early assignments to Quan-tico, San Diego, and China, he com-manded several Civilian ConservationCorps companies for three years. Hecompleted a second tour in Shanghaiwith the 4th Marines before returning tothe States to attend Lowell Textile In-stitute.

Gen Bethel was a supply officer for therest of his career. Throughout his activeservice, he was involved with MarineCorps rifle and pistol competition, andwon both Distinguished Marksman andDistinguished Pistol Medals. At the timeof his retirement in 1958, Gen Bethelwas the Quartermaster General of theMarine Corps.He was buried in Riverside, California,Veteran's Cemetery with full militaryhonors.

BGEN SAMUEL GIBBS TAXIS, USMC(RET), whom former Commandant GenWallace M. Greene, Jr., described as "asplendid officer and fine Marine whohad a distinguished career," died at theage of 75 in Alexandria, Virginia on 22November 1984.

Born in Newport, Rhode Island, Gen

16

Reserve Historical Unit Report:

Cot Millett to Head AMI;Maj Brown to Test SOP

At the annual meeting of the American Military Institute,held in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, on 12 and 13 April, itwas announced that Col Allan R. Millett, USMCR, the com-manding officer of Mobilization Training Unit (Historical)DC-7, was elected president for a two-year term. AMI is a pro-fessional association of persons interested in military history.

Additionally, at the Marine Corps Reserve Officers Associa-tion annual convention, held in Clearwater Beach, Florida,from 16 to 19 May, Col Millett was elected to the Board ofDirectors, representing the 4th District. The Board of Directorsacts in an advisory capacity on matters concerning policy andlong-range planning, and members serve one-year terms.

Maj RonaldJ. Brown, USMCR, has been selected the fieldhistorian to attend the 2d Marine Amphibious Brigade's com-mand post exercise, to be held at Camp Pendleton, California,from 10 to 24 August. In addition to preparing the historicalreport for the MAB, Maj Brown will test the MTU's provisionalstanding operating procedure for field historians.

Maj Brown, who served as an infantry officer in Vietnam in1969, has been a member of the MTU since March 1977. Hehas written a number of articles for both the Marine CorpsGazette and Armor magazine. In addition to his work with theMTU, he has performed Reserve counterpart training with theLight Assault Vehicle Development Project at Quantico, andwith the Tactical Exercise Control Group for BLT 1 / 3 onOperation Team Spirit 84 (Korea).

Maj Brown resides in Novi, Michigan, where he teachessocial studies at Southfield Lathrup High School. In additionto his teaching duties, he also coaches football. His currentMTU project is 'A Brief History of the 14th Marines," which is

now being edited. — CVM

17

Before he died, Gen Taxis was able toview and edit his extensive oral historyinterview held at the Marine CorpsHistorical Center. Gen Taxis was interredin Arlington National Cemetery withfull military honors.

Early photo of BGen Samuel G. Taxis

Taxis attended the Naval Academy andwas graduated with the Class of 1931,when he was commissioned a Marine se-cond lieutenant. Following Basic School,he served with the 4th Marines inShanghai, took flight training, and thenbecame involved with the Marine Corps'base defense program as an artillery of-ficer. He served with the 3d Defense Bat-talion at Pearl Harbor and Guadalcanal,and in 1942-43, he commanded theseacoast and antiaircraft artillery defenseof Guadalcanal and Tulagi. After a shortreturn to the States, LtCol Taxis againwent to the Pacific, this time as 2dMarine Division G-3 for the Saipan andOkinawa operations as well as for the oc-cupation of Japan.

In the postwar period, Col Taxis at-tended top-level service schools, and195 1-53 was assigned to the United Na-tions as the Senior U.S. MilitaryObserver, Palestine, and was successively

the chairman of both the Jordan-Israeland the Syria-Israel Mixed ArmisticeCommissions. Following his tour in theMiddle East, Col Taxis served on thefaculty of the National War College forthree years as the director of NationalStrategy Studies, and then became headof the Europe, Africa, and Middle EastBranch in the Division of Politico-Military Studies under the Chief ofNaval Operation.

From 1958 to 1959, he was SpecialAssistant for Middle East Affairs in theoffice of the Secretary of Defense. Heretired in 1959, but continued to workfor the Defense Department for the nexttwo years. In the period 1961-65, GenTaxis was chief of instruction for advisorstudents at the Military Assistance In-stitute, and for the next nine years hewas employed by the Human ResourcesResearch Organization as a researchscientist.

FOUNDATION NEWS

(Continued from page 24)

LtCol Sam F. Graham, USMCR (Ret)2dLt Scott E. Lystad, USMCMajGen John G. Bouker, USMC (Ret)LtColJamesJ. 0. Anderson, USMCR (Ret)Col Robert M. Neiman, USMCR (Ret)Maj Claude B. Cross, USMCR (Ret)Col Robert C. Barrick, USMCR (Ret)Mrs. Marguerite H. ChaissonLtCol James R. Bilbow, USMCR (Ret)GySgt Ronald G. Cade, USMC (Ret)Col Spencer H. Pratt, USMC (Ret)Mr. Frank W. BellowsCol Leonard D. Reid, USMC (Ret)LtCol William L. Hollis, USMCRLtCol Reuben M. Monson, USMCR (Ret)Mr. J. Frank HarrisonCapt John H. Pratt, USMCR (Ret)Col Andrew L. Galdi, USMCR (Ret)LtCol Paul S. Treitel, USMCR (Ret)LtCol Cyril V. Moyher, USMCRCol Richard W. Wyczawski, USMC (Ret)MajGen Hugh W. Hardy, USMCR (Ret)Capt Alfred H. Benjamin, USMCR (Ret)Col James P. Rathbun, USMC (Ret)Mr. Bruce H. HooperCol Barbara J. Bishop, USMC (Ret)Col Robert L. Talbert, USMCR (Ret)

Members' inquiries about the Foundation's activitiesmay be sent to the office at the Center or calls can bemade to (202) 433-3914.—The Secretary, MCHF

17

FLIGHT LINESNorth American PBJ-1 Mitchell

T he PBJ, Navy version of the ArmyB-25 Mitchell bomber, was a twin-

engine, land-based medium bomberwhich possessed excellent all-around per-formance and good handlingcharacteristics. Additionally, a widevariety of ordnance loadingpossibilities—ranging from combina-

tions of internal and external bomb loadsto rockets and torpedoes—made it a par-ticularly versatile aircraft.

Prior to the Second World WarBrigadier General Ross E. Rowell hadrecommended that the Marine Corps ac-quire a medium bomber, but procure-ment was not possible until July 1942,

when the Army agreed to share a portionof its land-based bomber. productionwith the Navy. All PBJs were designatedPBJ- 1, with a letter suffix correspondingto the equivalent Army version, e.g., thePBJ-ID was the Navy's equivalent to theArmy B-25D.

The Guadalcanal campaign provedthe importance of medium bombers toamphibious operations in the Pacific.Japanese twin-engine bombers flyingfrom Rabaul devastated HendersonField, while Marine SBDs were unable toretaliate because of their limitedoperating range.

Marine Bombing Squadron 413(VMB-413), the first PBJ squadron, wascommissioned on I Match 1943. Inaddi-tion to readying itself for deployment in-to combat, VMB-413 also prepared addi-tional aircrewmen and developed train-ing syllabi for succeeding Marine PBJsquadrons. In December 1943, VMB-413commenced movement to the Pacific,and by mid-March 1944 it was carryingout hazardous night heckling missionsover Rabaul, Kavieng, and Bougainville.

The most unusual activity carried outby Marine PBJs involved the exploits ofLieutenant Colonel Jack Cram'sVMB-612. Organized as an normaldaylight bombing outfit, in February1944 the squadron was selected for use innight, antishipping operations. Usingradar and low-level rocket delivery,VMB-612 successfully conducted long-range operations from its base at Saipanagainst Japanese shipping in the IwoJima, Chichi Jima, and Haha Jima areas.Later, when Iwo Jima became availablefor basing, VMB-612 carried its antiship-ping attacks all the way to the coast ofJapan.

Twelve PBJ squadrons were commis-sioned by the Marine Corps during thewar, but only seven squadrons actuallysaw combat.

The Mitchell bomber on display at theMarine Corps Air-Ground Museum is anArmy B-25J which has been restored to aPBJ-1J configuration. —FMB

The PB] was pleasant to fly and heavily armed for its size. Additionally, its ruggedstructure and somewhat flat lines permitted easy modification at advanced bases.

Technical Data

As depicted with three 1,000-lb. bombs in the PBJ-1C & -1D airplane characteristics and perfor-mance chart issued on 1 December 1943.

Manufacturer: North American Aviation, Inc., Inglewood, California.

Type: Land-based medium bomber.

Accommodation: Pilot and crew of six.

Power Plant: Two 1,700-h.p. Wright R-2600-13.

Dimensions: Span, 67 ft., 6 3/4 in.; Length, 52 ft., 10 13/l6in.; Height 15ft., 9 3/l6in.

Weights: Empty, 20,446 lbs.; Gross, 32,893 lbs.

Performance: Max. speed, 260 mph. at 12,500 ft.; Service ceiling, 22,800ft.; Range, 1,485 st. mi.; Climb at sea level, 960 ft. per mm.

Armaments: Ten .50-caliber machine guns; 3,000 lbs. bombs (max.internal); 2,400 lbs. bombs (external) or one 2,150 lb.torpedo.

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World War II Chronology

April-June 1945

Okinawa

1 April. Preceded by naval gunfire and air support, the IIIAmphibious Corps (1st and 6th Marine Division, reinforced)and the XXIV Corps, USA, landed on Okinawa north andsouth of Bishi Gawa, respectively, on the Hagushi beaches ofthe island's western shore. The XXIV Corps captured Kadenaairfield and advanced south along the coast to the Chatanvicinity, and the III Amphibious Corps made extensive groundgains to the south. Yontan airfield was secured by the 4thMarines, and the 7th Marines moved through Sobe Village, afirst priority objective.

2 April. The 2d Marine Division effectively immobilizedthe main body ofJapanese forces by a diversionary feint againstthe Minatogawa beaches on the eastern side of the island. For-ward elements of the 7th Infantry Division, USA, reached theeastern coast, severing the island.

Men of Col Victor Bleasdale 's 29th Marines are tank-borne in-fantry in this Marine photographer's shot as they dash in April

4 April. The 6th Marine Division attacked north up the westcoast road; it was relieved of responsibility for the Yontanairstrip by the 29th Marines in III Amphibious Corps reserve.The 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division, occupied the KatchinPeninsula.5 April. The Fleet Marine Force Reconnaissance Battalion

landed on the northern coast of Tsugen Shima, Eastern Islands,the only one of the six islands guarding the entrances toOkinawa's eastern beaches that was defended in strength.6 April. The 96th Army Division opened its attack against

the Shun defenses in the southern sector of the island.6-7 April. Japanese air units from Kyushu launched the first

of 10 major Kamikaze attacks on Allied shipping off Okinawa.7 April. During the Battle of the East China Sea, planes of

Task Force 58 sank the superbattleship Yamato, a cruiser, andfour destroyers, ending all chance of a Japanese sea attack onOkinawa.

19

1945 to occupy the town of Ghuta, on the island of Okinawa,before it can become a defensive position for Japanese forces.

19

Marine TSgt Arnold M. Johnson recorded this U.S. battleshipspectacularly "cutting loose" at Japanese installations on the

7 April. The first F4U of Marine Aircraft Group 31 landedon Yontan airfield.7 April. Elements of the Fleet Marine Force Reconnaissance

Battalion scouted the remainder of the EasternIslands—Takabanare, Heanza, Hamahika, and Kutake Shima.8 April. The 29th Marines, 6th Marine Division, moved

across the base of the Motobu Peninsula and occupied thevillages of Gagusuku and Yamadadobaru.9 April. The main body of the 27th Infantry Division, USA,

went ashore on the Orange Beaches near Kadena.9 April. The Kadena airfield was adjudged ready for its first

planes, and Marine Aircraft Wing 33 began tactical operationsfrom the field immediately.

10 April. The 2d Battalion, 29th Marines, seized Unten Koon the Motobu Peninsula where the Japanese had established asubmarine and torpedo boat base.

10-11 April. Elements of the 27th Infantry Division,assaulted and captured Tsugen Shima, the only defended posi-tion in the Eastern Island.

12-14 April. The Japanese launched coordinated counterat-tacks against the XXIV Corps, line, coinciding with a secondround of major aerial suicide attacks.

13 April. The Fleet Marine Force Amphibious Recon-naissance Battalion occupied Minna Shima, an island lying offthe northwest coast of Okinawa, in preparation for an assaulton le Shima.

14 April. The 4th and 29th Marines launched a coordinatedattack on the Motobu Peninsula inland in an easterly directionand west and southwest from the center of the peninsula,respectively.

16 April. The 6th Marine Division launched a full-scale at-

20

coast of Okinawa in support of Marine landings on the islandin April 1945. Opposition was diminished by such early fire.

tack from three sides againstJapanese positions on the MotobuPeninsula; Companies A and C, 1st Battalion, 4th Marines,took possession of Yae Take, the key terrain feature of thepeninsula.

16-21 April. The 77th Infantry Division assaulted and cap-tured le Shima, an island lying off the northwest coast ofOkinawa.

19 April. The XXIV Corps launched a three-division assaultagainst the Shun defenses in the southern sector of the island.

20 April. The 4th and 29th Marines reached the north coastof Motobu Peninsula having eliminated all organizedresistance on the peninsula.24 April. The Japanese withdrew to the second ring of the

Shun defensive zone.28 April. The 3d Battalion, 165th Infantry, USA, captured

Machinato airfield.30 April. The 1st Marine Division was attached to the XXIV

Corps, and began moving south to relieve the 27th Army Divi-sion.

2 May. The 27th Division officially passed to Island Com-mand control. The 165th Infantry, USA, was assigned respon-sibility for the 1st Marine Division sector, and the 105th and106th Infantry, USA, were sent north to relieve the 6th MarineDivision on Motobu Peninsula and in the areas farther north.

3-4 May. The Japanese launched an all-out ground and airattack on XXIV Corps positions and U.S. shipping off theisland. Marine aircraft and antiaircraft gunners as well as unitsof the 1st Marine Division assisted in repulsing the assault.

3-4 May. The III Amphibious Corps took over the westernsector of the Tenth Army front in the southern sector of theisland.20

Air assaults pound the island of Iheya, west of Okinawa, asLSTs laden with troops of the 8th Marines, 2dMarine Division,

8 May. The first elements of the 6th Marine Divisionentered the lines on the island's southern front and relievedunits of the 7th Marines along the Asa Kawa.

11 May. The Tenth Army opened an all-out attack to reducethe inner Shun defenses; the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines,eliminated the last organized resistance in the Awacha Pocket.

17 May. The amphibious phase of the Okinawa operationwas ended. VAdm Harry W. Hill, USN, relieved VAdm Rich-mond K. Turner, USN, in control of naval activities and airdefense as Commander Task Force 51. Adm Hill was directedto report to LtGen Simon B. Buckner, USA, who took com-mand of all forces ashore and assumed responsibility for thedefense and development of captured objectives.

18 May. The 29th Marines, 6th Marine Division, capturedthe Sugar Loaf position, the western anchor of the JapaneseShun defenses.21 May. Marine Fighter Squadrons 113, 314, and 422 of

Marine Aircraft Group 22 joined VMF(N)-533 on le Shima insupport of operations on Okinawa.

25 May. Marine pilots from the escort carrier Gilbert Islandsflew their first combat air patrol and close air support strikes.

29 May. The 1st Battalion, 5th Marines, gained the crest ofShun Ridge and secured Shun Castle, the core of the Shun bas-tion.

30 May. The major portion of the Thirty-Second JapaneseArmy had evacuated the Shun lines, successfully escaping theflanking drives of the III Amphibious Corps and the XXIVCorps, and withdrew to the Kiyamu Peninsula at the southern-most part of the island.

31 May. The 1st Marine Division in concert with the 77thDivision completed the occupation of Shun. The Japanesedeveloped a new defensive position along the Kokuba Gawaand around Tsukasan.

21

make for the shoreline on 3 June 1945. Important air warningand fighter direction installations were later set up on Iheya.

1 June. The XXIV Corps changed the direction of its mainattack against the Japanese final defenses in the southern sectorof the island.

The 7th and 96th Divisions were instructed to attack southwhile the 77th Division assumed responsibility for the 96thDivision's former zone. The III Amphibious Corps launched acoordinated drive by the 1st and 6th Marine Divisions andsecured the high ground overlooking the main east-west roadof the Kokuba Gawa Valley in the Japanese new defensive posi-tion.

Among the waves of Marines hitting the well prepared GreenBeach One on Okinawa in April 1945 are these men of the 2dBattalion, 22d Marines, moving out heavily armed, in one casewith what appears to be both a flamethrower and a pistol.

21

Two Man'nes armed with a bazooka follow a patrol up a hzlltwo mzles north of Naha, capital of Okinawa. After secun'ngtheir sector ofthe island in May 1945, the 1st and 6th Man'neDivisions moved to the south to join engaged Army forces.

Wounded 1st Division Man'nes are brought for treatment to aforward aid station in rugged countryside on Okinawa on 15

22

3-9 June. The 8th Marines, 2d Marine Division, securedIheya Shima.and Aguni Shima west of Okinawa, Immediatesteps were taken to set up air warning and fighter direction in­stallations to strengthen the defensive perimeter surroundingOkinawa,4June. The III Amphibious Corps boundary was shifted to

the west, and the 1st Marine Division-attacking in the nar­rowed III Amphibious Corps zone-was made responsible forcutting off Oroku Peninsula, capturing ltoman, reducing theKunishi and Mezado ridge positions, and driving to thesouthernmost point of the island, Ara Saki, The XXIV Corpswas assigned the commanding Yaeju Dake-Yuza Dake Escarp­ment.

4June. The 4th Marines spearheaded an amphibious assaultby the 6th Marine Division against the Oroku Peninsula in thesouthwest sector of the island.

11 June. MajGen Louis E. Woods assumed command ofboth the Tactical Air Force and the 2d Marine .Aircraft Wing.

13 June. MajGen Lemuel C. Shepherd, commanding the6th Marine Division, announced that all organized resistanceon Oroku Peninsula had ceased.

14 June. The 6th Reconnaissance Company secured SenagaShima, an island lying 'off the southeast coast of Oroku Penin­sula.

May 1945. The Man'ne on the stretcher in the background isreceiving first attention to burns he received in the battle zone.

Watching the advance on Naha are leaders ofU.S. forces, fromleft, LtGen Simon B. Buckner, USA, Commanding General,U.S. Tenth Army; MajGen Lemuel C. Shepherd, USMC,Commanding General, 6th Marine Division; and 6th DivisionAssistant Commander BGen William T. Clement, USMC.

15 June. The 8th Marines, 2d Marine Division, arrived onthe island and was attached to the 1st Marine Division.

17 June. The XXIV Corps had gained control of all thecommanding ground on the Yaeju Dake-Yuza Dake Escarp­ment, its primary objective.

17 June. A 7,000-foot runway at Yontan airfield was com­pleted.

18June. LtGen Simon B. Buckner, USA, Tenth Army com­mander, was killed while observing the progress of the 8thMarines' first attack on the island. MajGen Roy S. Geiger,USMC, senior troop commander, assumed temporary com­mand of the Tenth Army and directed its final combat opera­tions.

18 June. Tank-infantry teams of the 2d Battalion, 5thMarines, crushed the last organized resistance on KunishiRidge.21 June. Organized resistance in the III Amphibious Corps

zone ended when units of the 1st Marine Division secured Hill81, and the 29th Marines-in the 6th Division zone-sweptthrough Ara Sake, the southernmost point of the island.21 June. LtGen Geiger, commanding the Tenth Army,

declared the 'island secured. .22 June. A formal ceremony attended by representatives of

all elements of the Tenth Army marked the official end ofresistance by the japanese Thirty-Second Army.

22 June. The 1st and 6th Marine Divisions and the 7th and96th Army Divisions were ordered to conduct a sweep to thenorth. Ten days were allotted to complete the mopping-up ac­tion.

23

23 June. Gen Joseph W. Stilwell, USA, formally relievedLtGen Geiger aSiCommanding General, Tenth Army.25 June. The Tenth Army launched its four division clean­

up drive to the north.26-30 June. The Fleet Marine Force Amphibious Recon­

naissance Battalion captured Kume Shima, the last and largestisland of Okinawa Gunto.

Operational Planning

3 April. The JCS designated Gen Douglas MacArthur asCommander in Chief, U.S. Army Forces, Pacific, and AdmChester W. Nimitz as commander of all naval forces in thePacific.25 May. The JCS approved a directive calling for the inva­

sion of the Japanese home island, scheduled for 1 November.14 June. The]CS directed Generals MacArthur and Henry

H. Arnold, USA, and Adm Nimitz to prepare plans for the im­mediate occupation ofJapan in the event that Japan suddenlycollapsed or capitulated.29June. The JCS decided to intensify the air blockade from

bases on Okinawa and Iwo Jima and in the Marianas andPhilippines. The following courses of action in the Pacific wereagreed upon: the defeat of Japanese units in the Philippines;the allocation of all forces necessary to guarantee the security ofwestern Pacific sea lanes prior to the invasion of Kyushu,Japan; and the acquisition of a sea route to Russian Pacificports.-RVA

jubzlant 1st Division Marines and 7th Division soldierscelebrate their victory atop Hill 89, site of the japanese com­mand post on Okinawa, after the official flag-raising on 27june 1945, which marked the end of the Battle for Okinawa.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHEADQUARTERS U.S. MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20380

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

24

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New York Times Reporter Wins 1985 Heini Award

T he winner of the Marine Corps Historical Foun-dation's fifth annual Colonel Robert D. Heinl, Jr.,

Memorial Award in Marine Corps History is Thomas L.Friedman of the New York Times, for his "America'sFailure in Lebanon," which appeared in the New YorkTimes Magazine, 8 April 1984. Honorable mentions goto MSgt Tom Bartlett, USMC (Ret) for his series, "TheIronman," in the July, August, and September 1984issues of Leatherneck, and to Maj James F. Holden-Rhodes, USAR, for "In Many a Strife ...," in theNovember 1984 U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings.

Mr. Friedman receives $1,000 and a mounted, bronz-ed plaque. The two Honorable Mentions receivemounted plaques. The award is for "the best article perti-nent to Marine Corps history" published in 1984.

The Heinl Award was made possible by unsolicitedgifts to the Marine Corps Historical Foundation for thatpurpose. Continuation and expansion of the award pro-gram is dependent upon further donations to the fund.Persons desiring to nominate articles appearing in 1985for the next award, or in contributing to the fund, shouldwrite:

The Heinl Memorial Award FundMarine Corps Historical FoundationBuilding 58, Washington Navy YardWashington, D.C. 20374-0580

A s of 7 May, the MCHF has 914 members. Those whohave joined since the listing in the winter issue of

Fortitudine include:

T udging was by BGen F. Paul Henderson, USMC

J (Ret); Mr.J. Robert Moskin; and Col Allan R. Millett,1JSMCR. All three are well-known historians and chartermembers of the Foundation.

Gen Henderson was a member of the Commandant'sAdvisory Committee on Marine Corps History and hasbeen a frequent contributor to the Marine CorpsGazette. Mr. Moskin, former foreign editor with Lookmagazine, is the writer of the history, The U.S. MarineCorps Story. Col Millett, a professor of history at OhioState University, is the author of another well-receivedhistory of the Corps, Semper Fidelis.

Col Robert D. Heinl,Jr., for whom the award is nam-ed, died in May 1979. A distinguished Marine Corps of-ficer, journalist, and historian, he was a founder of theMarine Corps Historical Foundation.

Cot William L. Hendricks, USMCR (Ret)Maj William E. Mereness, USMCR (Ret)Col Albert von Kamp Gary, USMCR (Ret)Mr. J. Granger MacfarlaneCol Don E. Farkas, USMCR (Ret)Mr. Frank H. GloverC. Kent Olsen, M.D.Mr. Samuel B. Walton, Jr.Mr. Tedd ThomeyBGen Jay W. Hubbard, USMC (Ret)Mr. John I. Warner, Jr.Mr. Robert R. ManchesterCol Robert W. Kash,Jr., USMC (Ret)LtCol G. Truxton Ringe, USMCR (Ret)Mr. Hugh MacRaeCot Olin W. Jones, USMC (Ret)

(Continued on page 17)