News gathering.ppt

8/14/2019 News gathering.ppt

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News gathering and transmission


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News gathering

Human and technological component

Human: the vast amount of work that journalists andother people do to gather news

The editorial staff reporters and other journalistsin news organization

BBC has 2,000 journalists. 41/48 bureaux areoutside Britain, in India the scenario is the opposite

Reporters get information, develop a story andtransmit it to the news organisation


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News transmission

Kalpana Sharma (1986) adds: Technology, I believe,should not change the focus of journalism. Whateverthe form print, television, radio, internet what

matters is the perspective of the practitioners of thetrade. If, as journalists, we think our job is merely torelay bits of information to the general public, we areonly a little better than stenographers. If, on the

other hand, we believe that what we write can makea difference to peoples lives, then regardless of thetechnology we use, we can find ways of doing justthat.


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News transmission

News agencies used to transmit information throughcarrier pigeons

Today, Times of India has something called Speed

News reporters file a news brief with their mobilephones through a user id.

To an extent, technology has changed the nature ofnews


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News transmission historical development

1897 nascent television technology

1950s television news really takes off

1980s cable and satellite communications evolved

Internet (ARPANET) invented by the USDepartment of Defence in 1969

IBM sells the first personal computer in 1981

World wide web becomes available in 1994


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Printing technology

305 CE - The first wooden printing press China 1450 moveable type, Johannes Gutenberg

considered to be a revolution in modern masscommunication, even though China and Koreaalready used block printing and moveable types 100sof years earlier

1863 rotary printing press, linotype typesetting made

printing process faster Developments in photography aided the

development of tabloids

Personal computers 1970s, followed by Desktop

Publishing - DTP


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Telegraph


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Government of IndiaRegret mahatma Gandhi

was victim of shootingoutrage Gandhiji expired

yesterday evening

cremation will take placeSaturday 4 PM. Primeminister has broadcastSaturday 31st be observedas day of fasting and prayersuggest offices should closeentirely and flags half mast

from sunriseGovernment of IndiaRegret mahatma Gandhi

was victim of shootingoutrage Gandhiji expired

yesterday eveningcremation will take place

Saturday 4 PM. Primeminister has broadcastSaturday 31st be observedas day of fasting and prayersuggest offices should closeentirely and flags half mastfrom sunrise


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Telegraph

Archbishop languaging unprintably outleapt pulpitoutknocked vicar.

The Archbishop, using language entirely unfit for

publication, immediately leapt from the pulpit and,savagely attacking the vicar, knocked him out.

Cable message from London to Australia readObituary Jobson. There were five Jobsons in Whos

Who (reference publication of prominent people).Australian papers wiped out the entire clan.


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Telegraph

1793 Claude Chappe developed telgraphic signals

By 1810, 29 French cities were connected to Paris

Initially it was just electricity passing over wire for

signalling purposes 1830 Cooke and Wheatstone used it as a warning

system for the railways

1830, Samuel Morse developed a code Morse Codea system of long and short signals for the Englishalphabet. Used to send messages through thetelegraph for a 100 years


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Telegraphic news

Domestic telegraph networks developed first, laterinternational networks were set up

1831 The first submarine cable link across theEnglish Channel connecting Britain to Europe

1854 France and Algeria

1866 North America and Europe

1872 Australia and the UK via India

1873 in South America 1880 in eastern and southern Africa

Early 1900s, whole globe telegraphically connected


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Telegraph - impact

Separation of communication fromtransportation until the telegraph, evennews was sent by train or by carrier pigeons

Social effects: collecting news from all over thecountry and news was shaped for a nationalaudience, aiding national integration.

Also used to expand colonial empires in Africa, Asia,

South America, North America


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Telegraph - impact on news

Introduced first in American newspapers in 1844. for100 years, it was the fastest means of relayinginformation

Timely relay of information of recent events. Helpedlaunch major increases in daily circulations of n.p.

Telegraph also led to the evolution of the INVERTEDPYRAMID style of news writing: most important

information was written in the first two paragraphs.in case there was an interruption in cabletransmission, imp info would have made it through


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Telegraph impact on news

Because of costs of transmission for individual n.p.and lack of resources, a system of cooperationemerged: News Agencies.

Associated Press in 1846, USA 6 large n.p.s Havas Agency (AFP) in 1835, France. For 10 years, it

used carrier pigeons and railways to relay news

Reuters in Britain, others in Germany, Russia, Italy,

UK


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television

I find television

very educating.

Everytimesomebody turns on

the set, I go into

the other room andread a book.Groucho Marx


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Television technology

Essentially an image is scanned with a beam of light top to bottom and left to right to produce an electricalsignal. The electrical signal is amplified and transmitted

by radio waves or along cables. The cathode ray tube

reproduces the image at the receiver TELSTAR satellite enabled transmission of transatlantic

tv signals in 1962

Fiber optic cables in 1970s. Carries more data than

copper wires. Today forms the core of cable andtelephone networks

Digital television is cheaper


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Satellite news gathering (SNG)

ENG/ SNGelectronic devices that allow journaliststo broadcast from remote locations

How it works: a mobile communications device

equipped with two-way audio and video transmittersand receivers which are beamed at geo-stationarysatellites through dish antennas.

First developed in 1970s. But it was analog signals,

replaced by digital technology in the 1990s. Falklands Islands (1982) and Gulf War (1990/91)

Outdoor Broadcasting vans OB vans


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Role of journalism in a tech-savvy world

Alan Rusbridger news media should not dispensecommoditised news, because it is freely available

So we ought not to spend our efforts doing that, weought to spend our efforts on what we alone can do.So investigative reporting, informed commentaryand analysis becomes important, finding out things

which are difficult to find out and which require theskills that we have becomes more important.


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Internet news goes hyper local

Washington Post in 2007, started a section forLoudoun County, Virginia state.

All of 2,72,000 people church schedules,

restaurant menus, high school sports


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References

News Writing and Reporting, Bruce Itule and DouglasAnderson

Key Concepts in Journalism Studies, Franklin, Hamer,Hanna, Kinsey and Richardson

Journalism, Sarah Niblock Trafigura fiasco tears up textbook, The Guardian, 14 October,

2009

Journalism, J.J. Astor

The International Encyclopaedia of Communication, Vol VII

Encyclopaedia Brittanica

Indian Postal History 1947-1997 by Ashok Kumar Bayanwalahttp://stampsofindia.com/readroom/b006.htm
http://stampsofindia.com/readroom/b006.htmhttp://stampsofindia.com/readroom/b006.htm

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News gathering.ppt