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New Zealand Marine Studies Centre 978-0-473-39167-6 New Zealand Marine Studies Centre Waea: (03) 479 5826 5 r u $ W u ] v r µ ] } P } X X v Ì / µ v P ] W Á Á Á X u ] v X X v

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Page 1: New Zealand Marine Studies Centre 978-0-473-39167-6 New Zealand Marine Studies Centre Waea: (03) 479 5826 5 r u $ W u ] v r µ ] } P } X X v Ì / µ v P ] W Á Á Á X u ] v X X v
Page 2: New Zealand Marine Studies Centre 978-0-473-39167-6 New Zealand Marine Studies Centre Waea: (03) 479 5826 5 r u $ W u ] v r µ ] } P } X X v Ì / µ v P ] W Á Á Á X u ] v X X v

ISBN: 978-0-473-39167-6

New Zealand Marine Studies Centre

Waea: (03) 479 5826 5ͲŵĤƌĈŵĂƌŝŶĞͲƐƚƵĚŝĞƐΛŽƚĂŐŽĂĐŶnj

/ƉƵƌĂŶŐŝǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

,ĞŬƃƌĞƌŽŵĈŶŐĈŬĂŝĂŬŽŵĞŶŐĈŵĈƚƵĂ,ĞƉƵŬĂŵĂŚŝƚĤŶĞŝĞǁŚĂŬĂĂƚƵĂŶĂŝŶŐĈŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞŵĞŶŐĈƟƉƵĞŶŽŚŽĂŶĂŝŶŐĈƚĂŬƵƚĂŝŬƃƌĂŚĂŽŽƚĞĂƌŽĂDĈŶŐĈƉŝŬŝƟĂĞĈƚĂǁŚĂŬĂĂŚƵĂŝŶŐĈǁĈŚŝŶŽŚŽŽĤŶĞŝŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞĈŵĈŶŐĈƚŽŚƵĞŵƃŚŝŽĂŝƚĈƚŽƵŚĞĂŚĂŶŐĈƚƻŵŽŵŽŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞĞŶŽŚŽĂŶĂŝƚĞŬĂƌĞƚĂŝŽƚĞŬƃƌĂŚĂ<ĂŬŝƚĞŝŶŐĈƚƻŵŽŵŽǁŚĂŬĂƟŬŝŬĂŝŶŐĈƌĂƵƚĂŬŝŬĂŝŵĞŶŐĈĈŚƵĂƚĂŶŐĂŬŽŚŝŬĂŝŽŝĂŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞŵĞĈƌĈƚŽƵƌĂƵƚĂŬŝŚĞŝŬĂƌŽŝŶŐĈŬƃŶŝŚŝ,ĞŵĞĂĂŬŝĂŬŝŝŶŐĈƚĂŵĂƌŝŬŝŬŝƚĞǁŚĂŬĂĂŚƵĂŝƃƌĈƚŽƵǁŚĂŬĂĂƌŽŵŽŶŐĈƉŝŬŝƟĂĈŵĞǁŚĂŬĂƵƚƵŚŽŬŝŝŶŐĈƉĈƚĂŝŬĞŝŝĂǁŚĈƌĂŶŐŝ,ĞŬŽŚŝŶŐĂŬƃƌĞƌŽĂŶƃŬĞŝƚĞǁŚĂƌĂŶŐŝǁŚĂŬĂŵƵƚƵŶŐĂŽƚĞƉƵŬĂŵĂŚŝŶĞŝŵƃŶŐĈŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞƌĞƌĞŬĤDĈƚĞŵĂŚŝŝƚƃƚĂƚĂƵƌĂŶŐĂĂŬĞŵŽƚĞƚĂŬƵƚĂŝŵŽĂŶĂĞŬŝƚĞĂŝŬŽĞŝŶŐĈŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞĞŶŽŚŽĂŶĂŝŶŐĈƚĂŬƵƚĂŝŽƚƃŚĂƵŬĂŝŶŐĂ;ŚŽŶŽĂƚƵŬŝƚĞǁŚĈƌĂŶŐŝŝƉƵƌĂŶŐŝŽǁǁǁŵŵϮŶĞƚŶnjŵƃŶŐĈƚŽŚƵƚŽŚƵͿ<ŽĤƚĞŚŝǁŚĂŬĂĂƌŽŚĞŝŬƃƌĞƌŽƌĞƌŽŵĈƚĈƚŽƵŬŽŶŐĈĈŚƵĂƚĂŶŐĂŬĂƉĂŶŽŶŝŝƚĞƚĂŝĂŽŽĤŶĞŝŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞŵĞƚĞƉĈŶŐĂŽƚĤŶĞŝŬŝĂƌĈƚŽƵ<ĂƚĂĞĂĞŶŐĈƚĂŵĂƌŝŬŝƚĞǁĂŝŚĂŶŐĂŝƚĤƚĞŚŝƉĈŶƵŝĞǁŚĂŬĂĂŚƵĂĂŶĂŝƃƌĈƚŽƵǁŚĂŬĂĂƌŽŵŽƚƃƚĈƚŽƵƚĂŝĂŽ

ǁŚĂŬĂĂĞĂŶĂŬŝĂǁŚĂŬĂŵĂŚŝĂŶŐĈƉŝŬŝƟĂŝƚĞƉƵŬĂƉƵŬĂŶĞŝŵŽŶŐĈǁŚĂŬĂĂŬŽƌĂŶŐĂĂŶĂŬĤ

,ĞƉƻƚĞĂƚĈDŽďŝůKŝůEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚ>ŝŵŝƚĞĚŵŽŶŐĈŬĂƵƉĂƉĂĈͲŚĈƉŽƌŝĞƚĂƵƚŽŬŽĂŶĂŝŶŐĈŵĂŚŝŽƚĞtŚĂƌĞDĈƚĂŝDŽĂŶĂŽŽƚĞĂƌŽĂŶƃƚĞƚĂƵϮϬϬϴ,ĞŵĂŚĂŶŐĈƚƵŚŝŶŐĂƚĂŬƵƚĂŝŵŽĂŶĂŬƵĂƚĂƵƚŽŬŽŶĂĞDŽďŝůŬŽĤƚĞŚŝŽĤŶĞŝƚƵŚŝŶŐĂŬŽŶŐĈWƵŬĂƉƵŬĂƌĂƚĂŬŝŵŽŶŐĈƚĂŬƵƚĂŝŬƃƌĂŚĂŽƚĞZĂŬŝŵĞƚĞdĂŝdŽŶŐĂƚĞƉƵŬĂŵĂŚŝŬĂƵWƃŚĂƚƵŚĂƚƵƚĞƉƵŬĂŵĂŚŝŬĂƵWƃŚĂƚƵŚĂƚƵŬĂŬĂŝĂǁĂŝŝĂǁĂŝŵĞƚĞƉƵŬĂŵĂŚŝEŐĈ<ƃƌĂŚĂDĈŵŝŶŐĂ

<ĂƚĂĞĂĞŬŽĞƚĞƟŬŝĂƚƵŝĤŶĞŝƚƵŚŝŶŐĂŝƚĞŝƉƵƌĂŶŐŝŵŽƚĞŬŽƌĞƵƚƵŚŽŶŽĂƚƵŬŝƚĞǁŚĈƌĂŶŐŝŝƉƵƌĂŶŐŝŽǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

,ĞŬƃƌĞƌŽĂŶƃŵŽŶŐĈŵĂŚŝŽDŽďŝůŬŝƚĞǁŚĈƌĂŶŐŝŝƉƵƌĂŶŐŝŽ ǁǁǁŵŽďŝůĐŽŶnj

<ĂŚŽŶŽĂƚƵƚĞtŚĂƌĞDĈƚĂŝDŽĂŶĂŽŽƚĞĂƌŽĂŬŝƚĞdĞdĂƌŝWƻƚĂŝĂŽdĂŝŵŽĂŶĂŽdĞtŚĂƌĞtĈŶĂŶŐĂŽQƚĈŬŽƵŬĂǁŚĂŬĂĂŚƵĂƌĈƚŽƵŝƚĞŽƌĂŶŐĂƚĂŝŵŽĂŶĂŽŶŐĈǁĂŝŽŽƚĞĂƌŽĂŬŝƚĞdŽŶŐĂĈŬĂǁŚĂŬĂƉƵĂŬŝŝŶŐĈŵĈƚĂƵƌĂŶŐĂĞŚĈŶŐĂŝĂŶĂŬŝƚĞƚĂŝĂŽƚĂŝŵŽĂŶĂŽŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ<ŽƚĞƚĂŬĞŵĂƚƵĂŽƚĞŬĂƵƉĂƉĂŶĞŝŬŝĂŵĈƚĂƚĂƵŶŐĈƚĂŵĂƌŝŬŝŬŝŶŐĈĈŚƵĂƚĂŶŐĂŽƚĞƚĂŝĂŽƚĂŝŵŽĂŶĂtŚĂŬĂƉĈĂƚƵŬŝƚĞtŚĂƌĞDĈƚĂŝDŽĂŶĂŽŽƚĞĂƌŽĂƉĤŶĈŚĞƉĈƚĂŝĂŶƃĂŬŽƵƚŽƵ

/ǁĂŝŚĂŶŐĂƟĂƚĞƉƵŬĂŶĞŝĞŶŐĈŬĂŝŵĂŚŝŽƚĞtŚĂƌĞDĈƚĂŝDŽĂŶĂŽŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ ĈŶĈDĞůŝƐƐĂ^ŶŝĚĞƌƌĈƵĂŬŽdĞƐƐĂDŝůůƐŶŐĈǁŚĂŬĂĂŚƵĂ

EĈZĂŶŐŝŝƌŝĂĂƌĐůĂLJͲ<ĞƌƌŝǁŚĂŬĂŵĈŽƌŝ

ΞEĞǁĞĂůĂŶĚDĂƌŝŶĞ^ƚƵĚŝĞƐĞŶƚƌĞϮϬϭϳ

Page 3: New Zealand Marine Studies Centre 978-0-473-39167-6 New Zealand Marine Studies Centre Waea: (03) 479 5826 5 r u $ W u ] v r µ ] } P } X X v Ì / µ v P ] W Á Á Á X u ] v X X v

dƻŚƵƌĂƟĂŶŐĈŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞĞŶŽŚŽĂŶĂ ŝŶŐĈĈŬĂƵƉƃŚĂƌƵŽŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ

<ŽŚŝŬŽŚŝĂŶŐĈƤǁŚŝƌŝĞƉĈĂŶĂŬŝŶŐĈƚƻŵŽŵŽŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞĞŶŽŚŽĂŶĂŬŝƚĞŵĂƚĂŽƚĞŬĂƌĞƚĂŝĈŝƌĂƌŽŝŚŽĂŶƃŚŽŬŝƚĂƌĂƉƵŝŶŐĈƚƻŵŽŵŽŬĂŝŬĂŬĂŝŶŐŝĂĞƌĈƚŽƵĈƌĈƚŽƵƌĂƵƚĂŬŝŬŽŚŝŬĂŝŵĞĈƌĈƚŽƵƌĂƵƚĂŬŝŬĂƌŽŬƃŶŝŚŝ

DĂŚŝĂŶŐĈƚƻŵĂŚŝĈŬĂƌĂŬĂƌĂŝŶŐĈƉŝŬŝƟĂŬŝĂǁŚĂŝŵƃŚŝŽƚĂŶŐĂŬŽĞŵŽĤƚĞŚŝŽŶŐĈŵĂŚŝ

ǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

<ŝĂŽƌĂ<ŽZƵďLJĂŚĂƵŚĞdĈƌĈƉƵŶŐĂĂŚĂƵǁŚŝŶĂƟĂĂƵƚĞŚţƌĂƵƌĂƵŝŶŐĈŬƃƌĂŚĂŵĈŵŝŶŐĂ

Page 4: New Zealand Marine Studies Centre 978-0-473-39167-6 New Zealand Marine Studies Centre Waea: (03) 479 5826 5 r u $ W u ] v r µ ] } P } X X v Ì / µ v P ] W Á Á Á X u ] v X X v

ǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

ZĂƉƵĂŶŐĈƌƵĂƉĈƉĂŬĂŝƚĞƉĂƉĂŬƃƌĂŚĂƌĂŚĂ ŚĂƵƚŽŬŝĂŶĂƚĞŽŶĞƉƻŵĞƚĞƉĂƌƵŬƵĂŬĞƌŝĂĞ ŶŐĈƉĈƉĂŬĂŝŶŐĈƚŽŵŽŬĂŶŐĂŬŝƃƌĈƚŽƵƌƵĂ

DĈŶŐĈƌƵĂŶŐĈƉĈƉĂŬĂĞĈƌĂŝĞƟĂŬŝŵĂŝŝŶŐĈŬƃŶŝŚŝĈŚĞǁĈŚŝŵĈŬƻŵĈƌĈƚŽƵŝƚĞǁĈŬĂƟŵƵ ƚĞƚĂŝ

/ƚĞǁĈŬĂŚĂƉƻƚĞƉĈƉĂŬĂǁĂŚŝŶĞŚĞƟŶŝŵĞƚĞŵĂŶŽŶŐĈŚĤŬŝŬĂƚĂĞĂĞŝĂƚĞŬĂǁĞŝƚĞǁĈŬƃƚĂŚŝ

ZĂƉƵĂƚĞǁĂŚŝŶĞŝƚĞƉŝŬŝƟĂŶĞŝ<ŝƃǁŚĂŬĂĂƌŽŚĞĂŚĂƚƃŶĂǁŚŝŽƌĞŝŶƵŝĂŬĞŝƚƃƚĞƚĈŶĞǁŚŝŽƌĞ

ǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

whiore o te ƉĈƉĂŬĂǁĂŚŝŶĞ

whiore o te ƉĈƉĂŬĂƚĈŶĞ

Page 5: New Zealand Marine Studies Centre 978-0-473-39167-6 New Zealand Marine Studies Centre Waea: (03) 479 5826 5 r u $ W u ] v r µ ] } P } X X v Ì / µ v P ] W Á Á Á X u ] v X X v

ZĂƉƵĂƚĞĂŶŐĂĂŶŐĂŽƚĞŶŐĂƚĂƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ/ƚĞŶŐĂƚĂĞǁŚĈŶĂƵƉĤƉŝĂŶĂŬĂŚƵƌŝŝĂŝƌŽƚŽŝƚĞŽŶĞƉƻĈŬĂǁĂŝŚĂŶŐĂŝĂŝƚĤƚĞŚŝƚƻŵŽŵŽŬĂƌĂŝƌŽƚŽŝƚĞŽŶĞƉƻ/ŵƵĂŝƚĞƉĂŬĞŬĞƚĂŶŐĂŽŶŐĈŶŐĂƚĂŬĂŶŽŚŽƌĈƚŽƵŚĞŝƚƻŵŽŵŽƚŽƌŽŶŐƻĞŬĂƵŚŽĞŚĂĞƌĞĂŶĂŝƚĞǁĂŝ

ǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

tŚĂŬĂƌĂƵƉĂƉĂƟĂŶŐĈǁĈŚĂŶŐĂŽƚĞŽƌĂŶŐĂŽƚĞŶŐĂƚĂƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ

<ĂƌĂŚĤŬŝ tĈŚĂŶŐĂƚŽƌŽŶŐƻ EŐĂƚĂƌĂŶŐĂƚĂŚŝ EŐĂƚĂƉĂŬĞŬĞ EŐĂƚĂƉĂŬĞŬĞĞǁŚĈŶĂƵ

ŚĤŬŝĂŶĂ

Page 6: New Zealand Marine Studies Centre 978-0-473-39167-6 New Zealand Marine Studies Centre Waea: (03) 479 5826 5 r u $ W u ] v r µ ] } P } X X v Ì / µ v P ] W Á Á Á X u ] v X X v

dŝƌŽŚŝĂŶŐĈƚĂƵŶĂŬŝƚĂŶŐĂŽŶŐĈǁĈŚŝŬĂŝĂƚĞŶŐĂƚĂƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ<ĂŬĂŝƌĈƚŽƵŝŶŐĈƟƉƵŵĞƌŽǁŚĞƚĂƵŝƚĞŬĂƌĞƚĂŝŽƚĞƉĂƌƵĈŝĂƌĈƚŽƵĞŶĞŬĞŶĞŬĞŚĂĞƌĞĂŶĂŬĂǁĂŝŚƃƟĂĞƌĈƚŽƵƚĤƚĞŚŝĂƵƚƃƟŬŽ

ǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

tŚĂŬĂŝŶŐŽĂƟĂŶŐĈƉŝŬŝƟĂŽŶŐĈŶŐĂƚĂĞŬĂŝĂŶĂ

EŐĂƚĂƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ ŶŐĂŬƃƌĂŚƵ EŐĂƚĂŚĈŽŶĂ

Page 7: New Zealand Marine Studies Centre 978-0-473-39167-6 New Zealand Marine Studies Centre Waea: (03) 479 5826 5 r u $ W u ] v r µ ] } P } X X v Ì / µ v P ] W Á Á Á X u ] v X X v

,ĞŬĂŝŚĂŵƵŶŐĈŬĂǁĂƌŝŬƃƌĂŚƵŬĂŬĂŝŶŐŝĂĞƌĈƚŽƵŶŐĈƉĈƌƵƌĞŶŐĂŬƵĂŵĂƚĞƉĤŶĈƚŽŶƵŝƚĞƉĈƉĂŬĂŵĞƚĞƚƻĂŶŐŝƚĂƟƟƌŽŵƃƃƌĈƚŽƵŶŐŽŶŐŽƉĂŶŐŽŬĂǁŚĂŬĂŵĂŚŝĂĞƌĈƚŽƵŬŝƚĞŚŽŶŐŝŚĂĞƌĞŝŶŐĈƚƻŵŽŵŽŬĂŝ

ǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

tŚĂŬĂŝŶŐŽĂƟĂƚĤƚĞŚŝŽŶŐĈŶŐŽŶŐŽŬĂŝĂŶĂŶŐĈŶŐĂƚĂŝƚĞĂŚĂ

dŽŬŽŚŝĂŶŐĈŬĂǁĂƌŝĞŚĈŬĂƌŝĂŶĂ

Page 8: New Zealand Marine Studies Centre 978-0-473-39167-6 New Zealand Marine Studies Centre Waea: (03) 479 5826 5 r u $ W u ] v r µ ] } P } X X v Ì / µ v P ] W Á Á Á X u ] v X X v

,ĞƉĂƉĂƚĈŬŽƌŽƚĞƉĂƉĂŬƃƌĂŚƵƌĂŚƵŵŽŶŐĈŝŬĂ ƌĂŶŐĂƚĂŚŝ<ĂŚƵŶĂŶŐĈƌŝŵƵƌŝŵƵŝŶŐĈŝŬĂ ŝĂƌĈƚŽƵĞƚĂƚĂƌŝĂŶĂŬŝƃƌĈƚŽƵŬĂŝ

<ĂǁŚĂŬĂŵĂŚŝĂĞŶŐĈŝŬĂŚƻŵĞŶŐĂŽƌĈƚŽƵ ŶŐŽŶŐŽƚƵĂŚĈƉŝƌŝƉŝƌŝŚĞŝǁĞƌŽŝĈƌĈƚŽƵ ƉĈƌƵƌĞŶŐĂŬŝĂƉĂƌĂƌĂŝŚĂƟĂƌĈƚŽƵ

ǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

tŚĂŬĂŝŶŐŽĂƟĂŶŐĈŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞŵĞŶŐĈƟƉƵŝƚĞƉŝŬŝƟĂŶĞŝ

/ƉĤŚĞĂŝƌŝƌŽĂŝĞƚĞŝŬĂŵŽĂŵŽĂŝƚƃŶĂŝŶŐŽĂ

<ĂŚƵŶĂŶŐĈŝŬĂŵŽĂŵŽĂŝƌĂƌŽŝŚŽŝƚĞƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ<ŽƚƃŶĂǁĂŚĂŵĞƃŶĂŬĂƌƵŶŽĂŝŚŽŬĂŬŝƚĞĂŝĂŝĂĞƚĂƚĂƌŝĂŶĂŬŝƚĞŚŽƉƵŝŶŐĈŶŽŬĞŽƚĞŵŽĂŶĂ

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,ĞƟŶŽƉƻŬĞŶŐĂƚĞƌĂƉƵŝŬĂƉĈƌĂŚĂƌĂŚĂŝƚĞƉĂƉĂŬƃƌĞŚƵƌĞŚƵ<ĂƉĂŶŽŶŝƌĈƚŽƵŝƃƌĈƚŽƵƚĂĞŬŝĂƌŝƚĞƚŽŶƵŬŝƚĤƌĈŽƚĞƚĂŝĂŽ

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dŽŬŽŚŝĂŶŐĈŝŬĂƉĈƌĂŚĂƌĂŚĂŝƚĞƉŝŬŝƟĂŶĞŝ

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DĈŶŐĈƚƻŵŽŵŽŽƌĂŶŐĂŝƚĞŬĂƌĞƚĂŝŽƚĞƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵĞŵƃŚŝŽĂŝƚĈƚŽƵŚĞĂŚĂŬĤĞŚƵŶĂĂŶĂŬŝƌĂƌŽŝŚŽ<ŽŶŐĈŚƻŵĞŶŐĂŬƃƌĞŚƵƌĞŚƵŬĂŬŝƚĞĂŝƚĞŬĂƌĞƚĂŝŚĞƚŽŚƵŽƚĞƚƻĂŶŐŝ

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dĈŝĂƚĤƚĞŚŝƚƻĂŶŐŝĈǁŚĂŬĂŝŶŐŽĂƟĂƃŶĂǁĈŚĂŶŐĂ

ŶŐĂ tĂĞǁĂĞ EŐŽŶŐŽ5ŶŝŚŝ

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/ƚĞŚĂŶŝŬƵƌĂĞŬĂŝĂŶĂŬĂǁĂŝŚƃŝĂŝƚĤƚĞŚŝƚĂƉƵǁĂĞƃƌŝƚĞƚŽŶƵŬŝƚĤƌĈŽƚĞŵĂŶƵŬŝƚĞŬĂƌĞƚĂŝWŽƌŽǁŚŝƚĂŚŝĂŶŐĈƤǁŚŝƌŝĞŵƃŚŝŽĂŝŬŽĞŝƚĞǁĈŚŝŶŽŚŽŽƚĞŚĂŶŝŬƵƌĂ

tŚĂŬĂŝŶŐŽĂƟĂŶŐĈĂŶŐĂƌĞƌĞŬĤ

<ŽŶŐĈŵĈƚĂŝƚĂŝƉĤŶĈŝƚĞƉŝƉŝŵĞƚĞŚĂŶŝŬƵƌĂŬĂŬĞƌŝ ŝĂƌĈƚŽƵĂŶƃŝƌĂƌŽŝƚĞŽŶĞƉƻŵĞƚĞƉĂƌƵŬŝƚĞ ŚŽŚŽŶƵƚĂŶŐĂĞƟŬĂĂŶĂŵƃĂƌĈƚŽƵŶŐŽŶŐŽ <ĂƚŽƌŽĂƚƵƌĈƚŽƵŝŶŐĈŶŐŽŶŐŽĞƌƵĂŬŝƚĞ ŬĂƌĞƚĂŝͲŬŽƚĤƚĞŚŝŚĞŝŶŐŽŶŐŽŝƚĞǁĂŝŵĞ ƚĞŬĂŝĈŬŽƚĤƌĈĂƚƵŚĞŝǁŚŝƵŝŶŐĈ ŵĂƌĂŵĂƌĂ

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,ĞƵĂƵĂŬĂŬŝƚĞŝƚĞŵĂŚĂŽŶŐĈŶŽŬĞŝƚĞƚĂŬƵƚĂŝŵŽĂŶĂŚĤŽŝĂŶƃŬŽƌĈƚŽƵĤƌĈĞŚƵŶĂĂŶĂŝƌĂƌŽŝŚŽŝƚĞƉĂƌƵͲƌĂƉƵĂŶŐĈƤǁŚŝƌŝ<ĂŵĈŬĂƟĂƚĞƉĂƌĂŬƵĂŶŝŬŽĂĞƚĞƚŽŬĞŵŽĂŶĂŝƚƃŶĂǁĈŚŝŶŽŚŽ

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<ŽƚĤŚĞĂƉŝƚŽƚĞƻƉŽŬŽŽƚĞƚŽŬĞŵŽĂŶĂ,ĞĂŚĂĂŝtŚĂŬĂŝŶŐŽĂƟĂƚĞƻƉŽŬŽŵĞƚĞǁŚŝŽƌĞŽƚĞƚŽŬĞŵŽĂŶĂ

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ǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

<ĂŬĂŝŶŐĈƚŽŬĞŵŽĂŶĂţŶĂŶŐĂŬŝƌĂƌŽŝŚŽŝƚĞƉĂƌƵĈŬĂƟŬŽŝƚĞŬĂƌĞƚĂŝ<ĂŚĈƉĂŝƚĞƟŬŽŽƚĞƚŽŬĞŵŽĂŶĂŝƚĞ ŚĂƵŽƌĂŽƚĞƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ

<ĂǁŚĂŬĂŵĂŚŝŶŐĈŶŽŬĞƌŝŵƵƌĂƉĂŝƃƌĈƚŽƵŬĂǁĞŬĂǁĞŬŝƚĞŬŽŚŝŝŶŐĈŬĂŝƌĞƌĞŬĤŵĂŝŝƚĞƉĂƉĂ

,ĞĂŚĂŶŐĈŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞŬĂŬĂŝŝŶŐĈŶŽŬĞ

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<ĂƉƵƚĂŶŽĂŶŐĈŬŽƵƌĂƌĂŶŐŝŶƵŝŝŽƌĈƚŽƵƌƵĂŝƚĞǁĈŬĂƉĂƌŝƚĞƚĂŝtŚĂŬĂŬĂƌĂŝŶŐĈǁĈŚĂŶŐĂŽƚĞŬŽƵƌĂƌĂŶŐŝŬĂǁŚĂŬĂŵĂŚŝĂĞŝĂŬŝƚĞŚŽƉƵŝƃŶĂŬĂŝ

<ĂŚƵŶĂŶŐĈŬŽƵƌĂƌĂŶŐŝŝƌŽƚŽŝƚĞƉĂƌƵŝƚĞǁĈŬĂƟŵƵƚĞƚĂŝĤŶŐĂƌŝŬĂŬŝƚĞƚŽŶƵŝƃƌĈƚŽƵƌƵĂ,ĞŵĈƚĞƌƵĂŽƚĞŬŽƵƌĂƌĂŶŐŝŶƵŝ<ŽƚĞƌƵĂĂŶƃŶĞŝŚĞƉƵŝĂƚƃŶĂŚĂŶŐĂŚĞƚŽŚƵŽƚĞŬŽƵƌĂƌĂŶŐŝŬĤŚƵĂ

ZƵĂŬŽƵƌĂƌĂŶŐŝŶƵŝ

ZƵĂŬŽƵƌĂƌĂŶŐŝŬĤŚƵĂ

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DĞƉĤŚĞĂŬŽĞĞŚŽƉƵŝƚĤƚĞŚŝŶŐĈƌĂƌĂƉĞŬĞƉĞŬĞƉĂƌƵ<ĂƵĂĞǁĂƌĞǁĂƌĞŚĞŝƟŶŽĂƚĞŚĂŶŐĂŽƚĞŶŐĈƌĂƌĂŶĞŝ

<ŽŶŐĈƉƵŬĞƉĂƌƵŬĂŬŝƚĞĂŝƚĞŵŽĂŶĂŶŐĈƌƵĂŽŶŐĈŶŐĈƌĂƌĂƉĞŬĞƉĞŬĞƉĂƌƵ,ĞǁŚĈŶĂƵŶŐĂŶŽƚĞŶŐĈƌĂƌĂƉĞŬĞŽŶĞƉƻŽƚĞƚĂŬƵƚĂŝŽŶĞƉƻŚĞƃƌŝƚĞƚĞƚĂĞŽƚĞŬŝƌŝŽƚĞŶŐĈƌĂƌĂŬŝƚĞƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵĞŶŽŚŽŝĂĂŶĂĞŝĂ

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<ĂǁŚĂŬĂŵĂŚŝĂĞŶŐĈŵĂŶƵŶŐĈĈŬĂƵŽŶĞƉƻŵĞŶŐĈĈŬĂƵƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵŚĞŝƉĂƉĂŬĂŝdŝƌŽŚŝĂƚĞƌĂŚŝŽĂƌĈƚŽƵǁĂŚĂĈŚĞĂŚĂŚŽŬŝƉĞĂĤƚĞŚŝŽŶŐĈŬĂŝŬĂŬĂŝŶŐĂĞƌĈƚŽƵ

DĞǁŚĂŬĂŝŶŐŽĂŵĞǁŚĂŬĂŬĂƌĂŚŽŬŝŝŶŐĈŵĂŶƵŝƚĞƉŝŬŝƟĂ

tĈŶĂƉĂŶŐŽDĂƚƵŬƵdĂŝ <ƃƚĂƌĞdƃƌĞĂ dĂƌĈƉƵŶŐĂ dƵƌƵƚƵƌƵƉŽƵƌĞǁĂ

ǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

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dĂƚĂƵƌŝĂŶŐĈƟƉƵŵĞŶŐĈŬĂƌĂƌĞŚĞƌĞƌĞŬĤĞ ŶŽŚŽĂŶĂŝƚƃƚĂŬƵƚĂŝŵŽĂŶĂ

ƌŽƚƵƌƵŬŝƟĂŶŐĈƌĞƌĞŬĤƚĂŶŐĂŽƚĞƚĂŝĂŽŽƚĞ ŵŽĂŶĂǁŚĂŬĂŵĂŚŝĂƚĞŬĂƵƉĂƉĂDĂƌŝŶĞDĞƚƌĞ^ƋƵĂƌĞĚŬŝĂǁŚĂŝŵĈƌĂŵĂƚĂŶŐĂŬŽĞŵŽŶŐĈ ĈŚƵƚĂŶŐĂŽƚĞƚĂŝĂŽǁǁǁŵŵϮŶĞƚŶnj

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<ĂƵƚĞƟĂŶŐĈŵĞĂƌĞƌĞŬĤŝƌŽƚŽŝƚĞƚĂƉĂǁŚĈ;d5t,/Z/"ŚĂƌĂŝƚĞŵĞĂŬƃƚĂŚŝĂŶĂŬĤƚĞŵŽŵŽŽŝĂŵĞĂͿ

WĈƉĂŬĂŶĂWĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ WĈƉĂŬĂZƵĂWĂƌƵ ZƵĂEŽŬĞ EŐĂƚĂWĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ ,ƻŵĞŶŐĂWĂƌƵ <ĂǁĂƌĞWĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ dƻĂŶŐŝ

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WĈƉĂŬĂĂŶĂƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ Ͳ <ŽƃŶĂŬĂƌƵŬĞŝƌƵŶŐĂŝŶŐĈŬĂŬĂƵĞƌƵĂŬŝĂŬŝƚĞŝĂŝǁĂŚŽĂƚƵŽƚƃŶĂƌƵĂEĈƚĞĈŚƵĂŽƚƃŶĂĂŶŐĂƚĤƚĈĞĂƚĞŬŝƚĞŝĂŝĂŝƚĞƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ

EŐĂƚĂ,ĈŽŶĂͲ,ĞŝƟŚĞƚƻƉƵŚŝŚĞǁŚĞƵƌŝŚŽŬŝƚƃŶĂƚĂŝ<ĂŬŝƚĞĂƚĞŶŐĂƚĂŶĞŝŝƚĞƉĂƌƵŝǁĂĞŶŐĂŝŶŐĈŬƁŚĂƚƵŚŽŬŝ<ĂŬĂŝ ŝĂ ŝŶŐĈƉƻŬŽŚƵǁĂŝ

EŐĂƚĂWĂƌƵƉĂƌƵͲ<ĂŬĂŝƚĞŶŐĂƚĂŶĞŝ ŝ ƚĞǁĈŬĂƟŵƵƚĞ ƚĂŝĈŬĂŚƵŶĂŝĂŝĂĂŶƃŝƚĞǁĈŬĂƉĂƌŝƚĞƚĂŝ<ĂŬĂŝ ŝĂ ŝŶŐĈƟƉƵ ŝƟŶĞŝĞŶŽŚŽĂŶĂŝƚĞŬĂƌĞƚĂŝ

<ĂǁĂƌŝWĂƌƵƉĂƌƵͲŚĞŬĂŝŚĂŵƵͲŚĂŵƵ ƚĤŶĞŝ ŬĈǁĂƌŝ <Ă ŚƵŶĂ ŝĂŝ ƌĂƌŽ ŝ ƚĞƉĂƌƵĈ ŬĂƉƵƚĂ ŝĂŬŝƚĞŬĂŝŬŝƚĞŚŽŶŐŝŝĂŝƚĤƚĞŚŝŵĞĂƉŝƌĂƵ

EŐĂƚĂ WĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ ŬĂŝŵĂŶŐĂ Ͳ <ĂŬŝƚĞĂ ƚĤŶĞŝ ŶŐĂƚĂ ŬĂŝŵĂŶŐĂ ŝŶŐĈ ƚĂŚĂƚĂŚĂ Ž ƚĞ ƌŝŵƵƌŝŵƵ / ƚĞǁĈŬĂƟŵƵƚĞ ƚĂŝŚĞŬƵĂŚĂƉĂŬƵƉĂŬƵ ŶĞŝ ƚĞ ŚĂŶŐĂ ŬĂŚĂŶŐĂŝĂ Ğ ƚĞ ŶŐĂƚĂ ŶĞŝ Ŭŝ ŬŽƌĞƚƃŶĂŬŝƌŝĞŵĈƌŽŬĞŚĂĞƌĞ

DŽĂŵŽĂͲ,ĞŶƵŝƚƃŶĂŚĂŶŐĂŬĂŚƵŶĂŝĂŝƌĂƌŽŝƚĞƉĂƌƵƌŝƚĞƚŽŶƵŬŝƚĞƉĈƟŬŝ<ĂƟƉƵŝĂŬŝƚĞϰϱĐŵ

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WĈƟŬŝ Ͳ <Ă ŶŽŚŽ ŶŐĈ ŝŬĂƉĈƌĂŚĂƌĂŚĂ ŝ ŶŐĈ ǁĂŝ ƉĂƉĂŬƵĤŶŐĂƌŝ ŚĞ ƵĂƵĂ ŬĂ ŬŝƚĞ ŝ Ă ŝĂŬŝ ƚĞ ŬŽƌĞ ŝĂ Ğ ŶƵŬƵ ŚĂĞƌĞ <ĂƉĂŶŽŶŝƟĂ Ğ ŶŐĈ ƉĈƟŬŝ Ž ƌĈƚŽƵƚĂŝ ŬŝĂ ƃƌŝƚĞ Ŭŝ ƚĞ ƚĂŝĂŽ Ğ ŶŽŚŽĂŶĂĂŝĂ<ĂŚƵŶĂƌĈƚŽƵŝŽƌĈƚŽƵƉĂŝŚĂƵŬŝƌĂƌŽŝƚĞƉĂƌƵŬŝĂŬŽƌĞƌĈƚŽƵĞŬŝƚĞĂĞƚĞƚĂŶŐĂƚĂ

WĂŝŚĂƵ dŽƌƵ Ͳ <Ă ŬŝƚĞĂ ŝĂ ŝ ŶŐĈƉƵŶĂ ŝ ƚĞŬƃƌĂŚĂŬĂƉĂŶŽŶŝ ŝĂ ŝƚƃŶĂŬŝƌŝŬŝĂƌŝƚĞƚŽŶƵƚƃŶĂĈŚƵĂŬŝƚĞƚĂŝĂŽ

EŐĈƌĂƌĂWĞŬĞƉĞŬĞͲ<ĂŶŽŚŽƚĞŶŐĈƌĂƌĂƉĞŬĞƉĞŬĞŝƌĂƌŽŝŚŽŝƚĞŬĂƌĞƚĂŝŬŽƚƃŶĂŬĂŝŚĞƌŝŵƵƌŝŵƵŚĞŝŬĂƉŝƌĂƵƌĈŶĞŝ<ĂƉĞŬĞƉĞŬĞŚĂĞƌĞ ƌĈƚŽƵ ƉĤŶĈ ƌĈƚŽƵ ŬĂǁŚĂŬĂƌĂƌƵĂĞƚĤƚĞŚŝŵĞĂ

<ŽƵƌĂZĂŶŐŝ<ĤŚƵĂͲ<ĂŬĞƌŝŝĂŝƚĤƚĞŚŝ ƌƵĂŚĞϲϬĐŵ ƚĞŚŽŚŽŶƵ<ŽƚĞƚŽŵŽŬĂŶŐĂŚĞƌŝƚĞƚŽŶƵŬŝƚĞƉƵŝĂ

<ŽƵƌĂZĂŶŐŝEƵŝ Ͳ<ĂŬĞƌŝĂĞ ŝĂƚĤƚĞŚŝ ƌƵĂƉŽƵƚƻĈŬĂǁĞŚĞ ŝĂŝƚĞƌƵĂŝƚĞǁĈŬĂƉĂƌŝƚĞƚĂŝ,ĞǁŚĞƌŽ ƚĞ ƻƉŽŬŽ Ž ƚĞ ǁĂŚŝŶĞĈŚĞŬĈŬĂƌŝŬŝ ƚƃŶĂ ƚƵĂƌĂ<Ž ƚĞƚĈŶĞŚĞĈŚƵĂŵĂŶŐƵƚƃŶĂĈŚƵĂ

,ƻŵĞŶŐĂ <ŽƌĂŚĂ Ͳ ,Ğ ŝƟ ƚƃŶĂŚĂŶŐĂ ŚĞ ƉĂƌĂƵƌŝ ƚƃŶĂ ƚĂŝ <ĂƉŝƌŝĂƚƵŝĂŬŝŶŐĈŵĞĂŵĈƌŽƉĤŶĈŝƚĞƚƻĂŶŐŝŬŝĂŬŽƌĞŝĂĞŚŽƌŽŝĂĞƚĞǁĂŝ

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ǁǁǁŵĂƌŝŶĞĂĐŶnj

tĈŶĂWĂŶŐŽͲ,ĞŵĂŶƵŵĂŶŐƵŶƃ ŚŝƚĞƌĞŝƌŝĂ ŚĞ ǁŚĞƌŽ ŚŽŬŝƚƃŶĂǁĂŚĂ<ŽƃŶĂŬĂŝŚĞƉĈƟƟŵŽĂŶĂ ŚĞ ƟƉƵ ŚŽŬŝ <Ž ƚƃŶĂŬƃĂŶŐĂŚĞƌĈŬĂƵŚĞƉĈƤƤŚŽŬŝ

<ĂƌŽƌŽ Ͳ ,Ğ ŵĂŚĂ ŶŐĈ ŬĂƌŽƌŽƌĞƌĞŬĤ ŝŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ<Ž ƚĞŬĂƌŽƌŽǁĂŚĂ ƉĂŶŐŽ ƚĞ ŵĞĂ ŶƵŝ ƌĂǁĂŚĞŬƃǁŚĂŝƃŶĂǁĂĞǁĂĞŚĞŵĈƃŶĂ ƌĂƵŬƵƌĂ Ĉ ŚĞ ƉĂŶŐŽ ƃŶĂƉĂƌŝƌĂƵ <Ž ƚĞ dĂƌĈƉƵŶŐĂ ƚĞŬĂƌŽƌŽ ǁŚĞƌŽ ŚĞ ǁŚĞƌŽ ƚƃŶĂǁĂŚĂ ŵĞ ƃŶĂ ǁĂĞǁĂĞ Ĉ ŚĞŬŝǁŝŬŝǁŝƃŶĂƉĂƌŝƌĂƵ

DĂƚƵŬƵtĂŝƚĂŝ Ͳ<ĂŬŝƚĞĂ ƚĤŶĞŝŵĂŶƵ ŝ ŶŐĈ ƚĂƚĂŚĂ Ž ƚĞ ǁĂŝƚĂŝŬŝ ƌĞŝƌĂ ŝĂ ŬŽŚŝ ŬĂŝ Ăŝ <Ž ƚƃŶĂŬƃĂŶŐĂŬĞŝƌƃƌĈŬĂƵ

<ƃƚĂƌĞͲ<ĂŶŽŚŽŝĂŬŝƌƃƌĈŬĂƵŬŝƌƵŶŐĂƌĈŶĞŝ ŝŶŐĈƉŽƵŬŝĂĈƚĂŵĈƚĂŬŝŝĂŝŶŐĈŵĞĂŚĞŝŬĂŝŵƃŶĂ<ŽƚƃŶĂŬƃĂŶŐĂŬĞŝƌƃƌĈŬĂƵŬĞŝŶŐĈƚĂŚĂƚĂŚĂŽƚĞŚŝǁŝƌĈŶĞŝ

dƃƌĞĂ Ͳ ,Ğ ƉĂŶŐŽ ŚĞ ŵĈ ŚŽŬŝƃŶĂ ƚĂĞ ,Ğ ƌŽĂ ƚƃŶĂǁĂŚĂ ŬŝĂŵĈŵĈŶŽĂƚƃŶĂŬŽŚŝŬĂŝ

dƵƌƵƚƵƌƵ WŽƵƌĞǁĂ Ͳ <Ă ŶŽŚŽĤŶĞŝŵĂŶƵŬŝŶŐĈŶŐƵƚƵĂǁĂŬŽƚƃŶĂŬƃĂŶŐĂŚĞƚĂƚĂŬŝƚĞǁĂŝ<ĂŬĂŝŝĂŝŶŐĈŶŽŬĞŶŐĈƉŝƉŝŵĞŶŐĈƟŽŚŽŬŝ

dƻĂŶŐŝ Ͳ ,Ğ ŬĂŝ ŶƵŝ ƚĤŶĞŝ ŽŽƚĞĂƌŽĂ <Ă ƌĂƉƵĂ ƚĞ ƚƻĂŶŐŝŝ ƌĂƌŽ ŝŚŽ ŝ ƚĞŽŶĞƉƻ ŝ ƚĞǁĈŬĂƟŵƵƚĞƚĂŝ

WŝƉŝͲ<ĂŬŝƚĞĂƚĞƉŝƉŝŝŶŐĈǁĈŚŝŽŶĞŽŶĞ ,Ğ ŵĂĞŶĞĞŶĞ ƚƃŶĂĂŶŐĂ

Hanikura Ͳ,ĞƚĂƉĂƚŽƌƵƚĞŚĂŶŐĂŬŝĂ ŵĈŵĈ ŶŽĂ ƚƃŶĂ ƚŽƚŽŚƵŝ ƚƃŶĂ ƌƵĂ <Ž ƚĤƚĞŚŝ Ž ƃŶĂŶŐŽŶŐŽŬĂŶŐŽƚĞŝŶŐĈŬĂŝĈŬĂǁĂŝŚƃŝƚĤƚĞŚŝŵŽŵŽƚĂƉƵǁĂĞŝƚĞŽŶĞƉƻĞƌŝƚĞĂŶĂŬŝƚĤƌĈŽƚĞŵĂŶƵ

EŽŬĞ /ŶĂŶŐĂ Ͳ ,Ğ ŶŽŬĞ ŝƟĞŶŽŚŽ ĂŶĂ ŝ ƌĂƌŽ ŝ ƚĞ ŬĂƌĞƚĂŝĈ ŬƵĂ ŚĂƵŵĂƌƵƟĂ ƚĞ ŶŽŬĞŝŶĂŶŐĂ Ğ ƚĤƚĞŚŝ ŵŽŵŽ ŚƵƉĞ<ŽƚĞƚŽŵŽŬĂŶŐĂŽƚƃŶĂƌƵĂŚĞƉƻŚĂŶŐĂƉĂƌƵƉĂƌƵ

EŽŬĞ ŶƵŝ Ͳ ,Ğ ŶŽŬĞ ŵƃŵŽŶĂŚĞ ƉĂƌĂƵƌŝ ƚƃŶĂ ƚĂŝ <Ă ƚĂŬŽƚŽƉĤƌĈŬŝ ƚĞŚĂŶŐĂŽ ƚĞ ƌĞƚĂhŬŝĞƚĂƚĂ ƚŽŶƵ ƚƃŶĂǁŚŝŽƌĞŵĞƚƃŶĂƻƉŽŬŽŬŝƚĞŬĂƌĞƚĂŝ<ĂŵƃŚŝŽƟĂƚƃŶĂŽƌĂŶŐĂŶĂŶŐĈŶŝŬŽƉĂƌƵ

EŽŬĞZŝŵƵƌĂƉĂ Ͳ<ĂŶŽŚŽ ŝĂŬŝŶŐĈƌƵĂ,ĞƌŝƚĞƚƃŶƵƚƃŶĂŚĂŶŐĂŬŝ ƚĞ ƉĈƌĂŽĂ ƌŝŵƵƌĂƉĂ <Ž ƃŶĂŶŐŽŶŐŽƚƵĂ ĂŵĂŬĤ ŬĂ ŬŝƚĞĂŵĂŶŐĈŶŐŽŶŐŽƚƵĂƃŶĂŬĂŝĞŬŽŚŝ

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