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NEW YORK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
NYIT School of Architecture and DesignGraduate Program in Urban and Regional Design
Urban Climate LabParis: Climate Resilient and Sustainable EcoDistrict
ARCH 703 Fall 2015Faculty : Jeffrey Raven
c 2015
COP21 Paris: Cooling A Hot City
Urban Climate LabARCH 703 Fall 2015School of Architecture and DesignNew York Institute of Technology
Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design
Extreme heat has joined the list of critical vulnerabilities that our cities must confront. 2014 was the hottest year on earth since record-keeping began and the 10 warmest years have all oc-curred since 1997. Meteorologists forecast that cities like Paris and New York City will gain 2-3 degrees C on average this century, which will alter urban livability and ecosystem health. With increased global urbanization and hotter cities, a central challenge for designers-plan-ners, scientists and policymakers will be to create healthy micro-climates for compact cities.The Urban Climate Lab at the NYIT Graduate Program in Urban & Regional Design explores the intersection of urban form, low-carbon cities, and climate to prepare future practitioners confront-ing a rapidly urbanizing world threatened by climate change. In 2014 and 2015, the Urban Cli-mate Lab completed climate-resilient urban design projects for districts in Brooklyn, New York City. Working in Paris during the COP21 international climate negotiations, the goal of this Ur-ban Climate Lab will be to explore climate-resilient urban design and planning strategies for a Paris district. The project will configure this district so that it can adapt and thrive in changing climate conditions, meet carbon-reduction goals, and sustain urban populations in compact settings. This emerging design practice integrates climate science, natural sys-tems, and compact urban form to configure dynamic, desirable, and healthy communities.
2003 Paris Heat Wave
2003 2080
Jun Jul Aug12 AM
5 AM
12 AM
6 PM
12 AM
Jun Jul Aug12 AM
5 AM
12 AM
6 PM
12 AM
25 27 29 32 34 36 38 41 43 45
CO
Temperature
25 27 29 32 34 36 38 41 43 45
CO
Temperature
Aug 3th Aug 3th
Aug 9th Aug 12th
15,000 DEATHS ??? DEATHS
O
PEAK TEMPERATURE - 40 CO
PEAK TEMPERATURE < 50 C
2003 Paris Heat Wave 2080 projected Paris Heat Wave
TYPICAL : PARIS
Temperature in Paris is usually below 25 C. Although Cities are bit warmer compared to its surroundings
Temperature in Paris rose above 40 C.Houses (usually of stone, concrete, or brick construction) do not warm too much during the daytime and radiate minimal heat at night, and air conditioning is usually un-necessary. During the heat wave, temperatures remained at record highs even at night, preventing the usual cooling cycle.
2003 HEAT WAVE: PARIS
CO
45
43
41
38
36
34
32
29
27
25
CO
45
43
41
38
36
34
32
29
27
25AUGUST 2006 AUGUST 9th, 2003
12 AM
6 PM
12 AM
12 AM
5 AM
Jun Jul Aug Jun Jul Aug
12 AM
6 PM
12 AM
12 AM
5 AM
12 AM
6 PM
12 AM
12 AM
5 AM
O
* SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre Database * SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre DatabaseTemperature over time (UTCI : Orly Airport) Temperature over time (UTCI : Orly Airport)
OO
Radiant Heat Map Radiant Heat Map
TYPICAL: Paris
Psychrometric chart Psychrometric chartWind Rose Wind Rose
Solar RadiationSolar Radiation
2003 HEAT WAVE: Paris
Paris is usually humid - Heat wave was very dry- Water bodies / Vegetation are important
- Lower speed variable winds- Non- directional
- Highly directional constant winds- Night breezes might be useful for cooling the city
- Cloudless and high sun intensity- Shading is important
- Temperature was very hot- Cool surfaces are needed to reduce the high air temperatureAir Temperature. < 30 CO
Air Temperature. > 30 CO
12 AM
6 PM
12 AM
12 AM
5 AM
12 AM
6 PM
12 AM
12 AM
5 AM
12 AM
6 PM
12 AM
12 AM
5 AM
12 AM
6 PM
12 AM
12 AM
5 AM
AugAug Aug Aug
2003 HEAT WAVE: Paris Project Site
2003 HEAT WAVE: ParisAerial View
Station
Rail Yard
Newly Developed Construction Sites
Station
Rail Yard
Newly Developed Construction Sites
Harmful land cover > 40 CO
Good land cover < 20 COVegetation
Parking Lots
The site is hot because of the rail yard. > 40 CO
AUGUST 9th, 2003* SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre Database
CO
45
43
41
38
36
34
32
29
27
25
CO
45
43
41
38
36
34
32
29
27
25AUGUST 9th, 2003
* SOURCE : National Climatic Data Centre Database
Landuse impacts
Project Site
30 METRES 20 METRES 10 METRES 5 METRES 45 DEGREES 20 DEGREES 10 DEGREES 5 DEGREES
KWH/MRadiation Sky View Factor %2
Dimensions of streets for good Daytime Microclimate
DesiredNightime Microclimate
60
30
24
60
10
24
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 <=0100<=519.35461.64403.94346.23288.53230.82173.12115.4157.71<=0 577.05<=
Urban MorphologyDESIGN PRINCIPLES:Daytime Microclimate
Urban MorphologyDESIGN PRINCIPLES:
Nightime Microclimate
Energy Waste Heat
Morphology
Thermal Mass & Surface Reflectivity
Vegetation
URBAN CLIMATE FACTORS
Climate Analysis MappingPublic Space EvaluationPlanning and Design InterventionPost-Intervention Evaluation
Climate Analysis Mapping
Public Space Evaluation
Planning and Design Intervention
Post Intervention Evaluation
Urban Scale Local Scale
Level of Comfort User Groups/Climate Intensities
1 3
24
SitePlace de l’Europe-Batignolles District: Paris 8th-17th Arrondissements
Climate-ResilientUrban Design:
DESIGN PROCESS
Land Use DensityGARE ST. LAZARE
BLV
D D
ES B
ATIG
NO
LLES
GARE ST. LAZARE
PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS
Existing Proposed
VEGETATION COVERAGE
GARE ST. LAZARE
Existing ProposedGARE ST. LAZARE
BLV
D D
ES B
ATIG
NO
LLES
PROGRAM AREA
MIXED USE DEVELOPMENTPopulation Density : 32,000 people/ sq.milePeople : 960Units : 648Gross Floor Area : 87480 sq.metres
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTArea : 35360 sq.metres
GREEN CORRIDORAgricultureWinter GardenArea : 3 acres
PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS
MIXED USED HIGH DENSITY
RUE CARDINET ALLEE BARBARA
CONCEPTUAL PLAN
PUBLIC SPACE/ COMMERCIAL
STATION
RUE DE ROME
RUE DE ROME
NEW STREET
NEW STREET
NEW STREET
BO
ULE
VAR
D D
ES B
ATIG
NO
LLES
PLA
CE
DE
EUR
OPE
RUE DE ROME
RUE DE ROME
RUE DE ROME
RUE
DE
LA P
épin
ière
RU
E D
ES D
AM
ES
RUE
LA C
ON
DA
MIN
E
RUE
LEG
END
RE
RUE
DES
MO
INES
RUE
CARD
INET
GRO
UN
D
ROO
F
RUE CARDINET GARE SAINT LAZARELA PLACE DE L’EUROPE
GARE SAINT LAZARELA PLACE DE L’EUROPE
GARAGE
BLVD DES BATIGNOLLES
BLVD DES BATIGNOLLES
GARAGE
A
A
BC
B
C
TYPICAL CLUSTERAxon
DETAILS
TYPICAL CLUSTERSection
Existing Radiant Heat Map (Daytime)
Proposed Radiant Heat Map (Daytime)
Faculty Jeffrey Raven, FAIA, LEED AP BD+CAssociate Professor and Director, Graduate Program in Urban + Regional Design, NYIT-ManhattanCoordinating Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning & design chapter; presented at COP21, Paris.
Chris MackeyBuilding Scientist, Payette, Boston Instructor in urban microclimate modeling and human comfort analysis. Developer of environmental analysis plugins for Grasshopper, including Ladybug and Honeybee; Graduated from MIT.
Graduate StudentsEvelyn Thomas / Nazia Hasan / Sarita RahmanFahad Daak / Neha ReddyLoris Autovino / Rongxin Na
Project Initiator and Principal InterlocuteurGérard Grandval, Architect DPLG / UrbanistGrand Prix de Rome; Vice-President of the Academie d’Architecture.Design practice recognized for urban and environmental innovation; including urban redevelopment project for Créteil (“Les Choux”). Assisted by Augustin Bourgeois, graduate student in architecture.
Paris Expert and Hosting FirmJean-Paul Viguier, Architect DPLG / UrbanistFellow (Hon.) American Institute of Architects; Member of the Academie d’Architecture.Head of Jean-Paul Viguier et Associés, Architecture et Urbanisme, a global design practice based in Paris.
External Experts in ParisMattia Federico Leone, PhD, Research Fellow; Università di Napoli Federico II Department of ArchitectureExpert in sustainable and resilient urban design; Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning/design chapter.Gerald Mills, PhD., School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin; International Association for Urban Climate: board member / president (2010-12); Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning/design chapter.Pascaline Gaborit, PhD. Urban consultant and expert in sustainable planning and knowledge transfer; Lead Author of The Assessment Report for Climate Change in Cities; urban planning/design chapter.Jean Hurtado, Engineer-ingénieur des Ponts, Paris.Stephane Trois Carrés, Artist and Professor, Paris.
Many thanks for the generosity and hospitality of our colleagues at Jean-Paul Viguier et Associés, Architecture et Urbanisme. Special thanks to Ariane Dienstag.
The Graduate Program in Urban and Regional Design is a three-semester, 36-credit, post-professional Master Degree for those holding a first professional degree in ar-chitecture, landscape architecture, or planning, with an emphasis on physical design of the built environment. Our graduate urban design program engages the evolving and critical role of urban design in the 21st century. The contemporary field of urban design is fluid, fast-moving, and global. The intersection of urban form, sustainability and climate is at the forefront of urban design research, and this is the focus of the three advanced urban design studios. The three design studios (Fall, Spring, Fall) are organized by themes. New York City: The contemporary metropolis after relent-less urbanization; Urban Climate Lab: Students research the intersection of urban form, low-carbon cities, and climate; Global Megacities: Students integrate urban and regional design applied to the New York metropolitan region and world cities.
The Fall 2015 Paris Design Studio is aligned with the COP21 climate negotiations. This publication is the product of third-semester students who worked for 10 days in Paris with leading urban climatologists and architects-urbanists, configuring a com-pact district to adapt and thrive in changing climate conditions.