New TRENDS ON WIND POWER ELECTRIC GENERATORS · 2020. 10. 2. · mostly applied in Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), in addition to modelling and finite element analysis FEM-FEA

VOL. 15, NO. 17, SEPTEMBER 2020 ISSN 1819-6608

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TRENDS ON WIND POWER ELECTRIC GENERATORS

Henry Montaña Quintero, Edwin Rivas Trujillo and Giovanni M. Tarazona

Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, School of Technology, Colombia E-Mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Wind energy is an important part of the worldwide electric system since it brings in 690 GW offshore, in land, in interconnected and non-interconnected areas. This article presents a review of scientific literature to identify trends and areas of development regarding WIND POWER ELECTRIC GENERATOR (WPG). Literary review was carried out using IEEE XPLORE, Science Direct and Web of Science, thus compiling more than 500 articles classified by source, year and country with most publications, as well as areas of development and critical variables. The results of the literary review show that the DUAL FED INDUCTION GENERATOR DFIG is the most commonly used in WPG and that control strategies are mostly applied in Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS), in addition to modelling and finite element analysis FEM-FEA. It is concluded that the development trends are oriented towards Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT), and Wind Vibrational Power Generators are proposed as an alternative in future work. Keywords: wind, power, electric, generator. VOCABULARY WPG Wind power generator DFIG Dual fed induction generator WECS Wind energy conversion systems HAWT Horizontal axis wind turbine VAWT Vertical axis wind turbine SRG Switched reluctance generator PI Proportional - Integral MPPT Maximum power point tracking ANN Artificial neural networks SG Synchronous generator PM Permanent magnet FEM Finite element modeling FEA Finite element analysis IPM-BDFG Interior permanent magnet brushless dual

fed generator DS-BDFIM Dual stator brushless dual fed induction machine DW-VPM Double-winding Vernier permanent magnet HTS High temperature superconductor SCSG Super conductor synchronous generator WVPG Wind vibrational power generator

1. INTRODUCTION Since the 60s up to now, researchers from all over

the world have revealed in their publications a growing trend in clean energies as a mitigating component of the effects caused by fossil fuel-based energies(Rueda-Bayona et al., 2019). The historical review leads to conclude that over the last two decades the solutions based on solar and wind energies have become a reality and contribute nowadays with 24,3% of the worldwide electric generation demand (Eitan, Herman, Fischhendler, & Rosen, 2019).

Scientists suggest that wind power will reach a 30% penetration in the global market for year 2035 (Tripathy & Samal, 2019), which could be attained before expected given the implementations of offshore and onshore wind parks over the last decade (Tawfiq, Mansour, Ramadan, Becherif, & El-kholy, 2019).

Currently, close to 690 GW of wind energy are being generated all over the world (Tawfiq et al., 2019) with solutions mainly based on horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) generation Möllerström, Gipe, Beurskens, & Ottermo, 2019) and vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) in a lesser percentage (R. Kumar, Raahemifar, & Fung, 2018) as show in Figure-1.

Figure-1. Type of systems: a) Horizontal axis taken from(Kluger, 2017; EP-2161445-A1, 2009) and adapted by the authors. b) Vertical axis turbine taken from(Ahmad, Aihsan,

Ibrahim, & Ab, 2018; ES-2401219-B1, 2014)and adapted by the authors.




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After decades of development, HAWT systems tend to be robust gigantic structures that generate power between 2 to 20 MW. These are set in towers are over 250 meters high (Rodrigues et al., 2016), incorporating all types of systems involving electric generators, control strategies, electric converters, coordination systems for network operation and the use of high-temperature semiconductors (HTS), among others (Lloberas, Sumper, Sanmarti, & Granados, 2014), These technologies have been driven by the interest of researchers, academics and companies in developing solutions to problems and challenges faced by power generation based on wind energy and their introduction to the electric network.

Given the importance and projections of wind energy. This work presents a review of articles that identify the main trends and areas of research in the development of wind generators. It includes time, space and source analysis, describing the research areas and electric generator topologies.

1.1 Source Review

The literary review regarding wind generators was carried out based on bibliographical sources such as IEEE XPLORE, Science Direct and Web of Science, among others, by identifying over 500 articles published over the last 15 years, which enabled an analysis that considered publication sources, year of publication, country, types of generator, electric generator topologies and research areas.

Figure-2 shows the main sources of publication of the identified articles, where the IET RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION leads with 6% of the publications, followed by ELECTRIC POWER COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS with 5%, TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS from IEEE and ENERGIES with 4% each, representing over 20% of the published work on the matter.

Figure-2. Main sources of published articles regarding WPG. Source: Authors.

Figure-3 presents the percentage distribution of WPG articles in the time window of 2004 - 2019. The activity with the highest production (75% of articles) is framed between 2011 and 2019.

Figure-4. shows how the bibliographical production in WPG is distributed.

6%5%

4%4%

4%3%3%

3%2%

2%2%2%2%2%

2%2%2%2%

2%2%2%

1%1%1%1%

0% 2% 4% 6%

IET RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION

ELECTRIC POWER COMPONENTS AND SYSTEMS

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS

ENERGIES

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS

RENEWABLE ENERGY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IN JAPAN

ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS RESEARCH

ENERGY

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS

JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS

IET POWER ELECTRONICS

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL POWER ENERGY …

WIND ENERGY

ENERGY CONVERSION AND MANAGEMENT

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

JOURNAL OF RENEWABLE AND SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

APPLIED ENERGY

IET ELECTRIC POWER APPLICATIONS

INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING IREE

JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS




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Figure-3. Yearly distribution of bibliographical production in WPG. Source: Authors.

Figure-4. Distribution of the bibliographical production in WPG per country. Source: Authors.

Figure-5 shows a new classification of articles, showing that the ones focused in the development of rotational wind generators correspond to 92,59%, static generators with 0.74%, applications in power converters with 3.7% and smart grids with 2.96%. This classification allows to identify the areas of deeper work (Figure-6), where 38.5% is dedicated to the electronic control of generators, 23.7% to the development of electric

generators, 18.5% to the analysis and comparison of existing generators, 8.1% to methodologies used in generation, coordination of conversion systems or smart grids, 6.7% to the modelling of generators, controllers or converters among others, often involving finite elements as well as 3D and, finally 4% is oriented to power converters both in generation stage and the interconnection of the electric grid.

7%

10% 10%

8%

10%

7%

9%

6%

8%

5% 5%

3% 3%2%

4% 4%

2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004

21%

9%8% 8%

6%5%

4% 4% 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%




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Figure-5. Classification of bibliographical production in WPG. Source: Authors

Figure-6. Distribution of bibliographical production in research areas per country. Source: Authors.

The most commonly used types of electric generator according to this research correspond to doubly-

fed generators with 36%, synchronous generators with 35% and switched-reluctance generators with 14% (Figure-7).

Figure-7. Type of electric generator. Source: Authors.

Power Converter; 3.70%

Static Generator; 0.74%

Rotational generator; 92.59%

Smart grid, 2.96%

0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00%

Control38.52%

Development23.70%

Analysis18.52%

Methodologies8.15%

Modelling6.67%

Converter4.44%

36%

35%

14%

14%

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%

DFIG

Synchronous

Switchedreluctance

Others




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2. RESEARCH AREAS

Wind power generation systems incorporate various elements, such as the physical structure, the type of electric generator, the energy conversion system, the control system, the interconnection systems to the electric network and the micro-network operation, among others (Xia et al., 2018). The main elements that comprise generation systems (control, development, modelling and converters) are described in the next section. 2.1 Control

In this area, researchers are driven overall to attaining the maximum power from generators, improving the network stability and reducing costs, under variable speed conditions (M. Wang & Liu, 2018). Their work focuses in the implementation of control systems throughout the different stages of a wind generator, especially in conversion systems (Qais, Hasanien, & Alghuwainem, 2017). Therefore, the applications and emphasis of the articles are described according to the type of controlled generator. 2.1.1 Switched Reluctance Generator - SRG

SRG have a significant potential to be applied in wind energy due to their response under variable speeds (Guerroudj, Saou, Boulayoune, El-hadi Zaïm, & Moreau, 2017) given that they have no permanent magnets These require a supply system that must be switched in a controlled manner to reach the maximum power state (F. Zhang et al., 2019).

In “A Study on the Maximum Power Control Method of Switched Reluctance Generator for Wind Turbine”Da-Woon Choi (2014) proposes to use a proportional-integral (PI) controller over the ON/OFF commutation angles for the output power and reach a

maximum efficiency in terms of the excitation and output currents. Yahia, Liouane y Dhifaoui (2014) introduce a differential evolution (DE) optimization strategy. To adjust the DC excitation level to the optimal value through a PI controller in different operation speed levels that enable to adjust the firing angles of the converter. A similar control strategy is presented in (Barros & Filho, 2015) where a PI controller regulates the firing angles of the middle bridge HB converter to gain direct control of the power.

Saad, El-Sattar and Metally (2016) use an artificial neural network to emulate a PI controller for different operation speeds, checking in on the maximum power point (MPPT) and the torque and acting on the firing angles of the multi-level converter which reduces low-order harmonics. A similar approach is developed by Rahmanian and Akbari (2017), which use an ANN as a complement to a fuzzy logic system for MPPT and the torque control of a system connected to the network. 2.1.2 Doubly-fed induction generator

DFIG are among the group of generators with the highly-relevant characteristics in terms of response to speed changes, high efficiency, competitive costs and high ranges of operation (Ochoa & Martinez, 2018). Thus, they are often used in WPG applications (Bu, Du, Wang, & Gao, 2013) showing some disadvantages related to the oscillations in output voltage due to the variable nature of the wind, voltage fluctuations in network injection and imbalances due to energy demand. In spite of these mishaps, DFIG is considered one of the most stable generators available (Ezzahi, Khafallah, & Majid, 2018). Table-1 presents the main control strategies applied to the solution of WPDFIG problems in the reviewed articles, where the classic strategy of PI control stands out.

Table-1. Control strategies applied to WPDFIG. Source: Authors.

Control Strategy

Application Articles

Sliding mode

The authors carry out a second order control of the converter on the generator side under a fixed commutation frequency. The synchronization to the network and the power control are performed with two different controllers, which are commuted by following a predefined algorithm.

(Susperregui, Martinez, Tapia, & Vechiu, 2013)

Patniak and Dash propose an adaptive sliding control of the converters on the generator side and the network side using active and reactive power components derived from voltage and three-phase currents.

(Patnaik & Dash, 2016)

Root tree Optimization

RTO

In this article, the authors use RTO to search the optimal parameters of a PI controller and checking in on the maximum power point (MPPT) to adjust the PWM of the generator converters.

(Benamor, Benchouia, Srairi, & Benbouzid,

2018)

Smart control A fuzzy control is proposed by the authors which takes as inputs the parameters of active power, reactive power and generator speed to act on the generator side of the converter.

(Rocha-Osorio, Solís-Chaves, Rodrigues,

Puma, & Sguarezi Filho, 2018)

Non-linear optimal

H-infinity

The authors apply an H-infinite control for DIFG, acting on the converter on the generator side. A linearization of the system is carried out using the Taylor series expansion of the state space model and the

(Rigatos, Siano, Abbaszadeh, & Wira,

2019)




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Control Strategy


Jacobian matrices. The calculation of the controller feedbacks gains are obtained by solving the Riccati equation. Finally, a Kalman filter is applied.

Proporcional Integral (PI)

In this article, the authors control the active and reactive power of the stator through the converter on the generator side.

(Stumpf, Nagy, & Vajk, 2015)

In this application, the authors use the mathematical formulation of the Conservative Power Theory (CPT) to control the active and reactive power of the converter on the network side serving as an active filter.

(Souza, Moreira, Barros, & Ruppert, 2018)

Thakallapelli and other authors propose a direct voltage control for the synchronization of the generator with the network thus minimizing the transient effect caused by the commutation of the DFIG from isolated to connect to the network, acting on the converter on the generator side.

(Thakallapelli, Kamalasadan, Muttaqi,

& Hagh, 2019)

2.1.3 Synchronous generator

The synchronous generator (SG) and permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) are used in wind generation systems due to their high efficiency, reliability, low maintenance, structural simplicity, smaller size, reduced cost and not requiring reactive power or an excitation system. It can operate within a variable range of

speeds (M. M. Chowdhury et al., 2018; Yousefian & Meshgin Kelk, 2018).

Table-2 presents some examples of the reviewed scientific literature that apply control strategies in PMSG, thus marking the rise of smart control, optimal control techniques and classic PI control.

Table-2. Control strategies applied to PMSG. Source Authors.

Control Strategy


Smart control

Mahmound, Dong and Ma from Sydney University test a Sugeno controller to track down the maximum power point and regulate the active and reactive power supplied by the wind turbine to the network, combined with optimal control and PI controllers that generate references to the power control system.

(Mahmoud, Dong, & Ma, 2018)

The authors use a Wavelet fuzzy neural network (WFNN) controller applied to the converters on the generator side and the network side to improve the transient responses under different operation conditions.

(Lin, Tan, Fang, & Lee, 2013)

Non-linear optimal

H-infinity

In this article Xu, Li and Xu, test an optimal controller on parallel converters on the network side, to handle large amounts of power in a modular manner. An observer is developed for the rotor speed without a sensor. The control balances the currents from each converter independently.

(Xu, Li, & Xu, 2013)

Proporcional Integral (PI)

Chowdhury and other authors, propose to control the voltage source converter (VSC), using the maximum trajectory per ampere (MTPA) and the maximum power extraction (MPE), to act on the converter on the network side, for both isolated and connected modes.

(M. M. Chowdhury et al., 2018)

2.2 Development

An important part of the development of wind power technologies is centered in the research on physical structures (Möllerström, Gipe, Beurskens, & Ottermo, 2019), modelling (Vargas et al., 2019), electric generators, superconductors and power converters (Tawfiq et al., 2019), that seek to cut costs, maintenance and improve the

performance in response to the stochastic nature of the wind. In this section, some developments are described related to these trends. 2.2.1 Development of wind power generators

All systems in WPG are important, starting from the electric generator which is the core. In this sense, the




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reviewed articles exhibit a noticeable trend coming from researchers to design and modify commonly used electric generator topologies such as DFIG, SRG, SG and PMSG, through tools such as 3D simulation and finite element analysis FEM-FEA.

“An Improved Brushless Doubly Fed Generator With Interior PM Rotor for Wind Power Applications” (J. Zhang, Jiang, Zhao, & Hua, 2019) presents the design of a

interior permanent magnet brushless doubly-fed generator (IPM-BDFG) that is based on the theory of magnetic field modulation in Figure-8 a). The asymmetry phenomena and harmonic components caused by the field modulation ring are compensated by a three-segment structure for the exterior rotor (Jiang, Zhang, & Li, 2018), as shown in Figure-8 b).

Figure-8. a) IPM-BDFG structure, b) Three-segment rotor structure. Source (J. Zhang et al., 2019).

“Torque / Power Density Optimization of a Dual-

Stator Brushless Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Power Application” (Han, Cheng, Jiang, & Chen, 2017), is focused on optimizing the design with geometric, thermal and electromagnetic restrictions to improve the couple / power ratio of a dual stator brushless doubly-fed induction machine (DS-BDFM). Shin and Lee (2016) perform similar work in “Optimal design of a 1 kW switched reluctance generator for wind power systems using a genetic algorithm”.

An innovative proposition (Figure-9) is developed by Wang, Niu and Ching (2018), who design a Double-Winding Vernier Permanent Magnet Wind Power Generator (DW-VPM) that comprises a winding that generates a three-phase alternative current and a winding that generates a six-phase continuous current that can operate separately and generate AC and DC simultaneously. The design is appropriate for AC and DC hybrid micro-grids.

Figure-9. Double-winding Vernier permanent magnet wind power generator, Source(Q. Wang, Niu, &

Ching, 2018).

Other developments seek to propose hybrid

systems (Q. Wang, Niu, & Yang, 2018) with double excitation using permanent magnets in the rotor and the field windings in the stator as described in (Q. Wang & Niu, 2018) using the Box-Behnken (BBD) optimization as a response surface method (RSM) (Lee, Kim, Lee, & Kim, 2016) or the design based on little known concepts such as the double rotor, toothed, toroidal-winding permanent-magnet machine (Potgieter & Kamper, 2016). 2.2.2 Superconductors

In the research, the application of high-temperature semiconductors (HTS) stood out as an area of interest and development in the design of coils in electric generators, for the reduction of space and weight (Hae-jin Sung, Go, & Park, 2019).

An application of HTS was developed by (Li et al., 2011) in the design of exciter coils for a 10 KW generator. Similarly to (H Sung et al., 2013), Y-Ba-Cu-O y Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O cables are used in the design of coils for a synchronous generator of 10 MW (Figure 10).




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Figure-10. Superconductor synchronous generator SCSG Source, (Jia, Qu, Li, Fang, & Li, 2016).

In “Design of a 12 MW HTS Wind Power

Generator Including a Flux Pump Exciter” (H. J. Sung et al., 2016), the authors optimized the design using the Taguchi method under size and weight restrictions for the generator. Another design uses MgB2 cables in the armor coils of the stator to improve the output power capacity of a dual stator superconducting permanent magnet generator.

Otro diseño utiliza cables de MgB2 en las bobinas de armadura del estator para mejorar la capacidad de

potencia de salida de un dual stator superconducting permanent magnet generator (Huang, Zhang, Wu, Fang, & Lu, 2017). 2.3 Analysis

In the reviewed articles, there is growing trend towards the analysis using FEA (Arkadan, Hijazi, & Masri, 2017) through different approaches, in which research on electric machines highlight losses (Ko, Jang, Park, & Choi, 2010), magnetic forces (Jang, Park, Choi, Han, & Choi, 2013), dissipation of losses (Zhou, Blaabjerg, Franke, & Tonnes, 2015), analysis on follow-up systems (Zou, Elbuluk, & Sozer, 2013) and maximum power control (Zhu et al., 2018), comparison of smart grid systems (Broeer, Tuffner, Franca, & Djilali, 2018), stability in wind farms (M. A. Chowdhury, Shen, Hosseinzadeh, & Pota, 2015), interconnected Systems and other approaches that analyze systems such as sensor-free speed estimation (M. Kumar & Das, 2018; Y. Liu, Xu, Zhu, & Blaabjerg, 2018), systems based on HTS (H Sung et al., 2017), with static and dynamic models (X. Liu, Wang, & Chen, 2015) to name a few. Figure-11 presents the distribution of trends for each analysis cluster.

Figure-11. Enfoques de análisis en WPG, Fuente, autores. 2.4 Other Approaches

Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) are a fundamental part of current wind generators (Mousa, Allam, & Rashad, 2018), creating significant interest in researchers, that have bolstered the use of generators. For instance, DFIG (Ni et al., 2019) have been used in control

Systems to reach maximum power points (Cao, Li, Li, Wu, & Sun, 2018) and give stability to generation systems (Kavousi, Fathi, Milimonfared, & Soltani, 2018) thus enabling operation at variable speeds and the network connection of WPG.




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Methodologies are another group of developments proposed by the reviewed researchers. Systems such as the flight start of a WPG are proposed (Pravica, Sumina, Bariša, Kovačić, & Čolović, 2018) to operate under variable wind speeds (Saifee, Mittal, Laxminarayan, & Singh, 2017), power softening (Kim, Kang, Muljadi, Park, & Kang, 2017) or methodologies for demand-based operation (Hajibandeh, Shafie-khah, Osório, Aghaei, & Catalão, 2018) among others.

Authors Hasegawa et al, in the article called“ Proposal of Wind Vibrational Power Generator Using Magnetostrictive Material” (Hasegawa, Ueno, & Kiwata, 2019) present a design approach different from conventional WPG. It is based on horizontal or vertical wind turbines. 3. CONCLUSIONS

Scientific literary review showed a tendency from authors to solve problems related with HAWT and VAWT, as seen in over 99% of the articles. The remaining percentage focused on other alternatives such as Wind Vibrational Power Generator WVPG, which represents an opportunity for future research projects regarding WPG.

Classic control strategies such as PID and smart control techniques such as fuzzy logic and neural networks, in addition to optimal control, are applied to carry out regulation of power generation, follow-up on the maximum power point and achieve WPG stability, among others. Their use is mostly evidenced on wind energy conversion systems (WECS), given the tendency to replace gearboxes and harness the characteristics of the response to speed variations in electric generators such as DFIG, SRG, SG and PMSG.

A development focus is the research of new topologies of electric generators based on basic settings (DFIG, SRG, SG and PMSG), that improve the characteristics of the response to variable speed, power, efficiency and structural simplicity. This is supported by 3D simulation tools, based on FEM-FEA that enable the design and optimization of these topologies without an immediate need of their physical implementation.

Wind generators are an important part of the electric system providing 690 GW, and contributing, along with solar systems, to the reduction of emissions and system stability through renewable energies. However, the solution to the need for clean energy is incomplete on the middle or long term even with the most optimistic projections of growth and application of these technologies. The challenge lies on developing new scalable, low-cost, simple and eco-friendly solutions that reevaluate the existing generation paradigms and complement current systems to minimize power generation based on non-renewable resources. REFERENCES Ahmad N. I., Aihsan M. Z., Ibrahim Z. & Ab S. 2018. Development of Double Rotation Vertical Axis Generator with Double Rotation of Wind Turbine. 2018 International Conference on Computational Approach in Smart Systems Design and Applications (ICASSDA). 1-5.

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