Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730

Review

New trends for design towardsin chemical engineering: Gree

gonIngeolid,ber 2

Abstract

A broad r ancesof sustainab t wasguidance too atelyappeared tra tly, afor the chem phiedesign are b dle, GSafer Design the mEngineering so far, including its main definitions and scope of application, different guiding principles, frameworks for design and legislativeaspects. A range of illustrative industrial applications and several tools oriented to GE are analysed. Finally, some educational considerations andtraining opportunities are included, providing education at academic and university levels allows for the creation of a critical mass of engineersand scientists to foster green engineering and sustainable development in the future. 2007 Else

Keywords: G

1. Introdu

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1385-8947/$doi:10.1016/jvier B.V. All rights reserved.

reen engineering; Chemical engineering; Sustainable development; Ecoefficiency; Green chemistry

ction

twenty years away from the first definition of sus-velopment and sustainability sentences like muche done in the areas of sustainability or the underly-is still far from exact and we all still need to make a

are common introducing and/or concluding phrasesrature and scientific forums. Hopefully, in the lastrlying science has been promoted and clarified andof this a coloured variety of successful industrialic examples of sustainable products, processes andsystems are now available.cept of sustainability was first mentioned in scien-re by the German Miner Hans Carl von Carlowitzsustainable forestry in Sylvicultura oeconomica

ding author at: c/ Prado de la Magdalena s/n, 47011 Valladolid,34 983423174; fax: +34 983423013.dress: jgserna@iq.uva.es (J. Garca-Serna).

in 1713. There, sustainability meant cutting only as much tim-ber as was regrowing, with forestry having to ensure that soilfertility was maintained or even increased.

In the 1960s the emerging environmental philosophy wasengendered among visionaries such as Rachel Carson who pub-lished her alert Silent Spring in 1962 [1]. Nevertheless, it wasonly after the publication of a report entitled Our CommonFuture by the Brundtland commission in 1987 when the fullidea of sustainable development settled down in the whole inter-national scientific community [2,3].

The definition provided by the commission left space forvarious interpretations certainly on purpose. At the Rio Con-ference in 1992 and over the years which followed, the contentof this concept was defined more precisely, and it has beenconfirmed since through a wide range of agreements, nationalprogrammes, action plans and scientific studies [4]. Today thereare very few scientific, societal and political areas which havenot been the subject of an examination based on sustainabilitycriteria. It should be noted that sustainable development is acontinuing process during which the definitions and activities

see front matter 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved..cej.2007.02.028J. Garca-Serna , L. Perez-BarriHigh Pressure Processes Group, Green Engineering Group, Departamento de

Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ValladReceived 26 April 2006; received in revised form 4 Septem

eview of disciplines and technologies concerning the last-decade-advility from a Chemical Engineering viewpoint is presented. Up to now ils for the design of products, processes and production systems. Fortunnsforming the way in which traditional disciplines were conceived. Firsical and process industry is presented. Then, several inspiring philoso

riefly reviewed, namely, The Natural Step, Biomimicry, Cradle to Cra, Ecological Design, Green Chemistry and Self-Assembly. The core ofsustainabilityn engineering, M.J. Coceroniera Qumica y Tecnologa del Medio Ambiente,Valladolid, Spain006; accepted 23 February 2007

and state-of-the-art in the understanding and applicationhard to find useful sustainability criteria and ready-to-use

, in the last decade a range of practices and disciplines havereview of the concept of sustainability and its significances and disciplines which are the basis of the new trends inetting to Zero Waste, Resilience Engineering, Inherentlyanuscript is a deep review of what has been done in Green

8 J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730

it generates are in constant evolution. The evolutionary pro-cess which consists of reflecting on how we can ensure thatour descenbility for othe risk thaferent wayreason thatstitutes susis often misAn analysiify the meengineering

The hacsociety lieschemical pnately thiapplicablefacing thesproblems thlevel of thihere enginsuch an inning from ssolutions.

A greattribute to tEngineer (Ction systemengineeringGreen Engchange minusers? How

In the mand a rangephies are dof sustainaical and prphilosophieof the futurthe health sin Chemicareview of wdefinitionsdesign andtive. Severaare includeorder to heGE are listerations areformed at ethe cradle

2. The goaindustry

Sustainatainable de

ted fary t. 1 i

entf su

eredon, tevale in

ainabary tferens an

eni

mo

whicnitioetatiinablpreseto mfinitrvivaiolot syructunenthe pive ibly avaluone. Otherwise, only few companies had promoted sus-le PPSs if they do not visualise a clear benefit at the sameGreen is in some way smart and that is interesting;

high-technology company Wilkinson S.L. suggested that could be even profitable provided that it becomes a

l strategy for those firms in terms of policy, the so-calledability [9].s encrypted definition needs to be specifically rewordedch case, e.g. continent, country, century or decade andndustry or household if we want to feel the advantagedants have a decent future and assuming responsi-ur actions is in itself positive, although there is alsot theory will be put into practice in a number of dif-s, creating a highly complex situation. It is for thisthere are many different interpretations of what con-

tainability and sustainable development, a term whichused well-worn concept to serve particular interests.

s of the definition is presented in text trying to clar-aning of sustainability within the area of chemical.kneyed argument that the welfare state of modernon a range of products that are produced in differentrocesses throughout the world and that unfortu-

s has caused severe damage to the environment isonce more [5,6]. As Albert Einstein observed we aree consequences now and as he pointed out the urgentat exist in the world today cannot be solved by the

nking that created them. For us, our thinking (readeering disciplines) must evolve (be transformed) inovative ways that can reconcieve the problems (start-cratch?) providing the world with novel sustainable

variety of questions arise. What do and do not con-he sustainable development? What can a ChemicalE) do to assure that a product, a process or a produc-

, PPS, is sustainable? What can a CE do to transformdisciplines in order to promote sustainability? Is

ineering (GE) the solution for CEs? Is it necessary tods at the industry, at professionals, at universities orcan we tackle the problem?

anuscript the state-of-the-art of Green Engineeringof novel disciplines that are basic inspiring philoso-iscussed in detail. First, a review of the concept

ble development and its significance for the chem-ocess industry is presented. Then, several inspirings and disciplines which are or will be the basemente designs are briefly reviewed. These disciplines arepa to understand current and future design trend linesl Engineering. The core of the manuscript is a deephat has been done in GE so far, including its main

and scope of application, different frameworks forseveral legal aspects, specifically the European Direc-l illustrative industrial applications and case studiesd to present the tangible side of the discipline. Inlp in the design process, different tools oriented toed and analysed. Finally, some educational consid-

included considering that green engineers must bearly stages of the training period (from the cradle to).

l of sustainability in the chemical and process

bility is achieved through the promotion of sus-velopment, and sustainable development can be

promonecess

Figimplemment oconsidpretatifinallyhow thto sustnecess

the difpolicie

2.1. D

Thement,of defiinterprSustaof theationsthis denite sumere bsupporinfrastcompo

In tattract(probaadded-all intainabtime. as theGreencentrasustain

Thifor eaeven i[7].Fig. 1. Main stages of a sustainability analysis.

rom a very wide variety of disciplines, all of themo achieve the final goal.llustrates the consecutive stages necessary for theation of a consistent framework for the achieve-stainable development. Six main stages have beenwithin this approach, definition of the term, inter-

argeted dimensions, specification, measurement anduation [7]. This framework is crucial to understanddexes, principles and frameworks of design relatedle development are managed and implemented. It is

he clear definition of what sustainability means int contexts from the individuals to the governmental

d the entire Earth.

tion of the term

st widely known definition of sustainable develop-h has been used as the basis for innumerable numberns because its openness and wide range of possibleons, is that given in the Brundtland Report in 1987:e development is development which meets the needsnt without compromising the ability of future gener-

eet their own needs [2]. Liverman et al. went beyondion, and defined . . . sustainability to be the indefi-l of the human species (with a quality of life beyond

gical survival) through the maintenance of basic lifestems (air, water, land, biota) and the existence ofre and institutions which distribute and protect thes of these systems [8].resent world, the goal of sustainability will not bef it is not exceedingly advantageous. Fortunatelylso intentionally), sustainability implies a three-folde itself, economic, social and environmental profit,

J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730 9

2.2. Interpretation

Analyzing individually the terms sustainable and develop-ment one

Sustainato the caeternalnebility or

Developing, enlaquantitatmoveme

included Present

revised ain which

Abilitybecauseintellectu

Intra- anmet is tahuman bof the Emight exopmentdefinitio

Comprocrucial intheorieshand actthe futurstream swere to bin the rigtainabilinumberfull diveguarante

Meetingsocial neguarantejustice).the requthe defin

Therefomeans con

regard to hing and mfreely defiand betweeinto accounresources. Cin terms ofwhich the v

2.3. Target dimensions

The next step is to define target dimensions for various issues,willpmehe prialiss nofieldsionshichld oncipn repch isums, thualer, o

anddifficsions

thrsolidow m

fereno obeans

o bertainandnmen

defirocesat arlly the oemiushEnval eprofi

for tof sy ise it cns.ordipme

e suhnolabilre m

Corigcan find that:

ble means capable of being sustained, which linkspacity of durability, stability, permanence or evenss. This adjective has a kind connotation of immo-perpetuity.ment connotes the act of improving by expand-rging or refining. This includes both qualitative andive features. The word itself induces the thought ofnt as the way of improving. So, dynamics is clearlyin the definition.

and future are also non-static terms and must bend redefined for a precise characterization of the timewere, are or will be analysed.has multiple connotations, including capability,

having the material means is not enough and alsoal solutions are required.d intergenerational, the entitlement to having needsken to extend over space and time. It applies to alleings currently alive and to the future populationarth. It should be noted that one single generationperiment different definitions of sustainable devel-during its existence. Again it is necessary the clear

n of system boundaries.mising or maintenance of options, this phrase isthe understanding of meeting needs. From the two

about the Earth it can be concluded that, on the oneual needs may be replaced by different solutions ine as soon as technical solutions were viable (main-ustainability). On the other hand, if the same optionse maintained then Earths resources should be dosedht proportion to avoid depletion (environmental sus-

ty). The argument of maintaining the largest possibleof options entails comprehensive protection of thersity of the natural foundations of life; in other words:e biodiversity.needs joins essential biological, physiological and

eds, which ensure subsistence, at the same time aseing human rights, identity and dignity (concept ofEconomical needs are also difficult to classify due toirement of including the concept of property withinition.

re, rewriting the definition Sustainable developmenttinuous ensuring dignified living conditions withuman rights by creating, expanding, enlarging, refin-aintaining the widest possible range of options forning life plans. The principle of fairness amongn present and future generations should be takent in the use of environmental, economic and socialomprehensive protection of biodiversity is requiredecosystem, species and genetic diversity and all ofital foundations of life are.

whichdeveloity is tindustrtion hato thedimen[4], wthe fiegio Priis ofteapproabe subBesideindividHowevunitestimesdimen

Thesocialever, hthe diforder tThis mhave tthat cementsenviro

Theand pties thcarefuwere tof a chwere pworks.chemicnomicseekstationindustrbecaussituatio

AccDeveloing th& TecSustaintions aGlobalhuman[12].be observed using an indicator system for sustainablent. In most of the cases, environmental sustainabil-edominant approach to sustainable development fored countries. However, recently a broader interpreta-w taken over, which relates sustainable developments of society, economy and environment. These three

are central to Agenda 21 adopted at Rio in 1992is an important frame of reference for efforts in

f sustainable development, and also in the Bella-les [10]. The integration of theses three dimensionsresented a magic triangle. This three-dimension

s a sensible way of setting out which areas mayed under the concept sustainable development.e data sources which are required to construct theindicators are also often classified in a similar way.ne criticism is that this approach divides more thanthe division is artificial. It would be therefore some-ult to assign indicators clearly to one of the three.ee dimensions, i.e. environmental sustainability,arity and economic efficiency must be satisfied, how-uch percentage of them is fulfilled will vary throught continents, nations, governments and industries intain the maximum efficiency point at the least cost., for instance that environmental protection measuressocially practicable and economically efficient, orengineering solution must agree with social require-necessities besides being economically feasible andtally friendly.nition of sustainability goals from the chemicals industry viewpoint encompass certain difficul-e out of the scope of this paper, but that must beaken into account. Traditionally economic criterianly criteria applied in the analysis of profitabilitycal plant. Four decades ago, environmental criteriaed by more and more stringent legislative frame-ironmental concerns and solutions included withinngineering projects has been shown to give eco-ts in most of the cases. Sustainable development

he social equity as well. However, the implemen-ocial concerns within the chemical and processnot that evident and must be defined with carean be used to justify environmentally unsustainable

ng to the World Business Council for Sustainablent (WBCSD) the six main topics that are shap-stainability agenda are: Ecoefficiency, Innovationogy, Corporate Social Responsibility, Ecosystems,ity & Markets and Risk [11]. Other organiza-ore human-oriented such as the United Nations

mpact which focuses efforts in four ways, namely,hts, anti-corruption, the environment and labour

10 J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730

2.4. Postulates specication

A numbthe differeIDC Rio, tof the Coand SAEFSome of thods, such[7].

2.5. Measu

In thecomposite[13]. For tthese indeindustry.

The firsttution of Ca set of inperformancis a proceswhole suppindex assutries are coresource: e

utilization,tial in repohave beenall contribuare differennumber ofof a largerfor instanc

The section for thespearheadetally RespoNations Enability Reprepresentedtainabilityeconomic,statistics tohave usedIn Octoberlaunched. Tthe websiteand the sco

In ordertainable deEuropean Ccies, has bfor all polmental and[16].

esou

Suls inationtantspolicy institutes and non-governmental organizations.he last Survey of Sustainability Experts it can be extractede most cited websites about sustainability are, listed byance: (1) World Business Council for Sustainable Devel-t, WBCSD [11], (2) International Institute for Sustainablepment [17], (3) various United Nations websites, i.e.Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [18],Nations Development Program (UNDP) [19] and Glob-

pact [12], (4) the World Resources Institute [20], (5)watch Institute [21] and (6) several EU sites.ther sustainability sources can be found in web-libraryaintained by the Center for Economic and Social StudiesEnvironment located at Universite Libre de Bruxelles

e inspiration philosophies and other relatedlines

E a brand-new discipline created from scratch? Is orbe GE different from what we understand of Chemicalering? If it does, which parts should be preserved anddevised? In the literature and in GE forums, what havealled the Principles of Green Engineering and Princi-reen Chemistry are well accepted as the base of theseines. However, we consider that GE must be the naturaler of different postulates have been utilised withinnt frameworks of sustainability. Publications byhe UVEK departmental strategy and the commentsuncil for Sustainable Development on the SFSOL report entitled Indikatoren der Nachhaltigkeit.e have been compiled to prepare particular meth-

as MONET of the Swiss Federal Statistical Office

rement and evaluation: indexes of sustainability

field of Environmental Sustainability, ES, severalindicators have been proposed at different levelshis work, we will center our attention in two of

xes because of their importance for the chemical

one is the index of sustainability defined by The Insti-hemical Engineers, IChemE. This index introducesdicators that can be used to measure sustainabilitye of an operating unit. The operating unit envisageds plant, a group of plants, part of a supply chain, aly chain, a utility or other process system. IChemE

mes that most products in which the process indus-ncerned will pass through many hands in the chainxtraction, transport, manufacture, distribution, sale,disposal, recycling and final disposal. It is essen-

rting the metrics to make clear where the boundariesdrawn, because suppliers, customers and contractorste to this chain and their viewpoints and necessitiest. Then, if comparable statistics are gathered from aoperations, they can be aggregated to present a viewoperation, on a company, industry or regional basise [14].ond one and maybe the one with the most projec-future is the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). GRId in 1997 by CERES (Coalition for Environmen-nsible Economies) in partnership with the Unitedvironment Programme (UNEP). The GRIs Sustain-orting Guidelines first released in draft form in 1999,

the first global framework for comprehensive sus-reporting, encompassing the triple bottom line ofenvironmental and social issues. According to their-date, nearly 1000 organizations in over 60 countriesthe GRI Framework as the basis for their reporting.2006 the new generation of guidelines, G3, will behese guidelines are available for downloading from[15]. Fig. 2 illustrates a summary of these guidelinespe of use.to respond to the European Unions strategy for sus-velopment and to promote better law-making, theommission for Research, Scientific Support for Poli-een committed to performing impact assessmentsicy proposals considering the economic, environ-social dimensions of policy, and their interlinkages

2.6. R

TheofficiacorporconsulmajorFrom tthat thimportopmenDeveloUnitedUnitedalComWorld

Furpage mon the[22].

3. Basdiscip

Is Ghas toEnginewhichbeen cples GdisciplFig. 2. GRI framework guidelines.

rces

stainability Experts panel represents all sectors:multilateral organizations, government ministries,s, industry associations, sustainable development, journalists, and academics, as well as leaders of

J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730 11

continuation of traditional Chemical Engineering. If one asksthe question: what are the Principles of Chemical Engineer-ing? ProbaHeat and Mand by exteand some owhich werfore, we asso far arefor chemicsome nove

must be inthe same wwere includ

Novel dchange andary conditishort-, mid

To sumwell-establof productsforce the foguidelinesamong them

The discthe inspiratare presentcategories acreativity aand createnumber 2 fDevelopme

3.1. Desig

3.1.1. TheThe Nat

a framewounderpinneprinciples ain order toextracted, uequals foodperous busiNatural Steunder licen

TNS frachievemenenvironmenThis modelof the suscapital fromimprove thmanufacturincessant dtinuous inctypes. This

ted ilityat inio thscieor d

ergyhat ster,al quivenS Sy

cru

ecos

aticaysicaot bed effinee

apppmea su

ideauch

Biommimthes enounced her theory about what need to be the museiration in designing for the environment [26]. AccordingBenyus we need to consider:

ure as a model. Natural models are studied and then imi-d or taken as a inspiration for the new designs.ure as a measure. The ecological standard is always thesolution in terms of rightness or efficiency, because afterillion years of evolution Natures knows what works, whatpropriate and what lasts.

ure as a mentor. Natural world is valued for what canh to us not only for what can deliver to us. This meansrn rather extract from.bly, the answer will be that Basic Unit Operations,ass Transfer, Fluid Flow, Reactors and Kinetics

nsion, Maths, Chemistry, Physics, Thermodynamicsthers are the basic pillars of Chemical Engineering,e well established during the 20th century. There-sume that what have been enounced as principlesreally Design guidelines or new trends in designal engineers. Moreover, these guidelines respond tol disciplines and theories of sustainable designs thatcluded within Chemical Engineering curriculum inay as Statistics, Economics and Materials Scienceed at some point.esigns must have the possibility of dynamicallyadapt to changes as a result of the inputs and bound-

ons with regards to be as sustainable as possible at- and long-term.up, fundamental pillars of Chemical Engineering areished but moving towards sustainability in the design, processes and production systems entails to rein-undations adding novel-fresh disciplines and designand theories and creating dynamic interconnectivity

.iplines and design philosophies that we consider areion for the future designs in Chemical Engineeringed next. We have divided these disciplines in fourttending to the matter of application. Innovation and

re two of the most important starting points to changenovel solutions to lasting problems (see principle

rom the 12 Principles of Engineering for Sustainablent, Innovate and be creative).

n philosophy

Natural Stepural Step (TNS) was developed in 1989 and offersrk of four System Conditions for sustainabilityd by basic scientific principles [23]. The scientificnd four System Conditions define what is requiredmove from a linear economy (where materials aresed and disposed) to a cyclic economy (where waste) allowing individuals and companies to create pros-nesses and a sustainable relationship with nature. Thep (TNS) is an international charity which operatesce of Forum for the Future [24].amework assumes the triple bottom line for thet of sustainability where economic profitability andtal and social accountability are weighted equally.conceives that sustainability rests on the preservation

tainable capital. There are five types of sustainablewhere we derive the goods and services we need to

e quality of our lives, namely natural, human, social,ed and financial capital. We are currently facing theecreasing of this capital and, joined to this, the con-reasing of the demand of the capital in its differenthas been represented by the metaphor of the funnel

illustratainabiway thscenar

Thecreatedand en(3) Wof matmaterisun-dr

TNEarthsin thesystemthe phmust nfair anhuman

Andevelolead to

Thephies s

3.1.2.Bio

(fromBenyuof inspto Dr.

Nattate

Natbest3.8 bis ap

NatteacleaFig. 3. The natural step metaphor of the funnel.

n Fig. 3. A company having a vision oriented to sus-will manage the resource and demand lines in such astead of converge will be kept constant or in the beste lines will diverge (restoration of the system) [25].ntific principles are: (1) Matter and energy cannot beestroyed (first law of Thermodynamics), (2) Mattertend to disperse (second law of Thermodynamics),

ociety consumes is the quality, purity, or structurenot its molecules and (4) Increases in order or netality on earth are produced almost entirely throughprocesses.stem Conditions are four: (1) substances from thest must not systematically increase in concentrationphere, (2) substances produced by society must notlly increase in concentration in the ecosphere, (3)l basis for the productivity and diversity of naturesystematically deteriorated and (4) there must be a

cient use of resources with respect to meeting basicds.ropriate capital investment strategy for sustainablent following the above principles and conditions willccessfully developed sustainable society.s of TNS are also included in other inspiring philoso-as Cradle to Cradle and Biomimicry, as seen next.

imicryicry is the science of innovation inspired by natureGreek, bios, life and mimesis, imitation). Janine

12 J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730

00 Se

J. Benyucurrent grgency call t[1]. The mchapter areuses only t(4) natures(6) naturetise; (8) napower of limhas been mexplained iproblems bhigh-speedKing sherwater at hiitself (see Fof shockwachieved w

3.1.3. CraThe con

McDonougC2C approwhich engiduced thiscomparingkind of a vhis head isAnd radio othey receivcat. So, tre-conceivi

The thre

Waste eqbecauseinput forecosystethings, pthe unde

Use curwhole, t

. In fgy speraoxyged b(lea

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re amicr

use

) froacce

, so

, winof thd, eimits are

ed psourc

abiloodintr]. Pmethof hFig. 4. King fisher and a Japanese high speed train (5

s is certainly one of the most influent gurus of theeen sciences providing a useful answer to the emer-hat Rachel Carson foresaw in her book Silent Springain principles that resonate in her book chapter after

listed next: (1) nature runs on sunlight; (2) naturehe energy it needs; (3) nature fits form to function;recycles everything; (5) nature rewards cooperation;banks on diversity; (7) nature demands local exper-ture curbs excesses from within; (9) nature taps the

its. A number of application examples where natureimicked in order to solve an engineering problem aren detail in her book. Thus, for instance, severe noiseecause of a sudden shockwave may appear when atrain enters a tunnel. The solution was found in the, a skilful bird that hunts diving from the air to thegh velocity without making any noise and injuringig. 4). Added to the total elimination of the problem

aves in tunnels an important energy reduction washen the shape of the bird was adopted for the train.

dle-to-cradle. remaking the way we design thingscept of Cradle to Cradle (C2C) was furthered by W.h (architect) and M. Braungart (chemist) in 2002.ach is a simple method of conceiving the way inneers must remake things [27,28]. The authors intro-philosophy using some well-known Einstein wordsthe telegraph with the radio: Wire telegraph is aery, very long cat. You pull his tail in New York andmeowing in Los Angeles. Do you understand this?perates exactly the same way: you send signals here,e them there. The only difference is that there is no

midener

temandtrollused

Resecos

Natismdesi

TheBiomi

Theexergyof theenergypowerSomelimiteity is lsource

Detailand resustain

A gnology[3234baseddesignhe way of innovation goes through rethinking andng from a different viewpoint.e tenets of C2C are:

uals food. In nature waste virtually does not existthe output of one organism is used as a valuableother organism, closing the cycle within the whole

m. To eliminate the concept of waste means to designroducts, and processes from the very beginning onrstanding that waste does not exist.rent solar income. Considering the ecosystem as arees and plants lay at the bottom of the sustain pyra-

a simple anchemical ping heat floplant to a ufinancial sain which papplied forquality of e

3.1.4. GettP. Palm

the systemries Shinkansen in Kyoto).

act, trees and plants use solar energy as their primaryource at the minimum possible temperature (ambientture), producing complex organic carbon moleculesen as the main products. This reaction is clearly con-y mass transfer and kinetics, so high surface area isves).and celebrate biodiversity. Diversity makes an

m resilient and able to respond successful to change.systems thrive on diversity where each living organ-its own essential function and expertiseness. Our

must consider and protect biodiversity.

re clear similarities between Cradle to Cradle andy principles and tenets.

of energy at high efficiency levels (maximizingm renewable sources is what nature does [29]. Somepted renewable sources of energy are: solar thermallar photovoltaics, bioenergy, hydroelectricity, tidald energy, wave energy and geothermal energy [30].ese renewable sources are infinite but others are

.g. the number of waterfalls to produce hydroelectric-ed so, it limits the production. All of the renewable

not enough to satisfy actual energy demand now.lanning and management of renewable energy usees using precise energy models is essential to reach

ity [31].example is found in the development of pinch tech-oduced by Linnhoff and Vredeveld in the late 1970sinch technology uses a set of thermodynamicallyods that guarantee minimum energy levels in theeat exchanger networks. Pinch technology is both

d precise methodology for systematically analysing

rocesses and the surrounding utility systems by track-w for all process streams in a system, from an entirenit operation. This methodology is aimed at achievevings in the process industries by optimising the waysrocess utilities (particularly energy and water), area wide variety of purposes. Maximization of exergy,nergy, is also taken into account within the method.

ing to zero wasteer have analysed the current state of recycling andof garbage and finds it wanting. The author exposes

J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730 13

in detail the problem of residues within the chemical industryand by extension to all society in his book [35]. The authorenounces fi(1) recycledowncyclinally becausetc.); (2) dindustry; (4Getting tolem is thaproduct, anout of sighmaterial ofment methof everythidumps evetion of theeverythingexist then gfull stop. M[36].

3.1.5. ResiResilie

return to itdoes not exfor the viewessary to cthan a bresuggested ebecause thehuman beinonlinear atence. Themust alwayand becausalways appnew variabdomness. Dway designchanges in[38,39].

Therefoand becominstead of b

For themore thanstates, givhandbookcontrollabidenotes thsteady-statindicates hate under cchange inpure from wadaptation.

3.2. Safety

Inhely iny shfeasreac

nt hng exagech tthatich tof tt chare aced

; (3)atespro

tensiateriall th

ocedicro-bstitternaemicanufaodifye senergythe mn-aw

acili

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antas

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ocess div

water pand

orateo su

endinvan

utedve laws for the achievement of universal recycling:function (recycling is sometimes understand as

g, reusing a product at a lower quality level, usu-e of degradation or contamination by other materials,esign in recycling up front; (3) remove the garbage) eliminate dump subsidies; (5) make it profitable.Zero Waste (G2ZW) finds that the principal prob-t residue is accepted as a valid product or sided that its only function is to be disposed properlyt. As the author suggests insistently the main rawgarbage companies is the garbage itself, their treat-

od commonly is reduced to the burial undergroundng without consideration, and their products harmfulrywhere. Universal recycling seeks for the elimina-terms residue and garbage by finding the value ofwithin its life cycle. Therefore, if garbage does notarbage companies do not necessarily need to exist,ore information can be found in G2ZW website

lience engineeringnce is a physical property of a material that cans original shape or position after deformation thatceed its elastic limits. Resilience Engineering stands

that failure is the flip side of the adaptations nec-ope with the complexity of the real world ratherakdown or malfunctioning as such. As Jin et al.ngineering issues that involve ecology are complexy depend on the notions of value and justice of each

ng [37]. Complex systems are inherently dynamic,nd capable of self-organizing to sustain their exis-performance of products, processes and systemss adjust to the current conditions and boundaries

e resources and time are finite such adjustments areroximate. This dynamic conception adds at least twoles to the simple reductionist design: time and ran-esign must be resilient rather than resistant; this

s will inherently respond correctly to unpredictabletheir inputs/outputs or even accept/emit new ones

re, sustainability acquires a new essential dimensiones a characteristic of a dynamic evolving systemeing a static aspired goal.case of the process and chemical industry, surely,90% of the designs are based on static-stationary

en by material and energy balances or in anyequipment design equation. Thus, for instance, thelity of the system is an important quality whiche ability and reliability to keep or maintain thee design values under acceptable limits. Rangeabilityow far from the design value can the system oper-ontrol. But, what if raw material scarcity obeys touts? Can the process absorb this unpredicted fail-ithin? Resilience engineering stands for design for

3.2.1.Ear

industrwherenativeyou dodevotito manapproameans

by whdesignwithou

The(1) proacts)elimin

ISD

(1) Inm

if aprm

(2) Su(3) Al

chm

(4) Mth

(5) Eninru

3.3. F

3.3.1.Ian

eitherirrelevDesign[43].destrucand prspecieent andthe othNancyincorporder t[44].

Attidea ofsubstitrently safer design, ISD1978, Trevor Kletz suggested that the chemical

ould re-direct its efforts toward elimination of hazardsible by minimization, material substitution, alter-tion routes, modified storage arrangements (whatave cant leak) and energy limitation rather thantensive resources on safety systems and procedures

the risks associated with the hazards [40]. This novelo design was called Inherently Safer Design. ISDhazards are eliminated not controlled, and the meanshe hazards are eliminated are so fundamental to thehe process that they cannot be changed or defeatednging the process [41].

re four different safety strategies in order of safety:ural (in operation controls); (2) active (in designpassive (in design contains); (4) inherent (in designthe risk).

poses five design principles:

fication: the use of minimal amounts of hazardousls assures that a major emergency is not created even

e plant contents are released. The change in the designure implies going from scale-up to scale-out (e.g.reactors).ution: use of non-hazardous compounds.tive Reaction Routes: in addition to using saferals it is possible to reduce the risks associated withcture by making changes in the reaction routes.storage arrangements: it has been summarized by

tence what you dont have cant leak.limitation: limiting the amount of energy availableanufacturing process also limits the possibility of a

ay process in case of failure.

ties and buildings

logical design: buildings for the environmentHarg has suggested that non-ecological design isricious, arbitrary, or idiosyncratic, and. . .certainly[42]. Van der Ryn and Cowan define Ecologicalan integrative, ecologically responsible disciplineaimed at designing minimizing environmentally

impacts by the integration with the living organismsses. This integration implies that the design respectsersity, minimizes resource depletion, preserves nutri-er cycles, maintains habitat quality and attends to allreconditions of human and ecosystem health. ForJohn Todd it is design for human settlements thats principles that are inherent in the natural world instain human populations over a long span of time

g to a broader definition of sustainability goals, theder Ryn and Cowan of minimizing impacts should beby the initiative of improvement of the environment

14 J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730

with the newer designs, this is the central standpoint of what isunderstood as design for the environment.

Comparing the main characteristics of conventional and eco-logical design the main issues that arise are: energy and materialsuse, pollution, use of toxic substances, economics, design crite-ria, sociological and cultural context, diversity and biodiversityspatial scales, underlying metaphors (i.e. building units), levelof participation of the agents, types of learning (how the designtransmits knowledge-base) and the different response to a likelysustainability crisis (resilience).

3.4. The chemistry and the process

3.4.1. Green chemistryMoving towards the ideal chemistry means designing

chemistries in which the target molecule is made from readilyavailable starting materials in one simple, safe, environmentallyfriend and resource-effective operation that proceeds quicklyand in quantitatively yield (see Fig. 5). In addition to this, theproduct should separate from the reaction in 100% purity [45].

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines GreenChemistryat moleculavative chemgenerationand use of

Three arsynthetic pand (3) thecurrent altepotential.

In 1998principlesproducts ancesses [48]

(1) Preveclean

(2) Atom economy. Synthetic methods should be designed tomaximize the incorporation of all materials used in theproce

(3) Less hsynthsubstand th

(4) Desigdesigtheir

(5) Saferstancmadeused.

(6) Desigchemmentapossient te

(7) Use oshoul

icalledulockficati

inimequiatal

uperesigesignto ihe eneal-etho

eal-tormanhertancrocehemres.

nee

fromreen

agens K

ombve stcreasortas supss teicalral fhno(GC) as the use of chemistry for pollution preventionr level [46]. The mission of GC is to promote inno-ical technologies that reduce or eliminate the use or

of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture,chemical products [47].e the main focus areas of GC: (1) the use of alternativeathways, (2) the use of alternative reaction conditions

design of safer chemicals that are less toxic thanrnatives or inherently safer with regards to accident

, Paul Anastas and J.C. Warner announced a set of 12as a useful guide to design environmentally benignd processes or to evaluate the already existing pro-

. The principles are listed below:

ntion. It is better to prevent waste than to treat orup waste after it has been created.

Fig. 5. Towards the ideal chemistry.

n

(8) Rbim

r

(9) Cs

(10) Ddit

(11) Rm

r

f(12) I

s

pc

fi

Thelutionwhen gand re[49]. Aples, ceffectiand in

Impsuch aventlebiologIn sevetive tecss into the final product.azardous chemical syntheses. Wherever practicable,

etic methods should be designed to use and generateances that possess little or no toxicity to human healthe environment.ning safer chemicals. Chemical products should bened to effect their desired function while minimizingtoxicity.solvents and auxiliaries. the use of auxiliary sub-

es (e.g., solvents, separation agents, etc.) should beunnecessary wherever possible and innocuous when

n for energy efciency. Energy requirements ofical processes should be recognized for their environ-l and economic impacts and should be minimized. If

ble, synthetic methods should be conducted at ambi-mperature and pressure.f renewable feedstocks. A raw material or feedstockd be renewable rather than depleting whenever tech-y and economically practicable.ce derivatives. Unnecessary derivatization (use ofing groups, protection/deprotection, temporary mod-on of physical/chemical processes) should beized or avoided if possible, because such steps

re additional reagents and can generate waste.ysis. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) areior to stoichiometric reagents.n for degradation. Chemical products should bened so that at the end of their function they break downnnocuous degradation products and do not persist invironment.time analysis for pollution prevention. Analyticaldologies need to be further developed to allow for

ime, in-process monitoring and control prior to thetion of hazardous substances.ently safer chemistry for accident prevention. Sub-es and the form of a substance used in a chemicalss should be chosen to minimize the potential forical accidents, including releases, explosions, and

d for end-point engineering solutions to prevent pol-being released into the environment is minimizedchemistry principles are incorporated into feedstock

t selection, solvent use, and overall synthetic designirchhoff indicated and illustrated with several exam-ining GC with GE at the earliest design stages is anrategy for maximizing efficiency, minimizing waste,ing profitability [50].nt note: it must be remarked that several technologiesercritical fluids, ionic liquids, fluorous liquids, sol-

chnologies, microwaves, ultrasounds, catalysis andprocesses have been intimately associated with GC.orums and frequently in the literature these alterna-logies are considered directly GC with independence

J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730 15

of the process or product handled. Here we want to emphasizethat all these alternative techniques may be of use, but a deepanalysis ofples of GCtechnique

3.4.1.1. Exrepresentatibuprofenibuprofen wof Englandcess resultibyproductsBHC Comindustrial sthat has a hdisposal anall efficien1992, the gscale at onthe world iCorporatio2025% (mof ibuprofe

3.4.1.2. Exnumber ofincorporate

Davy Proute for etas industribecause itas methyl ecesses Techto produceA 100,000is the secona green tectation as aa truly greconverted bethanol whcompletionof a cleaneconsumptio

BASF,the manufMethylimidprocess. ThN-methylimpoint of 75in a batch rwhich hasionic liquidfrom the puonly by prOnce proto

can be distilled like any other organic solvent. The compoundis also a nucleophilic catalyst which accelerates the reaction

menanic

Alkotoiniwe

parels. Inlamirate

ts toe mthe

46].

Self-f-assral om nre isin wxistself-s introtephosleocself

orgare aly (e

uprales

simpneouze frf the

bynouresemislingd foities]. Fpedupone mesembo fotiontedch inof

mbintry.each particular case study through the set of princi-should be carried out to clarify whether the chosenit is or it is not GC.

ample of GC in the pharmaceutical industry. Aive example of pharmaceutical green processes isproduction. The traditional industrial synthesis of

as developed and patented by the Boots Companyin the 1960s. This synthesis used a six-step pro-

ng in large quantities of unwanted waste chemicalthat must be disposed of or otherwise managed. The

pany has developed and implemented a new greenerynthesis of ibuprofen that used only three steps andigh level of atom efficiency. This lessens the need ford mediation of waste products and increases the over-cy of the process considerably [51]. In mid-Octoberreen synthesis was put into practice on an industriale of the largest ibuprofen manufacturing facilities inn Bishop, TX. This plant is operated by the Celanesen for BASF and currently produces approximatelyore than 7 million lb) of the worlds yearly supply

n.

amples of GC in the chemical industry. There are aexamples of novel green chemistries that have beend to industrial processes in the last years.rocesses Technology has developed a new greenhyl acetate production. Consumption of ethyl acetateal solvent has increased in recent years, mainlyis replacing hazardous atmospheric pollutants suchthyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone. Davy Pro-nology offers a more environmentally friendly routeethyl acetate from alcohol, without using acetic acid.tonnes/year plant is under construction in China. Thisd plant started-up for producing ethyl acetate usinghnology. This plant will use ethanol from fermen-sole feedstock. This new plant is a first example ofen process whereby atmospheric carbon dioxide isy photosynthesis to starch, harvest, fermented into

ich then is chemically converted to ethyl acetate. Theof the CO2 cycle adds guarantees in the production

r fuel; however, we must not forget that a responsiblen is also required for sustainability [52].for instance, is employing an ionic liquid in

acture of alkoxyphenylphosphines since 2003. N-azole is used to scavenge acid that is formed in thee reaction results in the formation of the ionic liquididazolium chloride (Hmim-Cl), which has a melting

C. The manufacture is carried out on a multiton scaleeactor at elevated temperatures. During the process,the name BASIL (biphasic acid scavenging utilizings), the ionic liquid separates as a clear liquid phasere product and is recycled. The separation takes placeotonation or deprotonation of N-methylimidazole.nated, it is miscible with the organic phase and it

rate trethe orgtime).of phoinks asare prealcohotriethyto sepasolven

Somwithingram [

3.4.2.Sel

structuies, froin natucesses

a pre-ewordsponent[54]. Ptures,the nuclogicalliving

Theassemb(e.g. smolecuratherspontaorganiOne oformednitrogeways p

Cheassembthe neenecess

ers [56develobasedof thesself-asfolds tapplicaintegraapproa

Onethe cogeomedously. The deprotonated product is immiscible withphase and decanted very easily (15 min residence

xyphenylphosphines are precursors for the synthesistiators that are used in the manufacture of printingll as glass fiber and wood coatings. The phosphinesd by the reaction of phenyl-chlorophosphines withthe conventional processes acid scavengers such as

ne are used, but they produce solids that are difficultfrom product and require large amounts of organickeep in suspension and a post-filtration [53].ore examples of the application of GC can be foundEPA Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Pro-

assembly: building in a natural wayembly is the fundamental principle which generatesrganization at all scales from molecules to galax-anoscopic to macroscopic in Nature. Self-assemblyolder than life itself. It is defined as reversible pro-hich pre-existing parts or disordered components ofing system form structures of patterns. Using otherassembly is the autonomous organization of com-o patterns or structures without human interventionin folding, nucleic acid assembly and tertiary struc-pholipid membranes, ribosomes, microtubules, andapsides of viruses are representative examples of bio--assembly in nature that are of critical importance tonisms.re two types of self-assembly, intramolecular self-.g. protein folding) and intermolecular self-assembly

molecular assemblies of a micelle with surfactantin solution), both starting from a limited number ofle structural building blocks that hierarchically andsly or assisted by other molecules (e.g. chaperones)om the atomic scale into mesoscopic structures [55].best examples is DNA chain where few molecules

one cyclic five-carbon sugar, one phosphate and ones base are recognised and assembled in a number ofrving life characteristics.ts and engineers have learned to design self-

systems with a modest degree of complexity. Butr increased complexity is growing, driven by currentof miniaturized systems, e.g. circuitry or comput-

or instance, Warner, Woehrle and Hutchinson havemethods of nanofabrication of nanoparticle arraysthe assembly of functionalized nanoparticles. One

thods is biomolecular nanolithography that involvesly of nanoparticles onto biopolymeric (DNA) scaf-

rm lines and more complex patterns. One potentialof these methods is the generation of molecularly

nanocircuits as a higher performance (and greener)the microelectronics industry [57,58].

the recent advances in miniaturization results fromation of engineering with the mathematical field ofFractals are mathematically generated patterns that

16 J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730

are reprodualgorithmsduced by reused with acient antenare genuinepinski Spoto construc

4. Green e

4.1. DeniSeveral

engineeringand greensub-branchtreatment oclearly doetion of theother handlogical desarchitectur

Amongswe have setasks: Cheprocesses ((chemical,useful forenvironmewhich is thsimplest foand managprocessesfessional cadjective cmon peopl

Singh and Falkenburg considered that the primary objectiveof GE is to eliminate the waste or scrap generated as a result

ign ait to

d as oducllutinmeurinrmshat pplemts, pprotespheemEtheing te auty ant, seredg. prstin dsensitationentltedpmet are65].his wbec

ng thheleor designh SuFig. 6. Sierpinski Sponge fractal, level 3.

cible at any magnification or reduction. Fractals are, or shapes, characterized by self-similarity and pro-cursive sub-division. For instance, fractals have beengreat success for the design of smaller and more effi-

nas [59]. Such fractal antennas have multiple bands orly wideband. Fig. 6 illustrates an example of the Sier-

nge fractal; one simple cube is sequentially repeatedt the actual shape.

ngineering

tion and scope of applicationadjectives have been used to qualify this branch of, chemical, environmental, ecological, clean. Environmental Engineering refers to an actualof engineering which is dedicated to the endpointf pollutants in gas, water and soil streams and it

of desreducedefineand pring poenviropared dtransfothose tand improducwhilethe bio

IChmallywidention thdone bronme

considcal EnSandeple isconno

RecpresenDeveloopmennoun [

In tmainlymeaniNevertideas ffor dethrougs not fulfil the requirements and scope of applica-novel cradle-to-cradle analysis proposed. On the

, Ecological Engineering has been related to Eco-ign, as discussed previously and has strong links toe and landscape management.t the different definitions of Chemical Engineering

lected two. The first one is related to its occupationalmical Engineering is a broad discipline dealing withindustrial and natural) involving the transformationbiological, or physical) of matter or energy into formsmankind, economically and without compromisingnt, safety, or finite resources [60]. The second one,e latest definition given from IChemE, is: In its

rm, chemical engineering is the design, developmentement of a wide and varied spectrum of industrial[61]. Chemical Engineer is a well-established pro-areer and discipline; nonetheless, it seems that thehemical causes some kind of contempt in the com-

e, as sounded in several non-professional forums.

4.2. Appro

Severalciples andorder to evability. Somnot specificthat we coChemical E

(i) Theitieshealthumshouships

(ii) Thecarend manufacturing decisions if possible, otherwisethe best possible limits [62]. Later, GE has been

the design, commercialization, and use of processests that are feasible and economical while minimiz-

on at the source and risk to human health and thent by Allen and Shonnard [63]. The definition pre-g the Sandestin Conference was: Green Engineeringexisting engineering disciplines and practices toromote sustainability. GE incorporates developmententation of technologically and economically viablerocesses and systems that promote human welfarecting human health and elevating the protection ofre as a criterion in engineering solutions [64].s definition for Chemical Engineering considers for-

activities related to a range of industrial processeshe definition as much as possible. In the first defini-hors add a significant tail to the traditional activitieschemical engineer . . .without compromising envi-afety, or finite resources. In this way GE could beas the natural transformation of traditional Chemi-actices, the same argument that comes out from theefinition. However, it must be noted that some peo-tive to the adjective green because of its politicals world-wide (green parties).

y, the Royal Academy of Engineering (UK) hasthe Principles of Engineering for Sustainablent, where the main challenges for Sustainable Devel-covered but there is no adjective is used before the

ork we have chosen the name Green Engineeringause we consider that currently this name carries therough the different definitions given in the literature.ss, we would like to remark the all the disciplines andsign compiled in the work show new trends and aidsin Chemical Engineering to promote Sustainabilitystainable Development.

aching sustainability through principles

institutions and individuals have defined sets of prin-guidelines which have been used as a reference inaluate and design strategic plans to achieve sustain-

e of these principles overlap and some others areally technical. We have brought together all the sets

nsidered are fundamental to understand the idea ofngineering promoting Sustainable Development.

Precautionary Principle, which guides human activ-to prevent harm to the environment and to humanh, it says: When an activity raises threats of harm toan health or the environment, precautionary measuresld be taken even if some cause-and-effect relation-are not fully established scientifically [66].

Earth Charter Principles, which promote respect andfor the community of life, ecological integrity, social

J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730 17

and economic justice, and democracy, non-violence, andpeace [67].

(iii) Theprincand rworlabili

(iv) Themiesenviradvo[68].

(v) Thestarticess

tal omentand dnicataspementand cvisiomakiand ta praof thestab

(vi) Thedevewaythose

(vii) Theto guof soof indramsyste

(viii) Twelpromor eliin th

(ix) Theernm

priorapprtionsthe p

(x) Desiby thDfEattribcharaprodrealiof vasyste

DeMendonca and Baxter propose the adoption of DfEPrinciples by the US companies as measure to complywithDesiwhicto enprocand tDrafthe Senginprincmatito risresou

wastlife cTheopmis onare: (futursolutmakemana

of anmustapprthingas v

Somfor iprincPrincare inare

stagerequandoper

ategof iminesntendectioeedsforngly

one

is.prin

l. Vanstrsuchf (1

) a dNatural Step System Conditions, which define basiciples for maintaining essential ecological processesecognizing the importance of meeting human needsdwide as integral and essential elements of sustain-ty [23,24].Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Econo-

(CERES) Principles, which provide a code ofonmental conduct for environmental, investor, andcacy groups working together for a sustainable future

Bellagio Principles, which serve as guidelines forng and improving the sustainability assessment pro-and activities of community groups, non governmen-rganizations (NGOs), corporations, national govern-s, and international institutions including the choiceesign of indicators, their interpretation and commu-ion of the result [10]. These principles deal with fourcts of assessing progress toward sustainable develop-: (1) establishing a vision of sustainable developmentlear goals that provide a practical definition of thatn in terms that are meaningful for the decision-ng unit in question, (2) the content of any assessmenthe need to merge a sense of the overall system withctical focus on current priority issues, (3) key issuese process of assessment and (4) with the necessity forlishing a continuing capacity for assessment.Ahwahnee Principles, which guide the planning andlopment of urban and suburban communities in athat they will more successfully serve the needs ofwho live and work within them [69].

Interface Steps to Sustainability, which were createdide the Interface company in addressing the needsciety and the environment by developing a systemdustrial production that decreases their costs andatically reduces the burdens placed upon livingms [70].ve Principles of Green Chemistry [48], aimed atoting innovative chemical technologies that reduceminate the use or generation of hazardous substancese design, manufacture, and use of chemical products.Hannover Principles, which assist planners, gov-ent officials, designers, and all involved in settingities for the built environment and promoting anoach to design that may meet the needs and aspira-of the present without compromising the ability of

lanet to sustain an equally supportive future [71].gn for Environment (DfE) Key Strategies producede National Resource Council of Canada [72,73].

is a systematic way of incorporating environmentalutes into the design of a product. The three uniquecteristics of DfE are that the entire life-cycle of a

uct is considered, it is applied early in the productzation process and that decisions are made using a setlues consistent with industrial ecology, integrativems thinking or another framework of sustainability.

(xi)

(xii)

(xiii)

A cstage odiscipltable ithe seltheir nbut nowe stroThen,analys

Thegeneraand Cosource

terms oand (3international standardisation ISO 14000 [74].gn through the 12 Principles of Green Engineering,h provide a framework for scientists and engineersgage in when designing new materials, products,

esses, and systems that are benign to human healthhe environment [7577].t Principles of Green Engineering resulted fromandestin Conference, where a significant group ofeers and designers reviewed some of the previousiples and collecting them into several common the-

c areas, i.e. (1) embody a holistic, systems approachk reduction, (2) minimize the use of non-renewablerces, (3) minimize complexity, (4) account for all

es and dispose of them appropriately and (5) utilizeycle concepts [64].12 Principles of Engineering for Sustainable Devel-ent endorsed by the Royal Academy of Engineeringe of the most recent approaches. The 12 guidelines1) look beyond your own locality and the immediatee; (2) innovate and be creative; (3) seek a balancedion; (4) seek engagement from all stakeholders; (5)

sure you know the needs and wants; (6) plan andge effectively; (7) give sustainability the benefity doubt; (8) if polluters must pollute. . . then theypay as well; (9) adopt a holistic, cradle-to-grave

oach; (10) do things right, having decided on the rightto do; (11) beware cost reductions that masquerade

alue engineering; (12) practice what you preach.e of these principles contain previous approaches,nstance, Principle (7) includes the precautionaryiple, and Principle (3) includes most of the 12iples of Green Engineering. Several cases studiescluded within the manual given. These cases studies

analysed applying the principles at five differents of the process design, namely: (1) framing the

irements, (2) scoping the decision, (3) planningdetailed design, (4) implementation, delivery andation and (5) end of usable life (the grave) [65].

rised classification of the sets above considering theplementation, the group of people involved, the maincovered and the content is presented in Table 1. Thiss to be a quick selection guide to help the reader inn among the different set of principles according to. Some of the sets are applicable to one design stageanother one, however, during the selection process,recommend using all of them as a fountain of ideas.

or two of the sets can be chosen as a model for the

ciples themselves are too broad and qualitative innegas suggested for the Architecture, Engineering

uction (AEC) industry that every principle, from anyas these, can be made operational by expressing it in

) specific objectives, (2) associated measurable goals,etailed execution plan to achieve them [78].

18 J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730Ta

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In general, all these principles are intimately related withdifferent aspects of the design, operation and implementationof the prodknown 12areas, i.e.(principlesprevention(principlesciples demquality, safnomic, andauthors offprinciples,actual desiga moleculaconsideredare not enotowards subase philos

4.3. Green

Many osustainabilenounced bthem havedisaster. Th

Singh anGE framewcesses [62]definition opresentedmaximumsbalances. Bdistant fromthe current(MOP).

Thomassustainableanalytical[80]. Althothe paper iics such endevelopme

Diwekaintroduceddecision-mdesign basand multi-GE are catprinciplesdirectionsimplementsponding tosimulatorsaimed at ouncertaintyucts, processes and systems. For instance, the well-Principles of GE can be classified into six main

raw materials (principles 6, 9 and 12), energy use3, 4 and 10), production system (principles 5 and 8),(principle 2), design (principle 1) and product use7 and 11). As Segars et al. indicated the 12 Prin-

onstrate a move beyond the traditional paradigms ofety, and performance to consider environmental, eco-social factors [79]. However, we consider that their

ered them as recommendations rather than statementbecause these principles have been inferred fromns from organic biological and chemical systems on

r level large-scale industrial technical systems that areto be sustainable. Therefore, the principles alone

ugh for the creation of the right framework of designstainability and they need to be accompanied withophy and a range of specific indicators and tools.

engineering frameworks for design

f the frameworks currently proposed for achievingity in the chemical and process industry have beenased on the sets of principles listed above some ofbeen created as a response to an urgent need or to aese frameworks are explained as follows.d Falkenburg presented, early in 1993, one of the firstorks for the integrated design of products and pro-. The approach was strongly limited by the handledf GE only based on waste reduction. The authors

a framework based on linear programming to findand minimums of steady-state material and energyesides the approach given by the authors stands quitewhat now is understood as GE, it set up the basis of

approaches using multiple-objective programming

and Graedel defined important research issues inconsumption aimed at stimulating the creation of

frameworks for materials use and the environmentugh important questions are formulated in this work,s too focussed on technical aspects and major top-vironment (e.g. land use) and society (i.e. human

nt) are only schematically mentioned.r proposes a structure where GE principles areas early as possible at all levels of engineering

aking [81]. The author establishes a framework fored almost completely in process simulation modelsobjective optimization tools. The 12 Principles ofegorized in those that have qualitative objective (i.e.1, 2, 7, 9, 11 and 12) and those that declare design(i.e. principles 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10). Five levels ofation are considered. Level 1, innermost level corre-

models for process simulation, steady-state processare employed for this task. Level 2, a sampling loop,btaining real data from the system to cope with the

of predictions. Probabilistic models are used for

J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730 19

these simulations. Level 3 accounts for a continuous optimizerfor decision-making for design and operating conditions. Thegradient min which thdiscrete opMOP thatkind of frathe solutionnot consideciples are inof implemefully presen

Lapkinapproach fof chemicaare combinthe greenncomparisonarchy levelpossible inpany, infrasfor the comthe dynamieach levelmethodolovolatile org

Chen antions into alhierarchicagiven by Sdesign proThe goal oreaction paflowsheet adesign, thesheets startremainingtal assessmcomparingmaleic anhsteady-statlimited to pno social c

Batterhaity based olevels connrefers to gl3 to enterplevel 5 to inadvices ofon one levebig pictureand horizon

Level 1developmeliterature irefers to b

the basic green philosophies have stated, i.e. Cradle-to-Cradle,Zero Waste, Biomimicry and Ecological Design, introduced in

n 3. If thesent3 andVanelin[78]deepdesigmenial ad bise, n

dustrrviceganiecontory]the

ex anf sus

he syomictra-d as

eveloaturantro

revenustaiithinentd su

sed,rrec

viroirectusabonom

he syeans

autrstlyl levtedtal aabil

citeder aof t

ncepchemfineethod (e.g. Jacobian) is used to approximate the waye maximum or minimum is obtained. Level 4, is atimizer for discrete decisions. Finally, Level 5 is aoptimizes the algorithm numerically. Although thismework can be of use in specific design problems,relies in having a valid model too much, and it does

r dynamics of the system. The way in which the prin-cluded in the design process is not clear and not easyntation. Moreover, the concept of sustainability is nott, not considering social dimension at any level.

et al. proposed a methodology based on hierarchicalor the evaluation of what they call the greennessl processes [82]. Existing environmental indicatorsed into a hierarchical multi-objective evaluation of

ess of different chemical technologies to enable thebetween alternative technologies. Four vertical hier-

s with their own stakeholders, system boundaries anddicators are considered: product and processes, com-tructure and society. This work is a useful approachparison of technologies but again does not considercs of the system. The selection of the indicators forconditions the final result. The authors illustrate thegy presenting a concise case study for the recovery ofanic chemicals (VOCs) using monolithic adsorbents.d Shonnard incorporated environmental considera-l stages of chemical process design using a traditionall approach [83], similar to the onions approachmith [84]. Their framework for design divides thecess in two parts: early design and detailed design.f early design task is to screen a large number ofthways and raw materials, to simulate a base-casend then to create an improved flowsheet. In detailedobjective is to optimize a small number of flow-

ing with the improved base-case flowsheet for eachprocess. MOP includes economic and environmen-ent is the heart of this approach. Detailed case studybenzene and n-butane routes for the production of

ydride is included. As for all the previous cases, onlye simulations are included. Hierarchical approach isrocess, economical and environmental dimensions,

onsiderations are included within the algorithm.m proposed a hierarchical framework of sustainabil-n the existing metrics that consist of five minimumecting global and individual goals [85,3]. Level 1obal objectives, level 2 to industry strategies, levelrise targets, level 4 to specific projects and finallydividual actions and measured outcomes. The authorthe risks associated with becoming too concentratedl of the sustainability hierarchy and losing sight of the. Thus, a certain grade of interaction in both verticaltal dimensions is required for a maximum efficiency.is mentioned in the next section, where sustainablent is briefly reviewed, nevertheless, more specifics recommended for detailed information. Level 2road industrial strategies and it is related to what

Sectiolevel oare prelevels

Dr.of guidabilitybut itsof thetial eleindustrsoil antrial bathe inand seand orcal] + [regulastitutecomplgoal o

(i) Tn

(ii) Inan

d(iii) N

co

p(iv) S

w

m

an

u

co

en

(v) Dre

m

(vi) Tm

Thelem; fitacticaintegradamensustainin the

Oththe usethe coin theto then this paper we want to focus our attention in the mid-hierarchy. Green Engineering and Green Chemistry

ed and discussed in detail as the main tool to tackle4, mainly concentrated in proper process design.

egas offers an excellent road map and an initial setes for implementation of built environment sustain-. The work is presented under an architectural view,ness in the design satisfies many of the requirementsn for the chemical and process industry. Five essen-

ts, the built environment (residential, non-residential,nd civil facilities), the natural environment (air, water,ota), the resource base (built environment, indus-atural capital, economic capital and social capital),ial base (production systems for goods, productss) and people (individuals, families, communitieszations), the trinomial [environment and ecologi-omic and financial] + [social, cultural, political andsystems and both spatial and temporal scales con-

basis of sustainability. The system under study isd several characteristics are key for achieving the

tainability:

stem is enveloped by the combination of social, eco-al and environmental systems.and intergenerational satisfaction of human needspirations are an integral part of the outcomes of thepment process.l resources use has to be managed, monitored andlled ensuring the satisfaction of actual demands butting total depletion.nable strategies and technologies are used proactivelyevery element of the system to promote develop-

by using of environmentally conscious alternativesbstitutes to current resources and energy sources

to prevent or mitigate environmental impacts and tot environmental impacts when some damage to thenment already has been done.reuse of reusable components, remanufacture of

le elements, reprocessing of recycled materials, ander/raw material generation is actively promoted.

stem is resilient; the achievement of sustainabilitya continuous movement towards the right goal.

hor proposes a three-level action to tackle the prob-, strategic level (what, with what and how), secondly,el and finally operational level (project definition andproject design). Operational level considers all fun-spects and phases of engineering designs includingity at all levels. This level is exhaustively explainedwork.

uthors have developed specific indexes that clarifyhe principles. Sheldon, for instance, have expandedt of atom efficiency as a key to waste minimizationical and process industry, putting special attention

chemical and pharmaceutical industry [86]. The E

20 J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730

Fi

factors, defiwaste as evwidely useenvironme

The contion of thecalculationing into accas utility coronmental iQuotient, Eily assignedtoxicity anAdvances idemonstratin comparial. presentein decidingto this crite0.618 massused (E-facreactions drion. Morein their dis

The Wusure whichprotection [MIPS can bvices, enterThe envirothe basis offewer raw m

The caluse of resoall data corto the cateor non rene

in agricultusumption dcalculated

There aFirst, the Mfor the man

mation if one wishes, for example, to compare various materialalternatives. Second, Material Intensity (MIT) is the material

in retiesMIPhe Mnt inals, bvicur. Ad byds in) reFrom Mre bman

mmeetailnteninde

Cys touct,and

to asleaseunitiws

ionng, tcradA haement Syes (Eevene a fuctionA apantifiof a

ng aedgeessmg. 7. Typical industrial E factors (adapted from [86]).

ned as kg of waste per kg of desired product (definingerything except the desired product), have become ad index for the quick evaluation of performance andntal harm in the industry (see Fig. 7).cept of atom efficiency is used for the rapid evalua-amount of waste generated; however, more precisemust consider mass balances of the entire plant, tak-ount other non-stoichiometric material streams suchnsumption, purges, etc. In order to evaluate the envi-mpact, the author introduced the term EnvironmentalQ, which is the product of E factor times and arbitrar-unfriendliness quotient, Q, which is function of the

d easiness of recycling among others of the product.n heterogeneous catalysis are the central example toe how E factor can be reduced by hundreds of timesson to traditional non-catalytic routes. Gronnow etd the criterion of Golden atom economy to helpwhether a reaction is green or not [87]. Accordingrion a green simple reaction should produce at leastunits of target product per mass unit of all reactants

tor > 0.618). The authors analysed thoroughly ca. 250iscovered between 1828 and 1999 using this crite-over, Gronnow et al. include energetic considerationcussion what completes the analysis very well.ppertal Institute has developed, the MIPS unit, a mea-serves as an indicator of precautionary environmental88]. MIPS stands for Material Input Per Service unit.e applied on several levels e.g. for products and ser-prises, households, regions and national economies.nmental impact potential of a product is assessed onthe life-cycle-wide material input, in other words: the

inputintensicalled

In tdifferemateriand siland aiverifieproceeunit, (2(4) MI(6) frosteps amadeprogra

A dbon coof the

Lifeprocesa prodenergyment;and reopportIt folloextractfacturifrom

LCmanagagemeSchemtion Prto havtheir a

LCthe qumance

choosiknowlthe assaterials used, the less environmental impact ensues.culation of the MIPS requires the estimation of theurces from the point of their extraction from nature:responds to the amount of moved tons in nature, thusgories of biotic or renewable raw material, abioticwable raw material, water, air and earth movementre and silviculture (incl. erosion). All material con-uring manufacture, use and recycling or disposal isback to resource consumption.re three indicators to consider during the analysis.aterial Input (MI) which indicates the material inputufacture of one ton. MI initially gives adequate infor-

performancThe im

Directive oation of theconsumptiothe Best Aactivity.

Azapagapplicationframework

On thebe definedlation to weight unit. Finally, when these materialare applied to a specific service unit, the index isS.IPS concept, the material inputs are divided into fiveput categories. These five categories are: abiotic rawiotic raw materials, earth movements in agriculture

lture (mechanical earth movement or erosion), waterrange of MI factors are periodically published andthe Wuppertal Institute [89]. The calculation of MIPSseven steps: (1) definition of aim, object and service

presentation of process chain, (3) compiling of data,m cradle to product, (5) MI From cradle to grave,I to MIPS and (7) interpretation of results. These

asically independent of whether the calculations areually or with the help of an appropriate computer.

ed example based on the pig iron (raw iron, 45% car-t) production is presented within the documentationx.

cle Assessment (LCA), as defined by SETAC, is aevaluate the environmental burdens associated withprocess, or activity by identifying and quantifyingmaterials used and wastes released to the environ-sess the impact of those energy and material usess to the environment; and to identify and evaluatees to effect environmental improvements [9093].the life cycle of a product, process or activity fromof raw materials to final disposal, including manu-ransport, use, re-use, maintenance and recycling, i.e.le to grave.s been incorporated as a convincing environmentalnt aid within the ISO 14000 Environmental Man-stems (EMS) [94], EU Eco-Management and AuditMAS) [95], and EU Directive on Integrated Pollu-

tion and Control (IPPC) [96,97] requiring companiesll knowledge of the environmental consequences ofs, both on- and off-site.plicability is two-fold. Firstly, LCA can be used forcation and evaluation of the environmental perfor-product or a process helping decision makers on

mong alternatives. Secondly, it provides an excellent-base for engineers and environmental managers inent of potential improvements in the environmentale of the system.

portance of LCA for process selection within EUn IPPC [96], lays in the requirement of the consider-environment as a whole, including indirect releases,n of raw materials and waste disposal when choosing

vailable Technique (BAT) to carry out an industrial

ic have reviewed exceptionally most of the importants of LCA in different regulatory and environmentals [98].other hand are placed ecolabels. An ecolabel canas a seal or logo indicating that a product has

J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730 21

met a set of environmental or social standards [99] ecola-belling systems exists for both food and consumer products.Both systehas legislaown ecolablabel startefriendly proand was dful to the eawarded onthe wholematerials, tthe producwashing mhairsprays.

The achemblem th[63,5]. It istion of an eand thus inLCA to obprocess of

4.3.1. RenREACH

Chemicals)policy. On 2Paper on ahas subsequmajor stakeof the Comtion was foof Environof the Euroenter into fothat manufsubstance pdatabase. Tardous subthe so-calle

The prestances waRegulationferent rules(after the 1tested befoprovisionsmation existhere is genable in ordCurrently, tentific andimplementchemicals [to register

This refpieces of l

of the matter and the economical side-effects in the chemi-cal industry. The global production of chemicals has increased

milboutt of wes, aal iny.

ACHof cals,y Rbas

f viee the

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tewa, etcms were started by NGOs but nowadays the EUtion for the rules of ecolabelling and also has theirels for food and for consumer products. EU eco-d to encourage the promotion of environmentallyducts. The scheme came into operation in late 1992

esigned to identify products which are less harm-nvironment than equivalent brands. The labels areenvironmental criteria set by the EU. They cover

life cycle of a product, from the extraction of rawhrough manufacture, distribution, use and disposal oft. The first products to carry the EU eco-labels wereachines, paper towels, writing paper, light bulbs and

ievement of an ecolabel endows companies with anat differentiates their product from other productsa recognition of environmental quality. The last inten-colabel is to convince the consumer of such quality,some way to sell the product. However, as for the

tain and maintain an ecolabel involve a continuousimprovement.

ewed European policy for chemicals, REACH(Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of

is the current reform of the EU previous chemical7 February 2001 the EU Commission issued a WhiteStrategy for a future Chemicals Policy [100]. Thisently been developed and extensively discussed withholders, resulting in the release on 29th October 2003missions proposal (REACH). The REACH Regula-rmally adopted on 18 December 2006 by the Councilment Ministers following the vote in second readingpean Parliament on 13 December 2006. REACH willrce on 1 June 2007 [101]. Under REACH enterprises

acture or import more than one tonne of a chemicaler year would be required to register it in a centralhis legislation is based in the substitution of haz-stances with safer alternatives whenever available,d Substitution Principle.vious EU legislative framework for chemical sub-s a patchwork of many different Directives ands which has developed historically. There are dif-

for existing (before 1981) and new chemicals981 cut-off date). While new chemicals have to bere they are placed on the market, there are no suchfor existing chemicals. Thus, although some infor-ts on the properties and uses of existing substances,erally a lack of sufficient information publicly avail-er to assess and control these substances effectively.he European Chemicals Bureau (ECB) provides sci-technical support to the conception, development,

ation and monitoring of EU policies on dangerous102]. There will be a period of 11 years and 3 monthsall the substances after REACH entry into force.orm has become one of the most intensely discussedegislation in EU history because of the importance

from 1have amarke10 tonnchemicindustr

REeffectschemicered brequirepoint obecausof posdegradsideredthis legproducUS, Chficult sstill a p

4.3.2.contro

Theling inand CoIPPCsource

installaboostinditions

Theoperatoperatcovere

cover a

powerdrink o

Undmust aapplicaconditare use

impactthe furboundapproxmallyare rea

notes aindustrzontal)as was

energylion tonnes in 1930 to 400 million tonnes today. We100,000 different substances registered in the EUhich 10,000 are marketed in volumes of more thannd a further 20,000 are marketed at 110 tonnes. Thedustry is also Europes third largest manufacturing

forces the study and knowledge of the toxicologicalhemical substances. Nevertheless, for low volumewhich constitute two-thirds of the substances cov-

EACH, the system is too flexible and it does notic health and safety information. From a GC & GEw the actual requirements of REACH are not enoughanalysis is still at the end-of-pipe. No requirementshandling, life cycle analysis, double-use, design for, energy intensive production processes, etc. are con-wever, the industrial sector is distrustful stating thation adds even more steps for the development of newd compounds and it will cause Europe fall behind theIndia and Japan in the chemical industry. It is a dif-orward but a global policy towards sustainability ising deal.

pean integrated pollution prevention andctive (IPPC 96/61)has a set of common rules for permitting and control-ial installations in the Integrated Pollution Preventionl (IPPC) Directive of 1996 [96,97]. In essence, the

ctive is about minimising pollution from industrialoughout the European Union covering ca. 50,000s. This directive sets an ideal framework for theGE through the modification of current design con-

C Directive (96/61) calls for specified manufacturingto comply with its requirements and have a permit toer the regime by 2007. The manufacturing operationsIPPC are defined within Annex 1 of the Directive andge of industries; from chemicals production, refining,eration through to intensive farming and food andtions.he legislation an operator of an IPPC installationfor a permit through the submission of a technical

. The application needs to address actual operationaldemonstrating that Best Available Techniques (BAT)the installation to ensure an acceptable environmentalrochure of BAT is created for each particular case andnalysis will depend on the installation and the system

. Currently, a total of 33 activities have been analysed,tely in half of them the final document has been for-ted by the Commission; all of reports (final and draft)vailable online [97]. Examples of sectorial guidancerge volume organic chemicals, refineries, chlor-alkaliaper industry, etc. There are also cross sector (hori-dance notes, covering general industry issues suchter treatment, cost benefit analysis, cooling systems,.

22 J. Garca-Serna et al. / Chemical Engineering Journal 133 (2007) 730

Procedurally, IPPC places a great emphasis on having agood Environmental Management System (EMS) whereby theimpacts of operations and environmental performance metricsare fully uoperating pand their d

Bob HuDirective wneer in maengineer, Icommissioing Principdesign inclof the asset

Legislatapproach tation fromdecommissto modifyislative fratechnologieinto morebased on se(2) best avticipation.

1. The intinto accplant, cotion of wpreventisure. Thprotecti

2. The pe(ELVs)As a res(the so-concisetowardsnovel in

3. The IPallowinditions,of the ienviron

4. The Dirpate inits consin orderof relea(EPER)ber Statis intenindustriPollutanreportin

4.3.3. The European initiative, SusChemThe European Technology Platform (ETP) for Sustain-

able ChemaBioh in

hnolonam

eacti, incicrooolicsatiogineals Tstru

e, noperfonoschnoloquesl and