Report on Internet Banking Chapter-1- Introduction Chapter-2- Internet Banking - a new medium Chapter-3 - International experience Chapter -4 -The Indian Scenario Chapter- 5- Types of risks associated with Internet banking Chapter- 6- Technology and Security Standards For Internet Banking Chapter -7 - Legal Issues involved in Internet Banking Chapter- 8- Regulatory and supervisory concerns Chapter-9 - Recommendations

Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board TEST OF REASONING 1 1. How many such pairs of letters are there in the word CONFUSED each of which h as as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet? 1. None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three 5. More than three 2. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. Wh ich is the one that does not belong to that group? 1. Tennis 2. Hockey 3.Volleyball 4. Badminton 5.Cricket 3. How many such pairs of digits are there in the number 395146728 each of which has as many digits between them in the number as when the digits with in the number are rear ranged in ascending order from left to right? 1.None 2. One 3.Two 4. Three 5.More than three 4.in a certain code BEND is written as #5%3 and SOLD is written as 62@3. How is NOSE written in that code? 1.%265 2. 52%6 3.@265 4. %2#5 5. None of these 5. How many meaningful words can be made from the letters DEIV using each letter only once? 1.None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three 5. More than three 6.If Star is called Planet, Planet is called Satellite, Satellite is called Gala xy, Galaxy is called Comet then Earth is classified under which category? 1. G alaxy 2. Comet 3.Planet 4. Star 5. Satellite 7. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. Wh ich is the one that does not belong to that group? 1. Iron 2. Silver 3. Copper 4. Mercury 5. Aluminium

8. If the letters of the word VERTICAL are arranged alphabetically, how many let ters will remain at the same position? 1.four 2. three 3.two 4. one 5. none of these 9. If in the number 589463271 all the odd digits are first arranged in ascending order and then all the even digits are arranged in ascending order which digit will be second to the ri ght of fifth digit from the right end? 2.6 3.2 4.4 5. none of these 10. If it is possible to make only one meaningful word from the third, the sixth , the ninth and the tenth letters of the word PARENTHESIS using each letter only once, last letter of the word is your answer. If no such word can be formed your answer is X and if more than one such word ca n be formed your answer is Y. 1.R 2.T 3.S 4.X 5.Y DIRECTIONS(11-15): Study the following information carefully to answer these questions. Eight friends P, R, T, V, W, J, F, and K are sitting around a circle facing the center. T is third to the right of F and second to the left of W, P and R are not neighbours of W. R is third to the right of K. J is between W and K. Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 11. Which of the following is the correct position of T with respect to K`s posi tion? 1. Second to the left 2. Third to the left 3. Third to the right 4. Second to the right 5. None of these 12. Which of the following pairs has the first person to the immediate left of t he second person? 1. RP 2. FJ 3.VT 4. JW 5. JK 13. Who is to the immediate right of F? 1. J 2. P 3. R 4. V 5. None of these 14. Which of the following is the correct position of V? 1. Second to the left of R 2. Between T and P 3. To the immediate right of W 4. To the immediate left of W 5. None of these 15. Who is second to the right of J? 1. F 2. V 3. W 4. P 5. None of these DIRECTIONS( 16-20): In these questions the symbols @ # $ * and are used with different meaning as fo llowsA@B means A is smaller than B`. A#B means A is either smaller than or equal to B.` A$B means A is greater than B.`

A*B means A is either greater than or equal to B. AB means A is neither greater than nor smaller than B. In each equation, three statements showing relationships have been given, which are followed by two conclusions I and II. Assuming that the given statements are true, find out which conclusions(s) is/are definitely true. Given the answer1. If only conclusion I is true. 2. If only conclusion II is true. 3. If either conclusion I or conclusion II is true. 4. If neither conclusion I nor conclusion II is true. 5. If both conclusion I and II are true. 16. STATEMENTS: H#Q, Q@f, L$F CONCLUSIONS: I. L$H H#F ANS: A 17. STATEMENTS: J$T,T@V, V#M Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board CONCLUSIONS: I. T#M JM ANS:D 18. STATEMENTS: U#D, D@R, RT CONCLUSIONS: I. U@R T$D ANS:E 19.STATEMENTS: M*L, L$K, K@R CONCLUSIONS: I. M*R M@R ANS:D 20.STATEMENTS: J@N, NW, W$V CONCLUSIONS: I. J V II.J@W ANS:B 21.What should come next in the following number sequence? 2 2 3 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 1.8 2.5 3.6 4.2 5. none of these 22. How many meaningful English words can be formed with the letters ESRO using each letter only once in each word? 1. None 2. one 3. Two 4. Three 5. More than three 23. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. W hich is the that does not belong to that group? 1.50 2.65 3. 170 4. 255 5.290 24. In a certain code CREAM is written as NBDBQ. How is BREAD written in that co de? 1. EBFAQ 2. EBDAQ 3. BEDQA 4. BEFQA 5. None of these 25. In a certain code BELOW is written as FCKVN. How is GIVEN written in that co de? 1. JHWMD 2. HJUMD 3. JHMUD 4. JHUMD 5. None of these DIRECTIONS (26-30): Study the following arrangement carefully and answer the que

stions given below: 7 R E T 4 A 9 % D F1U # B @ 8 H I WN M * 3 2 V $ 5 N P 6 Q 26. How many such consonants are there in the above arrangement, each of which i s immediately preceded by a consonant and immediately followed by a number? 1. None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three 5. More than three Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 27. How many such numbers are there in the above arrangement, each of the which is immediately preceded by a letter but not immediately followed by a symbol? 1. None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three 5. More than three 28. How many such vowels are there in the above arrangement, each of which is im mediately followed by a symbol? 1. None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three 5. More than three 29. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way based on their positio n in the above arrangement and so form a group. Which is the one that does not belong to the gr oup? 1. RTA 2. 9DF 3. #@H 4. 3V5 5. IW* 30. Which of the following is the fourth to the left of the twelfth from the lef t end? 1. % 2.8 3.2 4.H 5. None of these 31.The time by my watch is a quarter past twelve. If the hour hand points to the east, which is the direction opposite to the minute hand? 1.North 2.West 3. South 4. South west 5. None of these 32. 100 plates are placed in a box, 60 out of these are painted red and 30 are w hite, 20 are neither red nor white. The number of plates which are both red and white is. 1.40 2.30 3. 20 4.10 5.5 33. Five girls are sitting in a row. A is on the right of B. C is on the left of B but is on the right of D. A is on the left of E. The first sitting girl from the left is. 1.C 2.D 3. E 4.A 5. B 34. A boy is 10 times younger to his mother who is 5 years younger to her husban d. If the boy attains the age of 8 in 3 years time. What is the age of his father? 1. 55 years 2. 50 years 3. 45 years 4. 60 years 5. 65 years 35. A man is facing the Sun in the evening. He starts his journey towards his ri ght and travels 10 km and turns to his left. He goes 5 km, and again turns to his left and travels 10 km. How far would he have traveled from the initial point? 1.25 2. 20 3. 15 4. 10 5. 5 36. A is the father of B but B is not the son of A. What is B to A? 1. Mother 2. Son 3. Daughter 4. Wife 5. None of these 37. Find the missing figure: 5 8 13 6 9 15 7 10 ?

1. 6 2. 11 3. 14 4. 17 5. None of these 7 12 6 5 8 11 Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 10 ? 9 1. 1 2.4 3. 12 4.14 5. None of these 38. In a row of children facing North, Ritesh is twelth from the left end. Sudhi r who is twentysecond from the right end is fourth to the right of Ritesh. Total how many children are there in the row? 1.35 2.36 3.37 4.34 5. None of these 39. In a certain code RAIL is written as 5796 and TAPE is written as 3748. how i s PAIR written in that code? 1.4795 2. 4785 3.3795 4. 8795 5. none of these 40. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. W hich is the one that does not belong to that group? 1. Rose 2.Jasmine 3. Hibiscus 4. Marigold 6. Lotus DIRECTIONS(41-45): In each of the questions below are given four statements foll owed by three conclusions numbered I, II, & III. You have to take the given statements to be t rue even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then deci de which of the given statements disregarding commonly known facts. 41. STATEMENTS: All chillies are garlics. Some garlics are onions. All onions are potates. No potato is ginger. CONCLUSIONS: I. No onion is ginger. II. Some garlics are potatoes. III. Some chillies are potatoes. 1..only I follows 2..onlyII follows 3..only I&II follow 4. only I&III follow ANS :3 5.All follow 42. Some keys are locks. Some locks are numbers. All numbers are letters. All letters are words. CONCLUSIONS: I. Some locks are letters. II. Some words are numbers Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors

Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board III. All numbers are words. 1. only I&II follows 2. only II&III follows 3. only I&III follows 4. only I& either II or III follows All follow ANS:5 43. Some windows are doors. All doors are walls. No wall is roof. All roofs are shelters. CONCLUSIONS: I.Some windows are walls. II.No wall is shelter. III. No door is shelter. 1. None follows 2. only II and III follows 3. only I and III follows 4. only I follows None follows. ANS: 4 44. All bottles are jars. Some jars are pots. All pots are taps. No tap is tank. CONCLUSIONS: I. No pot is tank. II. Some jars are tanks. III. Some bottles are pots. 1. only I&III follows 2. only I&II follows 3. only II&III follows 4. All follows None of these ANS:5 45. Some fish are crocodiles. Some crocodiles are snakes. No snake is tortoise. All tortoise are frogs. CONCLUSIONS: I. No snake is frog. II. Some snakes are fish. III. Some fish are frogs. 1. None of these 2. onlyI&II follow 3. only II&III follows 4. only I & III follow Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board None of these ANS: 1 Test of reasoning 2

1. If 3 is subtracted from the middle digit of the following numbers and then th e position of the digits are reversed, which of the following will be the last digit of the middle number after they are arranged in descending order? 589 362 554 371 442 1.5 2.4 3.2 4.1 5.3 2.In a certain code language "GERMINATION" is written as "IMGRENNOAIT".how is ES TAB-LISHED written in that code? 1.BATESLDEIHS Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 2.BAETSLDEIHS 3.BAETSLEDIHS 4. BEATSLDEIHS 5. None of these 3.If in the English alphabet, all the letters at odd numbered positions are writ ten in serial order from left to right followed by the letters at even numbered positions written in reverse order, which letter will be sixth to the left of seventeenth letter from left? 1.D 2.B 3.V 4.U 5. None of these 4.If it is possible to make a meaningful word from the second, fourth, fifth, el eventh and thirteenth letters of the word" ESTABLISHMENT" using each letter only once, write second le tter of that word as your answer, if more than one such word can be formed, write "M" as your answ er and if no such word can be formed, write"X" as your answer. 1.B 2.A 3.E 4.M 5.X 5.In a row of 40 girls, when Kamal was shifted to her left by 4 places her numbe r from the left end of the row became 10. What was the number of Sujata was three places to the righ t of Kamal`s original position? 1.22 2.26 3. 25 4.23 5. None of these. Directions (141-145) : In each question below is given a statement followed by t wo assumptions numbered I AND II. An assumption is something supposed or taken for granted. you have to consider the statement and the following assumption and decide which of the assu mption is implict in the statement. Give answer (1) if only assumption I is implicit Give answer (2) if only assumption II is implicit Give answer (3) if either I or II is implicit Give answer (4) if neither I or II is implicit, and Give answer (5) if both II and I are implicit. 6. STATEMENT: Country "A" would explore all channels to diffuse current tensions with country"B" and bring peace on its borders`- statement of spokesperson of country`A` Assumptions:

I. Country"A" is desirous to diffuse current tension and restore peace with country"B". Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board II. It is desirable to use more than one channel when complex issues are to be s etted amicably. ANS :5 7. STATEMENT: Two months ago, it was announced that central government pensioner s would get dearness relief with immediate effect but till date, bank have not cre dited the arrears- A statement from a pensioner's forum. I. Most of the banks normally take care of the pensioners. II. Two months time is sufficient for the government machinery to move and give effect to pensioners. ANS:2 8. STATEMENT: The bridge was built at the cost of Rs.128 crores and even civil bus service is not utilizing it, what a pity to see it grocely under utili zing- A citizen`s view on a new flyover linking east and west sides of a suburb. ASSUMPTIONS: I. The building of such bridges does not serve any public objective. II. There has to be some accountability and utility of money spent on public projects. ANS:4 9.STATEMENT: Use our product to improve memory of your child, it is based on nat ural herbs and has no harmful side effects-Advertisement of a pharmaceutical company. ASSUMPTIONS: I. People generally opt for a medical product, which is useful and has no harmful side effects. II. Improving memory of child is considered as important by many parents. ANS:5 10.STATEMENT: The traders of state "K" would observe a statewide bandh as the st ate has failed to meet their demand to resolve sales tax and other issues. ASSUMPTIONS: I. The traders of state"K" have earlier tried other usual procedures to get thei r problems solved. II. The state "K" is not keen to solve the problem of traders. ANS:1 DIRECTIONS(11-15): Each of the questions below consists of a question and two st atements numbered I and II given below it. You have to decide whether the data provided in the sta tement are sufficient to answer the question. Read both the statements and Give answer (1) if only assumption I is implicit Give answer (2) if only assumption II is implicit Give answer (3) if either I or II is implicit www.studentguide.co.in Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors

Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board Give answer (4) if neither I or II is implicit, and Give answer (5) if both II and I are implicit. 11.Which village is to the north-east of village "A"? 1. Village "B"is to the north of village A,villages C and D are to the east and west of village B, respectively. II.Village"P" is to the south of village "A" and village "E" is to the east of v illage "P" village "K" is to the north of village "P". ANS:1 12. Can Rohan retire from office"X" in January 2006,with full pension benefits? I. Rohan will complete 30 years of service in office "X" in April 2006 and desir es to retire. II. As per office"X" rules an employee has to complete minimum 30 years of servi ce and attain age of 60.Rohan has 3 years to complete age of 60 ANS:5 13. Among five friends P, Q, R, S and T, who ranks third in terms of salary obta ined by them? I.T`s salary is more than P and Q but not more than S. II.R`s salary is lowest among them. ANS:4 14.How is P related to Q? I. j has two daughters, one of them "R" is married to "P" II. Q is the mother of "S", the younger sister of"R" ANS:5 15. Which word in the code language means "FLOWER"? I. "DE FU LA PANE" means "ROSE FLOWER IS BEAUTIFUL" and "LA QUIZ" means"BEAUTIFUL TREE" II. "DE LA CHIN"means "RED ROSE FLOWER" and "PA CHIN" means 'RED TEA" ANS:4 16.Directions(16-20): Study the following information to answer these questions. I. Seven persons P, Q, R, S, T, V, X belonging to different cities viz. Delhi, M umbai, Chennai, Calcutta, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Trivandrum, not necessarily in the s ame order, went to USA for attending a conference. Each one had a different speciali zation viz. Literature, Physics, Economics, Marketing, Computers, Textile Engineering a nd Information Technology. II. "S"is from Chennai and "Q" does not have specialization in Textile or Econom ics. R is a man of Marketing and comes from Mumbai. The person from Calcutta has specialization in Computers. "P" who is specialized in Literature does not belon g to Delhi. V having specialization in Physics is from Trivandram. Information Techno logy is the specialization of "X" who comes from Ban galore. 16. Which of the following persons is from Delhi? 1.P 2.S 3.T 4. S or T 5. None of these Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans

Expert Advice & Discussion Board 17.Who is s Textile Engineer? 1. S 2. T 3.V 4.S or V 5.S or T 18.Person with specialisation in Literature comes from which of the following ci ties? 1.Bangalore 2.Calcutta 3.Delhi 4. Hyderabad 5.None of these 19. Which of the following combinations of person,city and specialisation is cor rect? 1. S- Chennai-Economics 2. S-Chennai- Textile 3. Q-Calcutta-Computers 4. T-Delhi-Economics 5. None of these 20.Who is specialised in computers? 1.Q 2.S 3.T 4. Data inadeaquate 5.None of these Directions(21-25): P, Q, R, S, T, U, V &W are eight friends sitting around a cir cle facing towards the centre. I. W is to the immediate left of P but is not the neighbor of T and S. II. U is to the immediate right of Q and V is neighbour of T. III. R is between T and U. 21. What is the position of V? To the immediate right of W Between T and R Third to the right of U Second to the left of S None of these. 22.What is the position of S? Between Q and U To the immediate left of P Second to the right of U To the immediate left of Q None of these 23. Which of the following statements is true? I. U is the neighbour of V Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board II. V is between W and T III. W is between P and S IV. T is between U and Q V. None of these 24.Which of the following pairs has similar relationship as RUN:RACE? 1.Party:Dance 2.Study:Book 3.Lecture:Study 4.Enjoy:Journey 5.None of these 25. Akshay is 16th from the left end in the row of boys and Vijay is 18th from t he right end. Avinash is 11th from Akshay towards the right end and 3rd from Vijay towards the right end. How many boys are there in the row?

1.data inadequate 2.42 3. 40 4. 48 5. None of these Directions (26-30): Answer the following questions based on the arrangement give n below: Y W @ 1 & C N 3 P L B 9 ? = D * E 2 ! M V $ 7 # 4 F G 5 26. C13W: 74VG is in the same way as 1.$F2D 2. VF2D 3.$42D 4.$F!D 5. $F2* 27.Four of the following five are alike in a certain way based on the above arra ngement and hence form a group. which one does not belong to the group. 1.&LNP 2. ?2DE 3.*V2M 4. VF74 5.LDB= 28.If the numbers immediately preceding the symbols are attached the value doubl ed their numerical value. then what will be the sum of the value of all such numbers. 1.22 2.36 3.26 4.38 5. None of these Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 29. How many such symbols are there in the above arrangement which are not immed iately preceded by a number and also not immediately followed by a letter? 1.Nil 2.one 3. two 4. three 5.None of these 30. If YW@1 are written in the reversed order,&CN3 are written in the reversed o rder and so on, then in the new arrangement which of the following will exactly be in the middle betw een 9 and $? 1.= 2. M 3. ? 4. D 5.None of these 31.Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. wh ich is the one that does not belong to that group? 1.144 2.169 3.256 4.288 5.324 32.Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. wh ich is the one that does not belong to the group? 1.camel 2. hourse 3.bullock 4.cat 5. donkey 33.Prabir started walking towarda south. he took a right turn after walking 10 m eters. he again took a left turn after walkin 20 meters. which direction is he facing now? 1.south 2. north 3.west 4.east 5. cannot be determined 34.How many such pairs of digits are there in the number 421579368 each of which has as many digits between them in the number as when they are arranged in ascending order? 1.none 2. one 3. two 4. three 5. None of these 35.B is brother of D. D is sister of E. E is brother of F. How is F related to B ? 1.Brother 2. SIster 3. Brother or Sister 4. Data inadequate 5. None of these Directions (36-40): Study the following arrangement carefully and answer the que stions given below: R D 1 5 E % K 3 J I 9 P 8 # A 2 B $ K M 6 W @ N 4 T * 7 F H 36.Which of the following is the third to the right of the twelfth from the left end?

1.J 2.A 3.B 4. @ 5. None of these 37.Which of the following is the sixth to the right of the eighteenth from the r ight end? 1.P 2.3 3.W 4.M 5. None of these 38. How many such numbers are there in the above arrangement, each of which imme diately preceded by a consonant and immediately followed by a symbol? 1.one 2. two 3. three 4. four 5. None of these Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 39.How many such consonants are there in the above arrangement, each of which is immediately preceded by a symbol and immediately followed by a number? 1.one 2. two 3.three 4. four 5. None of these 40.Which of the following is exactly in the middle between the tenth from the le ft end and the eight from the right end? 1.$ 2. # 3.B 4.7 5.None of these Test of reasoning 3 1)In a certain code BELOW is written as FCKVN.How is GIVEN written in that code ? a)JHWMD b)HJUMD c)JHMUD d)JHUMD e) None of these Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 2)How many such pairs of letters are there in the word SPLENIC each of which has as many letters between them in the word as there are between them in the english alphabet? a)Four b) Two c)There d)One e)None of these 3)If ACT is coded as 23-25-16, how will you code the BLOW ? a)23-8-11-19 b)24-8-10-19 c)24-8-11-18 d)24-8-11-19 4)SUPER =79 ,SUPREME =97, LABOUR =? a)49 b) 69 c) 79 d) 89 e)none of these 5)Radha is younger to Sunita but elder than Rita.Rita is elder than Geeta .Sham is elder to Reeta but younger to Radha .Who is youngest of all. a)Rita b)Sunita c)Geeta d)Shan 6)Lata is year older than Sunita .Sunita is two years older than Bindu .Rajn is year older than Bindu .Who is the youngest of all a)Bindu b)Sunita c)Lata d) Rajan e)data insufficient A family consist of 6 members P,Q,R,S,T,&U.There are two married couples .Q is a doctor and the father of T.Uis grandfather of R and is a contractor .Sis grandfather of T and is a hou sewife .There is one doctor ,one contractor ,one nurse ,one housewife and two students in the family

. 7)Who is the husband of P? a)R b)U c)Q d)S e) T 8)Who is the sister of T? a)R b) U c) T d)insufficient data e)none of these Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 9)What is the profession of P? a)Doctor b)Nurse c)Doctor or Nurse d)Housewife e)none of these 10)Which of the following are two married couples? a)US,QT b)US ,QP c)TS,RU d)US,RP e)none of these 11)Which of the following is definitely a group of male member ? a)QU b)QUT c)QUP d)UT e) none of these These question are based on the following arrangement .Study it carefully and an swer the question from 11 to 15 8 H % 3 7 T A 4 # 6 B I @ R 1 Q * L E 2 K $ U 5 9 12) Which element is sixth to the right of fifteenth from the right end ? a) Q b) * c) L d) 1 e) none of these 13) Four of the following five are alike in a certain way based on their positio ns in the above arrangement and so form a group.Which is the one that does not belong the group ? a) I# b) EQ c) 2* d) $2 e) 5K 14) If all the symbols are dropped from the above arrangement which element will be ninth from the left end ? a) B b) 6 c) 4 d)I e) none of these Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 15)What will come in place of the question mark in the following series based on the above arrangement ? 7T3 4#A BI6 ? a)R@1 b)1QR c) R1@ 4) Q* e)none of these s 16)How many such symbols are in the above arrangement each of which is immediate ly followed by a number but not immediately preceded by another number a)None b) One c) Two d) Three e) Four Directions (17 to 21):in each question below are two statements are given which are followed by four conclusions .The student has to find out which of the conclusions is valid . 17) All men are wise Rama is a man a) all wise are man b) some man are not wise c)Rama is wise d) Rama is not wise

18) No woman is teacher .some teachers are dancers ,therefore a)some teachers are women b)some women are not dancers c) all women are dancers d)some dancers are not women 19)Some boys are singers .some singers are dancers .therefore a)Some boys are dancers b)some boys are not dancers c)all boys are dancers d)No conclusion can be drawn 20)All birds are are flies .Some flies are not rat Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board a)All flies are birds b)some flies are rats c) some birds are rat d) none of the se 21)All books are pens .some pens are pencils a)Some pens are books b)some books are not pencils c)some pencils are not books d)none of these in e ach of the following questions a series of number is given .which of the nu mbers or number groups will replace the question mark out of the four alternatives 22) 3,12,24,96,192 ? a)768 b)384 c)702 d)298 23)6,3,11,8,18,15,27,24_? _? a)36,33 b)36,35 c)38,35 d)38,34 24) 24,60,120,210,_ a)300 b)336 c)420 d)525 25)8,9,24,12,32,16,42_ a)19 b)20 c)21 d)24 In each of the following questions below ,a group of numerals is given followed by four groups of symbol /letter combinations labelled a),b),c),d).Numerals are to be coded as per the codes and conditions given below. You have to find out which of the combinations a),b), c) ,d), is correct and indicate your answer accordingly .If none of the four combinations represents th e correct code ,mark e) as your answer . Following conditions apply : 1)If the first digit as well as the last digit is odd, both are to be coded as X , 2) If the first digit as well as the last digit is even ,both are to be coded as $, 3)If the last digit is 0, it is to be coded as # Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board Digit 3 5 7 4 2 6 8 1 0 9 Letter/Symbol * B E A @ F K % R M 26)546839 a)XAFK*M b)BAFK*M c) XAFK*X d)BAFK*X e)none of these

27)713540 a)E%*BA# b) X%*BA# c)X%*BAR d)E%*BAR e) none of these 28)765082 a)XBFRK@ b)EFB#K@ c)EFBR#K d)EFBRK@ e) none of these 29)487692 a)AKEFM@ b) $KEFM@ c)AKEFM$ d)$KEFM$ e) none of theses 30)364819 a)XFAK@M b)*FAK%M c)*FAK%M d)*EAK%X e)none of these Directions (31 to 33): In each of the following question , a group of words is g iven .Which of the four words is different from the rest ? 31) a) Mature b)Labour c)Digest d) Ripen 32) a)Here b)Near c)Where d)There 33) a)Boxer b)Player c)Cricketer d)Wrestler Directions (34 to 35): In each of the following question , a group of letters is given .Which of the four groups is different from the rest ? 34) a)FDEG b)SPQR c)MKLN d)WUVX 35) a)BEFJ b)DFGJ c)KNOS d)QTUY Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board Find the missing figure 36) a)6 b)11 c)14 d)17 5 8 13 6 9 15 7 10 ? 37) a)1 b)4 c)12 d)14 7 12 6 5 8 11 10 ? 9 38) a)9 b)36 c)316 d)729 1 27 8 125 216 64 343 ? 512 39) A is 25 years older than B and A'S age is as much above 20 as B's is below 8 5.The age of A is Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board a)65 b)60 c)55 d)50 e)45 40)Baby's age is 2/3 rd of Mohan. If after 5 years baby is 45 years old, the pre sent age of Mohan a)30 b) 60 c)50 d)40 TEST OF REASONING 4 Directions (1-5) : Below in each question are given two statements (A) and(B). These statements may be either

independent causes or may be effects of independent causes or a common causes. o ne of these statements may be the effect of the other statements. read the both the statemen ts and decide which of the following answer choice correctly depicts the relationship between these two statements. Mark answer(1) if statement (A) is the cause and statement (B) is its effect. Mark answer(2) if statement (B) is the cause and statement (A) IS Its effect. Mark answer(3) if both the statements (A) and (B) are independently causes. Mark answer (4) if both the statements(A ) and (B) are effect of independent cau ses. Mark answer (5) if both the statements (A) and (B) are effects of some common ca use. 1.A) Government owned oil companies have reduced the prices of petroleum with im mediate effect. B) The government has made an appeal to the public to reduce consumption of petr oleum products. ANS: 4 2.A) The police authority has recently caught a group of house breakers. B) The citizens group in the locality have started night vigil in the area. ANS: 1 3.A) The government has decided to allow private universities to run their won c oursed after obtaining necessary approvals. www.studentguide.co.in Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board B) There has been continuous decreases in number of students enrolled for variou s courses offered by the government run universities. ANS:1 4.A)The wholesale grain market is flooded with fresh stock. B) The government has recently increased the procurement price of grains. ANS:2 5.A)The school authority has asked the "X" Std. students to attend special class es to be conducted on Sundays. B) The parents of the "X" Std. students have withdrawn their wards from attendin g private tuitions conducted on Sundays. ANS:1 6.A) The villagers have decided to boycott the forthcoming assembly elections. B)The state government has recently revised the electoral roll. ANS:4 7. Among M, T, R and P,M is older than only P. T is older than R. Who among them is the oldest? 1.T 2.R 3. T or R 4. Data inadequate 5. None of these 8.What should come next in the following number sequence? 2 2 3 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 4 2.5 3.6 4.2 5.None of these 9.How many such pairs of letters are there in the word "CONSTABLE" each of which has as many letters between them in the word as in the english alphabet? 1. none 2. one 3. two 4. three 5. none of these 10.How many such digits are there in the number 5231698 each of which is as far away from the beginning of the number as when the digits are rearranged in ascending order?

1. none 2. one 3. two 4.three 5. more than three 11) Four of the five words given below are similar in a certain way and therefor e form a group. Find the one which does not belong to the group. a) oligarchy b) Theology c)Hierarchy d) Plutocracy e) Monoarchy 12) Austere is related to style in the same way as controlled is related to a) wealth b) faith c) demeanor d) speech e) movement 13)If trombay is written as Baymort in a certain code ,how is Persian written in that code? Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board a) IARPESN b)IANSREP c)PISANRE d)ISRAPNE e)INAPERS 14) What would be the next number in the following series? 6, 0,12, 12, 36, 60 ,? a) 132 b)148 c)216 d)60 e) -24 15)If broom is called stick ,brush is called cupboard ,filament is called tannery,stick is called garbage and tannery is called bucket , then what does a bulb have? a)Tannery b) Bucket c) Garbage d) Stick e) Brush Direction :(6 to 10) : Study the following character sequence and answer the que stions given below. N T Q 7 X P J L 5 G H M a R W D 3 K C F 2 S E Z ? 16) What will be 3rd character to the right of 15th character from the left in t he above series? a) W b) D c) 3 d) e)K 17) What will be the answer to Q. 6 if the second half of the series were writte n in reverse order? a) same as in Q 6 b) K c)C d)F e) 2 18) If the given character sequence is reversed ,what will be 8th to the right o f 4th to the left of 17th character from the left? a) F b) P c) X d) 2 e)none of these 19)What will come in place of question mark in the following character series? NTQ, T7P, QP5 , ? , XGW a) X5a b)75a c)XLM d)7LM e)X5M 20)Find the odd man out ? a)TQ b)GH c) PJ d) 2S e)WD 21) Archipelago is related to island in the same way as constellation is related to a) Planet b) Galary c) Orbit d)Heavenly bodies e) Star Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 22) If the 2nd, 5th, 6th, and the last letters of the word PREJUDICE are combine d to form a meaningful

English word, then what is the 3rd letter of the word? If more than one word is can be formed your answer is M and if no word can be formed, then your Answer is X. a) M b) R c) D d) e) X 23) If ALIGN is written as BKJFO in a certain code, how is CRUELTY written in th at code.? a) RBSKNOA b) PQSTRAB c) RSQOZPT d)DAVDMSZ e) ANTORAN 24) In a certain code language ,fel me qur means ' i have passed ' dang ko chauk means 'you are brave' and ne qur tis means i have failed . What will dang qur tis means? a)You have failed b) I am brave c) You have passed d) can't say e) none 25) How many letters in the word TRYST have as many letters between them as in t he alphabet? a) None b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) more than 4 26) Seer is related to prophecy in the same way as sage is related to? a) Diligence b) penance c) reward d) flattery e) wisdom 27) Latent is related to manifest in the same way as dorment is related to a)hibernation b) awakening c) perfunctionary d) inspiration e) punctillious 28) If + means ,means -, means ,and - means + then, 52 -47+(3 2) a)26 b) 31 c)29 d)27 e)none of these 29) In each of the following question below are given two statements followed by two conclusion numbered I and II .You have to assume everything in the statements to be true ev en if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Consider both the conclusions together ,t hen decide which of the two given conclusions logically follows beyond a reasonable doubt from the i nformation given in the statement, disregarding commonly known facts . Give answer: A)If only conclusion I follows B )f only conclusion II follows Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board C)If neither I or II follows D)If neither I nor II conclusion follows and E) If both I and II follows 30) Statements: All lamps are hooks No hook is coloured Conclusion: I) Some lamps are coloured II) No lamp is coloured ANS: b 31) Statements : All bricks are stamps Some stamps are shoes. I) All shoes are stamps II) some bricks are shoes Ans :b 32) Statements: Some calenders are sticks. No stick is flower.

I) Some calenders are flowers II) No calender is flower. Ans :c 33) Statements: Some belts are crows. Some tents are crows. I) Some tents are belts. II) Some crows are tents Ans:d 34) All envelopes are umbrellas. Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board All umbrellas are chalks. I) Some chalks are envelops II) Some umbrella are not envelops Ans: a TEST OF REASONING 5 1. In a certain code " CREAM" is written as" NBDBQ".How is "BREAD" written in th at code? (1) EBFAQ (2)EBDAQ (3) BEDQA ( 4)BEFQA( 5) None of these 2.Four of the following five are alike in a certain way and so form a group. Whi ch is the one that does not belong to that group. 1)50 2)65 3) 170 4)255 5)290 2. How many such pairs of letters are there in the word "CONSTABLE" each of whic h has as many letters between them in the word as in the English alphabet? 1) none 2) one 3) two 4) there 5) more than there 3. What should come next in the following number sequence? 2 2 3 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 2 3 1) 8 2)5 3)6 4)2 5) none of these 4. Among M, T, R and P, M is older than only P. T is older than R. who among the m is the oldest? 1) T 2) R 3) T or R 4) Data inadequate 5) None of these Directions( Qs. 6 to 10 ) : In each of these questions are given three statement s followed by three conclusions numbered I, II, III. You have to take the given statements to be tru e even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read all the conclusions and then decide whi ch of the given conclusions logically follow from the given statements disregarding commonly kno wn facts. 6) STATEMENTS: Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board some flowers are bins. some bins are handles. all handles are sticks.

CONCLUSIONS: some sticks are bins. some handles are flowers some sticks are flowers. Only 2 follows Only 3 follows only 1 and 2 follows Only 1 and 3 follows None of these 7) Statements : All trees are gardens. All gardens are stones. All stones are fences. Conclusions : I. some fences are gardens. II. all gardens are fences. III. some stones are trees. 1) only I and II follows. 2) only I and III follows. 3) only II and III follows. 4) all follow 5) none of these 8) Statements : All books are leaves. Some leaves are jungles. No jungle is box. CONCLUSIONS : Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board I. Some jungle are books. II. No book is box. III. Some leaves are boxes. 1) none follows 2) only I follows 3) only II follows 4) only III follows 5) only I and II follows 9) Statements : Some towers are windows. All windows are houses. Some houses are temples. Conclusions : I. Some towers are temples. II. Some houses are towers. III. Some temples are windows. 1) Only I follows 2) Only II follows 3) Only III follows 4) Only I and II follows 5) None of these 10) Statements : Some walls are doors.

Some doors are cots. Some cots are chairs. Conclusions : I . Some chairs are doors. II. Some cots are walls. III.No chair is door. 1) Only II follows 2) Only III follows 3) Only either I or III follows 4) Only I follows 5) None of these Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board Directions (Qs. 11 to 15) : Study the following arrangement carefully and answer the questions given below: 7 R E T 4 A 9 % D F 1 U # B @ 8 H 1 ^ W M * 3 2 V $ 5 N P 6 Q 11. Which of the followingt is the fourth to the left of the twelth from the lef t end? 1)% 2) 8 3) 2 4) h 5) None of these 12. How many such vowels are there in the above arrangement, each of which is is immediately followed by a symbol? 1) none 2) one 3) two 4) three 5) More than three 13. How many such consonants are there in the above arrangement, each of which is immediately preceded by a consonant and immediately followed by a a number ? 1) None 2) one 3) two 4) three 5) more than three 14.How many such numbers are there in the above arrangement, each of which is immediately preceded by a letter but not immediately followed by a symbol ? 1) None 2) One 3) Two 4) Three 5) More than three 15. Four of the following five are alike in a certain way based on their positio ns in the above arrangement and so form a group. which is the one that does not belong to that group ? 1) RTA 2) 9DF 3) # @ H 4) 3 V 5 5) i w * Directions (Qs. 16 to 20 ) : Study the following information carefully and answe r these questions. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, and H, are sitting around a circle facing at the centre. D is second to the left of F and third to the right of H. A is second to the right of F and an immediate neighbour of H . C is second to the right of B and F is third to the right of B. G is not an immediate neighbour of F. 16. Who is to the immediate left of A ? 1) H 2) E 3) G 4) Data inadequate 5) None of these Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice &

Discussion Board 17. Who is fourth to the right of B ? 1)E 2) C 3) A 4) Data inadequate 5) None of these 18. What is E`s position with respect to G ? 1) Second to the right 2) Third to the left 3) Third to the right 4) Second to the left 5) None of there 19. How many of them are there between H and C ? 1. Two 2. Three 3. Two or Three 4. Date inadeqate 5. None of these 20. In which of the following pairs is the first person sitting to the immediate left of the second person ? 1.CD 2.BG 3. HA 4. FC 5. None of these Directions (Qs 21 to 25) : in these questions, the symbols @, ^, #, $, and % are used with the following meaning as illustrated below : "P^Q" Means" P" is either greater than or equal to" Q". " P@Q" Means "P" is neither greater than nor smaller than "Q". "P%Q" Means "P" is either smaller than or equal to "Q" "P#Q" means "P" is smaller than "Q". "P$Q" Means "p" is greater than "Q" Now in each of the following questions assuming the given statements to be true, find which of the two conclusions I And II given below them is/ are definitely true? Give answer: 1) if only conclusion I is true. 2) if only conclusion II Is true. 3) if either conclusion I or II is true. 4) if neither conclusion I nor II Is. 5) if both concluson I and II are true. 21. Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board Statements : M%T, T#R, R@D Conclusions: 1.D$T II. R$T Answer 5 22. Statements : J$M, M^K, K#N Conclusions: I. J$K II. N$M. Answer 1 23. Statements : F#T, T@W, W$H Conclusions: I. F#H II. F^H Answer 3 24.

Statements : K^R, R$F, F#B Conclusions: I. B$R II. F$K. Answer 2 25. Statements : D$N, N#F, F^T Conclusions : I.T#N II. D$F Answer 4 Directions (26-30): These questions are based on the following set of numbers. 389 476 635 847 568 Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board 26. Which number will be the smallest if the first and the last digits are inter changed in all the numbers. 1. 635 2. 476 3. 635 4. 847 5. 568 27. If in all the numbers first two digits are interchanged and then the numbers are arranged in ascending order, which number will be second ? 1.389 2.476 3. 635 4. 847 5.568 28. The sum of the digits of which of the above numbers is the least? 1.389 2. 476 3. 635 4. 847 5. 568 29. If in each number 1 is subtracted from the middle digit and then the first a nd second digits are interchanged which number will be third, if arranged in descending order ? 1.389 2.476 3.635 4. 847 5. 568 30. If in all the numbers 1 is substracted from the last digit and 1 is added to the first digit which number will be the smallest ? 1.389 2. 476 3.635 4.847 5.568 Directions(31-35) : Each of the questions below consists of a question and two s tatements numbered I AND II are given below it. You have to decide whether the data provid ed in the statements are sufficient to answer the question. Give answer (1) if the data in statement I alone are sufficient to answer the qu estion, while the data in statement II alone are not sufficient to answer the question. Give answer (2) if the data in statement II alone are sufficient to answer the q uestion, while the data in statement I alona are not sufficient to answer the question. Give answer (3) if the data in statement I alone or in statement II alone are su fficient to answer the question. Give answer (4) if the data in both the statements I and II are not sufficient t o answer the question. Give answer (5) if the data in both the statements I and II together are necessa ry to answer the question. 31.Who is the youngest among P,Q, R, S and T ? I. Q is younger than R and S but not as young as P. II. T is not the youngest. ANS.5 31. How many children are there in the class ?

I.If arranged in ascending order of height Suma Is tenth from the top. Buy Books & Magazines Online Free Email & SMS Solved Question Papers & Video Tutors Mock Exams (CAT, IIT, Gate, etc) Scholarships & Loans Expert Advice & Discussion Board II. In order of height,Suma Is five positions above Ranjit who is eighth from th e bottom. A)5 33.What is the code for `going` in a code language ? I. In that code language `where` are you going` is written as `ma ka ta re` II. In that code language ` going to college` is written as `lo pe ta` ANS.5 34. How is Sharmim related to Mr.Varghese ? I. Shamim`s son is the only grandson of Mr.Varghese. II. Mr.Vrghese has only one son. ANS.5 35. Village X is in which direction with respect to village Y ? I. X is to the east of Z which is to North of Y. II. X Is to the north of L which is to klthe east of Y. ANS.3 36.Pointing to a photograph Sachin said she is the grandmother of my father`s si ster`s son. how is the woman in photograph related to Sachin ? 1. Mother 2. Aunt 3.Cousin 4. Cannot be determined 5. None of these 37. Which of the letters will come next in the following series ? a ab abc abcd abcde abcde 1.a 2.f 3.b 4. cannot determined 5. none of these 38.if "AXB" means "B" is father of "A" A+B means " A" is wife of "B" and A-B mea ns "A" is brother of "B" then what is the relation of J with L in J+H-RXL ? 1. Daugher 2. Daugher-in-law 3. Sister-in- law 4. Cannot be determined 5. None of these 39. In a row of children facing North. Ritesh is twelfth from the left end. Sudh ir who is twenty second from the right end is fourh to the right of Ritesh. Total how many children are there in the row? 1.35 2.36 3. 37 4. 34 5. None of these 40.How many such pairs of letters are there in the word PHYSICAL each of which h as as many letters between them in the word as they have in the english alphabet? 1.None 2. One 3. Two 4. Three 5.More than three

Internet has evolved to its present state out of a US Department of Defence proj ect ARPANet (Advanced Research Project Administration Network), developed in the lat e 1960s and early 1970s as an experiment in wide area networking. A major perceive d advantage of ARPANet was that the network would continue to operate even if a segment of it is lost or destroyed since its operation did not depend on operati on of any single computer. Though originally designed as a defence network, over the years it was used predominantly in areas of scientific research and communication. By the

1980s, it moved out of Pentagon s control and more independent networks from US and outside got connected to it. In 1986, the US National Science Foundation (NS F) established a national network based on ARPA protocol using commercial telephone lines for connectivity. The NSFNet was accessible by a much larger scientific community, commercial networks and general users and the number of host computer s grew rapidly. Eventually, NSFNet became the framework of today s Internet. ARPANet was officially decommissioned in 1990. 2.1.3 It has become possible for innumerable computers operating on different pl atforms to communicate with each other over Internet because they adopt the same communication protocol, viz, TCP/IP. The latter, which stands for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol , is a set of rules which define how computer s communicate with each other. In order to access Internet one must have an accoun t in 9 a host computer, set up by any one of the ISPs (Internet Service Providers). The accounts can be SLIP (Serial Line Internet Protocol) or PPP (Point to Point Prot ocol) account. These accounts allow creating temporary TCP/IP sessions with the host, thereby allowing the computer to join the Internet and directly establish commun ication with any other computer in the Internet. Through this type of connection, the cl ient computer does not merely act as a remote terminal of the host, but can run whate ver programs are available on the web. It can also run several programs simultaneous ly, subject to limitations of speed and memory of the client computer and modem. TCP /IP protocol uses a unique addressing scheme through which each computer on the network is identified. 2.1.4 TCP / IP protocol is insecure because data packets flowing through TCP / I P networks are not normally encrypted. Thus, any one who interrupts communication between t wo machines will have a clear view of the data, passwords and the like. This has be en addressed through Secured Socket Layer(SSL), a Transport Layer Security (TLS) system which involves an encrypted session between the client browser and the we b server. 2.1.5 FTP or File Transfer Protocol is a mechanism for transferring files betwee n computers on the Internet. It is possible to transfer a file to and from a computer (ftp s ite) without having an account in that machine. Any organization intending to make available to public its documents would normally set up a ftp site from which any one can acc ess the documents for download. Certain ftp sites are available to validated users w ith an account ID and password. 2.1.6 e-mail: The most common and basic use of Internet is the exchange of e-mai l (electronic mail). It is an extremely powerful and revolutionary result of Inter net, which has facilitated almost instantaneous communication with people in any part of th

e globe. With enhancements like attachment of documents, audio, video and voice ma il, this segment of Internet is fast expanding as the most used communication medium for the whole world. Many websites offer e-mail as a free facility to individuals. M any corporates have interfaced their private networks with Internet in order to make their email accessible from outside their corporate network. 2.1.7 World Wide Web (WWW) 10 2.1.7.1 Internet encompasses any electronic communication between computers usin g TCP/IP protocol, such as e-mail, file transfers etc. WWW is a segment of Interne t, which uses Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) to link together files containing text, rich text, sound, graphics, video etc. and offers a very convenient means of navigating through the net. It uses hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) for communication between computers. Web documents, which are referred to as pages, can contain links to other related documents and so on, in a tree like structure . The person browsing one document can access any other linked page. The web documents and the web browsers which are the application programs to access them, are desi gned to be platform independent. Thus any web document can be accessed irrespective o f the platform of the computer accessing the document and that of the host computer. T he programming capabilities and platform independence of Java and Java applets have further enriched the web. The point and click method of browsing is extremely simp le for any lay user of the net. In fact, the introduction of web since early 1990 h as made Internet an extremely popular medium and its use in business has been enhanced dramatically. 2.1.7.2 The next in the HTML genre is the Extensible Markup Language (XML), whic h allows automated two-way information flow between data stores and browser screen s. XML documents provide both the raw content of data and the data structure and is projected by its proponents as taking the web technology beyond the limits of HT ML. 2.1.8 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP): WAP is the latest industry standard which provides wireless access to Internet t hrough handheld devices like a cellular telephone. This is an open standard promoted by WAP forum and has been adopted by world s all major handset manufacturers. WAP is supplemented by Wireless Application Environment (WAE), which provides industry wise standard for developing applications and services for wireless communicatio n networks. This is based on WWW technology and provides for application for small screens, with interactive capabilities and adequate security. Wireless Transacti on Protocol (WTP), which is the equivalent of TCP, sets the communication rules and Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) provides the required security by encrypting all the session data. WAP is set to revolutionize the commercial use of net.

11 2.1.9 Security: One of the biggest attractions of Internet as an electronic medium is its openne ss and freedom. It is a public domain and there is no restriction on who can use it as long as one adheres to its technical parameters. This has also given rise to concerns ov er the security of data and information transfer and privacy. These concerns are common to any network including closed user group networks. But over the Internet, the dimensions of risk are larger while the control measures are relatively fewer. T hese issues are discussed in detail in Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 of the report. It will be sufficient to say here that the key components of such concern are, (i) authenti cation, viz., assurance of identity of the person in a deal, (ii) authorization, viz., a party doing a transaction is authorized to do so, (iii) the privacy or confidentiality of data , information relating to any deal, (iv) data integrity, viz., assurance that the data has not been altered and (v) non repudiation, viz., a party to the deal can not deny tha t it originated the communication or data. 2.2 E-Commerce: 2.2.1 Even though started as network primarily for use by researchers in defence and scientific community, with the introduction of WWW in early 1990s, use of Intern et for commerce has grown tremendously. E-commerce involves individuals and business organizations exchanging business information and instructions over electronic m edia using computers, telephones and other telecommunication equipments. Such form of doing business has been in existence ever since electronic mode of data / inform ation exchange was developed, but its scope was limited only as a medium of exchange o f information between entities with a pre-established contractual relationship. Ho wever, Internet has changed the approach to e-commerce; it is no longer the same busine ss with an additional channel for information exchange, but one with new strategy a nd models. 2.2.2 A business model generally focuses on (i) where the business operates, tha t is, the market, the competitors and the customers, (ii) what it sells, that is, its prod ucts and services (iii) the channels of distribution, that is, the medium for sale and di stribution of its products and (iv) the sources of revenue and expenditure and how these are affected. Internet has influenced all the four components of business model and thus has 12 come to influence the business strategy in a profound way. The size of the marke t has grown enormously as technically, one can access the products and services from a ny part of the world. So does the potential competition. The methods of reaching ou

t to customers, receiving the response and offering services have a new, simpler and efficient alternative, now, that is, Internet. The cost of advertisement, offer and delivery of services through Internet has reduced considerably, forcing most companies to rework their strategies to remain in competition. 2.2.3 A research note by Paul Timmers of European commission had identified elev en business models, which have been commercially implemented. These are e-shop, eprocurement, e-auction, e-mall, Third-party market place, Virtual communities, V alue chain service providers, Value chain integrators, Collaboration platforms and Information brokers. He classified business models along two dimensions, i.e, de gree of innovation and extent of integration of functions. The innovation ranged from th e electronic version of a traditional way of doing business (e-shop) to more innov ative ways by offering functions that did not exist before. The second dimension, i.e, extent of integration ranges from a single function business model (like e-shop) to ful ly integrated functionality (value chain integrator). In the top end of the graph a re models, which cannot be implemented in a traditional way and are critically dependent up on information technology and creating value from information flow. Business models , in between these two limits are a combination of both dimensions in different degre es and have some degree of analogy in traditional firms. 2.2.4 There are two types of e-commerce ventures in operation: the old brick and mortar companies, who have adopted electronic medium, particularly Internet, to enhance their existing products and services, and / or to offer new products and service s and the pure e-ventures who have no visible physical presence. This difference has w ider ramifications than mere visibility when it comes to issues like customer s trust, brand equity, ability to service the customers, adopting new business culture and cost . These aspects of e-commerce will be touched upon in the following discussions. 2.2.5 Another way of classifying the e-commerce is by the targeted counterpart o f a business, viz, whether the counterpart is a final consumer or another business in the dist ribution chain. Accordingly, the two broad categories are: Business-to-Consumer (B2C) and 13 Business-to-Business (B2B). 2.2.6 Business-to-Consumers (B2C): 2.2.6.1 In the B2C category are included single e-shops, shopping malls, e-broki ng, eauction, e-banking, service providers like travel related services, financial se rvices etc., education, entertainment and any other form of business targeted at the final co nsumer. Some of the features, opportunities and concerns common to this category of busi ness irrespective of the business segment, are the following.

2.2.6.2 Opportunities: 2.2.6.2.1 Internet provides an ever-growing market both in terms of number of po tential customers and geographical reach. Technological development has made access to Internet both cheaper and faster. More and more people across the globe are acce ssing the net either through PCs or other devices. The purchasing power and need for q uality service of this segment of consumers are considerable. Anybody accessing Interne t is a potential customer irrespective of his or her location. Thus, any business targe ting final consumers cannot ignore the business potential of Internet. 2.2.6.2.2 Internet offers a unique opportunity to register business presence in a global market. Its effectiveness in disseminating information about one s business at a relativel y cost effective manner is tremendous. Time sensitive information can be updated faster than any other media. A properly designed website can convey a more accurate and focu ssed image of a product or service than any other media. Use of multimedia capabiliti es, i.e., sound, picture, movies etc., has made Internet as an ideal medium for informatio n dissemination. However, help of other media is necessary to draw the potential customers

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Background 1.1.1 Banks have traditionally been in the forefront of harnessing technology to improve their products, services and efficiency. They have, over a long time, b een using electronic and telecommunication networks for delivering a wide range of value added products and services. The delivery channels include direct dial up connections, private networks, public networks etc and the devices include te lephone, Personal Computers including the Automated Teller Machines, etc. With t he popularity of PCs, easy access to Internet and World Wide Web (WWW), Internet is increasingly used by banks as a channel for receiving instructions and deliv ering their products and services to their customers. This form of banking is ge nerally referred to as Internet Banking, although the range of products and serv ices offered by different banks vary widely both in their content and sophistica tion. 1.1.2 Broadly, the levels of banking services offered through INTERNET can be ca tegorized

in to three types: (i) The Basic Level Service is the banks websites which disseminate 1information on different products and services offered to customers and members of public i n general. It may receive and reply to customers queries through e-mail, (ii) In the next level are Simple Transactional Websites which allow customers t o submit their instructions, applications for different services, queries on the ir account balances, etc, but do not permit any fund-based transactions on their accounts, (iii) The third level of Internet banking services are offered by Fully Transact ional Websites which allow the customers to operate on their accounts for trans fer of funds, payment of different bills, subscribing to other products of the b ank and to transact purchase and sale of securities, etc. The above forms of Int ernet banking services are offered by traditional banks, as an additional method of serving the customer or by new banks, who deliver banking services primarily through Internet or other electronic delivery channels as the value added servi ces. Some of these banks are known as virtual banks or Internetonly banks and may no t have any physical presence in a country despite offering different banking ser vices. 1.1.3 From the perspective of banking products and services being offered throug h Internet, Internet banking is nothing more than traditional banking services d elivered through an electronic communication backbone, viz, Internet. But, in th e process it has thrown open issues which have ramifications beyond what a new d elivery channel would normally envisage and, hence, has compelled regulators wor ld over to take note of this emerging channel. Some of the distinctive features of i-banking are: 1. It removes the traditional geographical barriers as it could reach out to cus tomers of different countries / legal jurisdiction. This has raised the question of jurisdiction of law / supervisory system to which such transactions should b e subjected, 2. It has added a new dimension to different kinds of risks traditionally associ ated with banking, heightening some of them and throwing new risk control challe nges, 3. Security of banking transactions, validity of electronic contract, customers p rivacy, etc., which have all along been concerns of both bankers and supervisors have assumed different dimensions given that Internet is a public domain, not s ubject to control by any single authority or group of users, 4. It poses a strategic risk of loss of business to those banks who do not respo nd in time, to this new technology, being the efficient and cost effective deliv ery 2 mechanism of banking services, 5. A new form of competition has emerged both from the existing players and new players of the market who are not strictly banks. 1.1.4 The Regulatory and Supervisory concerns in i-banking arise mainly out of t he distinctive features outlined above. These concerns can be broadly addressed under three broad categories, viz, (i) Legal and regulatory issues, (ii) Security and technology issues and (iii) Supervisory and operational issues. Legal issues cover those relating to the jurisdiction of law, validity of electr onic contract including the question of repudiation, gaps in the legal / regulat ory environment for electronic commerce. On the question of jurisdiction the iss ue is whether to apply the law of the area where access to Internet has been mad e or where the transaction has finally taken place. Allied to this is the questi on where the income has been generated and who should tax such income. There are still no definite answers to these issues. 1.1.5 Security of i-banking transactions is one of the most important areas of c oncerns to the regulators. Security issues include questions of adopting interna tionally accepted stateof- the art minimum technology standards for access contr ol, encryption / decryption ( minimum key length etc), firewalls, verification o f digital signature, Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) etc. The regulator is equal ly concerned about the security policy for the banking industry, security awaren

ess and education. 1.1.6 The supervisory and operational issues include risk control measures, adva nce warning system, Information technology audit and re-engineering of operation al procedures. The regulator would also be concerned with whether the nature of products and services offered are within the regulatory framework and whether th e transactions do not camouflage money-laundering operations. 1.1.7 The Central Bank may have its concern about the impact of Internet banking on its monetary and credit policies. As long as Internet is used only as a medi um for delivery of banking services and facilitator of normal payment transactio ns, perhaps, it may not impact monetary policy. However, when it assumes a stage where private sector initiative produces electronic substitution of money like e-cheque, account based cards and digital coins, its likely impact on monetary s ystem can not be overlooked. Even countries where i-banking has been quite devel oped, its impact on monetary policy has 3 not been significant. In India, such c oncern, for the present is not addressed as the Internet banking is still in its formative stage. 1.1.8 The world over, central bankers and regulators have been addressing themse lves to meet the new challenges thrown open by this form of banking. Several stu dies have pointed to the fact that the cost of delivery of banking service throu gh Internet is several times less than the traditional delivery methods. This al one is enough reason for banks to flock to Internet and to deliver more and more of their services through Internet and as soon as possible. Not adopting this n ew technology in time has the risk of banks getting edged out of competition. In such a scenario, the thrust of regulatory thinking has been to ensure that whil e the banks remain efficient and cost effective, they must be aware of the risks involved and have proper built-in safeguards, machinery and systems to manage t he emerging risks. It is not enough for banks to have systems in place, but the systems must be constantly upgraded to changing and well-tested technologies, wh ich is a much bigger challenge. The other aspect is to provide conducive regulat ory environment for orderly growth of such form of banking. Central Banks of man y countries have put in place broad regulatory framework for i-banking. 1.1.9 In India, too i-banking has taken roots. A number of banks have set up ban king portals allowing their customers to access facilities like obtaining inform ation, querying on their accounts, etc. Soon, still higher level of online servi ces will be made available. Other banks will sooner than later, take to Internet banking. The Indian scenario is discussed in detail in Chapter-4 of this report . 1.2 Constitution of the Working Group 1.2.1 In the above background Reserve Bank of India constituted a Working Group to examine different issues relating to i-

with any other computer in the Internet. Through this type of connection, the cl ient computer does not merely act as a remote terminal of the host, but can run whate ver programs are available on the web. It can also run several programs simultaneous

ly, subject to limitations of speed and memory of the client computer and modem. TCP /IP protocol uses a unique addressing scheme through which each computer on the network is identified. 2.1.4 TCP / IP protocol is insecure because data packets flowing through TCP / I P networks are not normally encrypted. Thus, any one who interrupts communication between t wo machines will have a clear view of the data, passwords and the like. This has be en addressed through Secured Socket Layer(SSL), a Transport Layer Security (TLS) system which involves an encrypted session between the client browser and the we b server. 2.1.5 FTP or File Transfer Protocol is a mechanism for transferring files betwee n computers on the Internet. It is possible to transfer a file to and from a computer (ftp s ite) without having an account in that machine. Any organization intending to make available to public its documents would normally set up a ftp site from which any one can acc ess the documents for download. Certain ftp sites are available to validated users w ith an account ID and password. 2.1.6 e-mail: The most common and basic use of Internet is the exchange of e-mai l (electronic mail). It is an extremely powerful and revolutionary result of Inter net, which has facilitated almost instantaneous communication with people in any part of th e globe. With enhancements like attachment of documents, audio, video and voice ma il, this segment of Internet is fast expanding as the most used communication medium for the whole world. Many websites offer e-mail as a free facility to individuals. M any corporates have interfaced their private networks with Internet in order to make their email accessible from outside their corporate network. 2.1.7 World Wide Web (WWW) 10 2.1.7.1 Internet encompasses any electronic communication between computers usin g TCP/IP protocol, such as e-mail, file transfers etc. WWW is a segment of Interne t, which uses Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) to link together files containing text, rich text, sound, graphics, video etc. and offers a very convenient means of navigating through the net. It uses hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) for communication between computers. Web documents, which are referred to as pages, can contain links to other related documents and so on, in a tree like structure . The person browsing one document can access any other linked page. The web documents and the web browsers which are the application programs to access them, are desi gned to be platform independent. Thus any web document can be accessed irrespective o f the platform of the computer accessing the document and that of the host computer. T

he programming capabilities and platform independence of Java and Java applets have further enriched the web. The point and click method of browsing is extremely simp le for any lay user of the net. In fact, the introduction of web since early 1990 h as made Internet an extremely popular medium and its use in business has been enhanced dramatically. 2.1.7.2 The next in the HTML genre is the Extensible Markup Language (XML), whic h allows automated two-way information flow between data stores and browser screen s. XML documents provide both the raw content of data and the data structure and is projected by its proponents as taking the web technology beyond the limits of HT ML. 2.1.8 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP): WAP is the latest industry standard which provides wireless access to Internet t hrough handheld devices like a cellular telephone. This is an open standard promoted by WAP forum and has been adopted by world s all major handset manufacturers. WAP is supplemented by Wireless Application Environment (WAE), which provides industry wise standard for developing applications and services for wireless communicatio n networks. This is based on WWW technology and provides for application for small screens, with interactive capabilities and adequate security. Wireless Transacti on Protocol (WTP), which is the equivalent of TCP, sets the communication rules and Wireless Transport Layer Security (WTLS) provides the required security by encrypting all the session data. WAP is set to revolutionize the commercial use of net. 11 2.1.9 Security: One of the biggest attractions of Internet as an electronic medium is its openne ss and freedom. It is a public domain and there is no restriction on who can use it as long as one adheres to its technical parameters. This has also given rise to concerns ov er the security of data and information transfer and privacy. These concerns are common to any network including closed user group networks. But over the Internet, the dimensions of risk are larger while the control measures are relatively fewer. T hese issues are discussbanking and recommend technology, security, legal standards an d operational standards keeping in view the international best practices. The Gr oup is headed by the Chief General Manager in Charge of the Department of Informatio n Technology and comprised experts from the fields of banking regulation and sup ervision, commercial banking, law and technology. The Bank also constituted an O perational Group under its Executive Director comprising officers from different disciplines in the bank, who would guide