New Start to Global Nuclear Arms Reduction

9/3/12 New Start to Global Nuclear Arms Reduction

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NewStarttoGlobalNuclearArmsReduction

Background:

A.Arms Control Regimes:

The arms control regimeswhich assured strategic stability during theColdWar startedwith the SALT (Strategic Arms

LimitationTalks)andendedwiththeSTART(StrategicArmsReductionTreaty).

During theColdWar therewerenumerousSummitsbetween theUSand the formerSovietUnionwhereinarmsexperts

cameupwithalargenumberofagreementsandverificationprotocols.

TheUSSenaterejectedtheComprehensiveTestBanTreaty(CTBT).

TheUShaswithdrawnfromtheABM.

TheNuclearNonProliferationTreaty(NPT)hasbeenafailureasithasfailedtostoptheproliferationofnuclearweapons

aswellmovetowardstheultimategoalofeliminationofnuclearweapons.

B.2002USWithdrawalfromtheABMTreaty:

OnJune13,2002,theUSformallywithdrewfromtheAntiBallisticMissile(ABM)Treaty.

The ABMTreaty, signed by theUS andRussia in 1972, forbade the two sides from acquiring the capability to defend

against incomingnucleartippedballisticmissiles.This led to thedoctrineofMutuallyAssuredDestruction (MAD)which

assuredstrategicstabilityduringtheColdWar.

TheABMwasseenas thekey toglobal strategicstabilitybefore theUSdeclared inmid1990s toacquire theNational

MissileDefence(NMD)capabilitythatcouldviolatetheABMtreaty.

C.RussiasReactionNoLongerBoundbytheStricturesofSTARTII:

OnJune14,2002,Russiaannounced that itwasno longerboundby thestricturesofSTARTIInucleararms reduction

treatysignedin1993.

This implies that if theUS is determined to acquire credibleNMD, thenRussia is free fromaSTARTII ban on having

landbasedstrategicmissileswithmultiplewarheads.

1.StrategicArmsReductionTreaty(START):

NuclearAccordsBetweenRussiaandtheUS:

ThenuclearaccordssignedbetweenRussiaandtheUSsincetheearly1970smeticulouslyoutlinedthemakeupofeach

countrysnuclearforcesasnegotiatorsoneachsidefoughttoreducethethreatposedbytheadversary.

1991STARTI:

TheStrategicArmsReductionTreaty (STARTI)wassignedby the formerUSPresident,Mr.GeorgeBushand the then

SovietPresident,Mr.MikhailGorbachev,inJuly1991.TheSTARTIenvisagedthereductionoftheirnuclearwarheadsto

14,719(8,556withUSand6,613withtheformerSovietUnion).Beforethearmsreductionstarted,theUSandtheformer

SovietUniontogetherhadanalltimehighnucleararsenalof23,658warheadsin1990.TheSTARTIexpiresinDecember

2009.

1993STARTII:

TheSTARTIIwassigned inMoscow,onJanuary3,1993by the formerUSPresident,Mr.GeorgeBushandthe former

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TheSTARTIIwassigned inMoscow,onJanuary3,1993by the formerUSPresident,Mr.GeorgeBushandthe former

President of Russia, Mr. Boris Yeltsin. STARTII banned Russia from deploying landbased missiles with multiple

warheadswhichformedthecoreofitsnuclearforces.WhenRussiaratifiedSTARTIIin2000,itlinkeditsimplementation

onthepreservationofthe1972AntiballisticMissileTreaty(ABM)whichbannedanationalmissiledefenceofthekindthe

UShasdecidedtodeploy.STARTIIwasnotimplemented.

2002StrategicOffensiveReductions(SORT):

TheUSandRussiaagreedtolimitnucleararsenalto1,7002,200operationallydeployedwarheads.Thistreatyexpiresin

2012.

2.TheUSandRussiaAgreetoReOpenTalkstoReducetheirNuclearArsenal:

USandRussianPresidentsAgreetoReOpenTalksonReducingtheirNuclearWarheads:

OnApril 1, 2009 the US President BarackObama and his Russian counterpart DmitryMedvedev agreed in London to

reopentalksonreducingtheirnuclearwarheads.ThemeetingbetweenthetwoPresidentswasheldonthesidelinesofthe

G20Summit.

Thiswouldbethefirstmajorarmscontrolnegotiationsinmorethanadecadewhichcouldleadtothereplacementofthe

1991STARTIwhichexpiresinDecember2009.

ThetwoPresidentssaidthattheywouldbeinamuchstrongerpositiontostrengthenthenuclearnonproliferationregimeif

theyledtheworldbeexamplebyreducingtheirownnucleararsenal.

TheNegotiatorsweredirectedtoreportfirstresultsinJuly2009whenthetwoleaderswouldmeetforaSummitinRussia.

Thetalkscouldleadtoeachcountryreducingitsnuclearstockpileby80percent,accordingtoUSofficials.

On May 18, 2009 the US and Russia started the first round of talks aimed at replacing the STARTI that expires in

December2009.

TheArmsReductiontalksarecentraltoUSPresidentBarackObamasdesiretoresetstrainedrelationswithRussiaand

theirresultswouldhavefarreachingimplicationsforglobalsecurity.

ForRussiathetalksarealsoseenasamatterofprestigeastheyimplystrategicparitywiththeUS,whichissignificantto

Russiaasitseekstoplayalargerroleontheglobalstage.

TheUNSecretaryGeneralBanKimoonhailed thenewmomentum fordisarmamentandofferedhisbestwishes for the

talks.

3.USPresidentObamasGoalofaWorldWithoutNuclearWeapons:

USPresident BarackObama said that hewanted to rid theworld of nuclear weapons. Hewas addressing French and

GermanstudentsinFrance(Strasbourg)onApril3,2009.Theworldsestimatedarsenalof24,000nuclearwarheadsall

but1,000intheUSandRussianarmourieswastheworstlegacyoftheColdWar,accordingtotheUSPresident.Ifthe

riskofalloutnuclearwarhadfaded,thedangerofnuclearattackhadincreased.

Mr.Obamapledgedadriveonnucleardisarmament,possiblybiggerthananyeverattempted.

TheUSwould accelerateArmsControlAgreementswithRussia. The current talkswithRussia resulting in reductionof

nuclearstockpilesbyaboutathirdwasabeginning,settingthestageforfurthercuts.

BuildingonthemomentumofanewagreementonArmsReductionwithRussia,Mr.Obamapointedoutthathewantedto

cajoleothernuclearpowersintoagreeinginternationalarmscuts.

Mr.ObamasaidthathewouldreducetheroleofnuclearweaponsinUSnationalsecuritystrategy.

Mr. Obama would pursue immediately and aggressively the Senate ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty

(CTBT)asthefirststeptowardspushingtheCTBTsentryintoforce.

A verifiable ban on the dedicated production of fissilematerial for themanufacture of nuclearweaponswould be a top

priorityoftheObamaAdministration.

TheUSPresidentalsopledgedtostrengthentheNuclearNonProliferationTreaty(NPT).

HespecifiedtwowaysofreinforcingtheNPTregimebanningtheproductionoffissilematerialusedfornuclearwarheads

andestablishinganinternationalfuelbankwhichwouldsupplyandkeeptabsonlowenricheduraniumforpeacefulnuclear



purposesinelectricitygenerationsforcountriesthatneedit.

Mr. Obama stressed on greater resources and authority for international inspections and real and immediate

consequencesforcountriesthatviolatethetreaty.

TheUSPresidentwantedtoreenergisethecampaigntogetallvulnerablenuclearmaterialsinsecurestoragewithinfour

years.HewouldalsoconveneaworldsummitonnuclearsecurityintheUSwithinayear.

Theriskofterroristsbeingabletoobtainanucleardevicewasthemostimmediateandextremethreattoglobalsecurity,

accordingtoMr.Obama.

4.SignificanceoftheUSPresidentsInitiativesonNuclearDisarmament:

President Obamas initiatives on nuclear disarmament represent a move forward from the unilateral approach of the

previousadministration,accordingtoanalysts.

Reaching out to a resurgent Russia to reopen talks on nuclear arms reduction was very significant as it has positive

implications for global security. The STARTI provided the legal and technical framework for largescale verifiable

disarmament.Ithelpedinthereductionofthenuclearwarheadsintheworldfromatotalof60,000duringtheColdWarto

lessthan20,000.

The ratification of the CTBT by the US would be a step forward, according to analysts. However, this step would be

meaningfuliftheUSweretoendallworkondesignandrefinementofnewnuclearweapons.

Mr.ObamahasreversedthepreviousadministrationspolicyontheFissileMaterialsCutoffTreaty(FMCT)anddeclared

that the USwould seek a treaty that verifiably ends the production of fissilematerials. This would help in the forward

movementoftheFMCTnegotiationsinGeneva.

TheObamaMedvedev proposal of ridding theworld of nuclearweapons altogether is very significant. For the first time

both the countries have jointly declared the goal of total disarmament. However, achieving this goal requires the US

Russiannucleararsenal tobecutbelow1,000eachand theestablishmentof theCTBT,FMCTandotherdisarmament

treaties.

5.ImplicationsforIndia:

IftheUSratifiestheCTBT,Indiawouldbeunderpressuretofollowsuit.AnalystssuggestthatIndianeedstobeproactive

inemphasisingthecrucialimportanceofnucleardisarmament.IndiahasnotsignedtheCTBT,butithasbeenobservinga

moratoriumonnucleartestssince1998.

Thereversalof theUSpolicyonFMCTunder theObamaAdministrationhasserious implications for India,according to

analysts.

India'sStandonFMCT:

Indiawantsauniversal,nondiscriminatoryandinternationallyandeffectivelyverifiableFMCT.

IndiawouldnotblockthecompromisethatwouldallowtheCDtodrafttheFMCT.

ActivelyworkingwiththeUSontheFMCTisoneoftheconditionsoftheJuly2005IndoUScivilnuclearagreement.

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