New Paradigms to Challenge Children to Take up STEM Education

Som Karamchetty(240) 328-6513

Executive Summary

• Global competition requires a strong S&T workforce • US is losing its dominance in STEM Education• Many attempts are in progress to fortify STEM Education• iPhone and iPad generation needs new methods• Strong need to challenge school children

– With emerging global situation– Critical problems waiting for their innovative solutions

• Create interest in children with readily accessible online videos– Enable them to experience the thrill of science and engineering– Visualize production and manufacturing processes– Implement elegant science and technological solution approaches– Institute an innovation process

About this Presentation

This presentation is set into three parts

Part 1: Background and Need for an Initiative - For Presentation to a Senior Executive

Part 2: Presentation to Motivate School Children - Draft for developing a presentation (in video format)

Part 3: Outline of the Initiative - Thoughts on the suggested program

Background information on STEMIn case there are questions

References - For subsequent follow up

Although Som is presenting information in chart form, the presentation to children should be in video. Som welcomes help to develop such videos.

Part 1

Background and Need for an Initiative A presentation to

A Senior Executive of a Major Corporation

Problems

• US economic development impacted by STEM• Global competition intensifying• American school children lagging in STEM skills *• Too many distractions for young people

* More details are presented in Background Information on STEM

Challenges

• Economic Development– Keeping ahead of other countries (leadership)– Preserving and enhancing our standard of living– Jobs and incomes

• Leadership Position– Continue to be Number One

• Technical Superiority in– Ideas– Inventions– Discoveries – Innovation

• Industry– Build the next gen American manufacturing industry

The Needs

• Understanding of global economic landscape• Requires workforce with strong STEM skills• Motivate young people to rise up to challenges

– Communicate the landscape– Use the new media– Inform them of the big picture– Awake and arise them up to new challenges– Lead children into STEM

• (without actually mentioning STEM)

The Approach

• Develop a method to motivate children– Explain their inheritance– Lay down their mission– Present it as a challenge

• (not as a problem)

– Assure them that they can do it– It is a continuation of their heritage

• Explain the relevance of STEM• Eliminate the fear of STEM• Create passion for STEM

Tasks toward Solution

• Inform • Challenge• Motivate

Inform Them

• The present they are inheriting• The competition they face• The challenges they confront• The keys to problem-solving• The future is in their hands

Challenge Them

• Learning• Analyzing• Inventing• Innovating• Building a desired future• Enjoying that future

Motivate Them

• To be champions and leaders– Like their forefathers & foremothers– With a positive attitude

• To follow the lead given by the previous generation• To enjoy and excel

Summary

• Corporate leaders have huge stakes in US Economy– Consequently in STEM

• Corporate social responsibility (CSR) motivates you• Corporate leaders know the stakes• You can influence and shape the future

Relevance

• Energy sector is a strong change maker• Energy sector is impacted by STEM• Energy is a good example for young people to understand• Energy industry has the resources to invest and gain• Nation benefits from the initiative

The presentation was originally addressed to an Energy industry executive.

Your Corporate Foundation

• Your Corporate Foundation is the primary philanthropicarm of the Corporation in the United States• National Math and Science Initiative

– $42 million was dedicated to math and science education in the United States

• Example programs cited

Reference to website

Suggestion

Your Corporation may consider a programto motivate children to take up STEM

as described here

The suggested program places your Corporation singularly on the STEM Map

and benefits generations of US citizens and the economy

End of Part 1

On to Part 2

Part 2

Presentation to

Motivate School Children

This part is best developed as videos for presentation to students.

Presentation Outline

• Your inheritance• It is a relay race• Global needs• Global development• Efficiency• Engineering• Role models

Your Inheritance

The last century gave us• Autos, jets, cruise ships, bullet trains• Space exploration• Medical innovations• Superior farming• Tasty and nutritious foods• Computers, communications, Internet• Video games• Vast storehouse of scientific and technical knowledge

Positives

Your Inheritance (1 of 5)

Twenty Great Engineering Achievements of the 20th Century5• Electricity: steam turbine generators; long-distance, high-voltage transmission lines;pulverized coal; large-scale electric grids• Automotive: machine tools, assembly line, self-starting ignition, balloon tire, safety glasswindshield, electronic fuel injection and ignition, airbags, antilock brake, fuel cells• Aeronautics: aerodynamic wing and fuselage design, metal alloys and compositematerials, stressed-skin construction, jet propulsion, fly-by-wire control systems,collision warning systems, Doppler weather radar• Water supply and distribution: chlorination, wastewater treatment, dams, reservoirs,storage tanks, tunnel-boring equipment, computerized contaminant detection,Desalination, large-scale distillation, portable ultraviolet devices• Electronics: triodes, semiconductors, transistors, molecular-beam epitaxy, integratedcircuits, digital-to-optical recording (CD-ROM), microprocessors, ceramic chip carriers• Radio and television: alternators, triodes, cathode-ray tubes, super heterodyne circuits,AM/FM, videocassette recorders, flat-screen technology, cable and high-definitiontelevision, telecommunication satellites

SOURCE: George Constable and Bob Somerville, A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements ThatTransformed Our Lives, Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2003.From: Rising Above The Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html

InDetail

Your Inheritance (2 of 5)

• Agriculture: tractors, power takeoff, rubber tires, diesel engines, combine, corn-headattachments, hay balers, spindle pickers, self-propelled irrigation systems, conservationtillage, global-positioning technology• Computers: electromechanical relays; Boolean operations; stored programs;programming languages; magnetic tape; software, supercomputers, minicomputers, andpersonal computers; operating systems; the mouse; the Internet• Telephony: automated switchboards, dial calling, touch-tone, loading coils, signalamplifiers, frequency multiplexing, coaxial cables, microwave signal transmission,switching technology, digital systems, optical-fiber signal transmission, cordlesstelephones, cellular telephones, voice-over-Internet protocols• Air conditioning and refrigeration: humidity-control technology, refrigeranttechnology, centrifugal compressors, automatic temperature control, frost-free cooling,roof-mounted cooling devices, flash-freezingSOURCE: George Constable and Bob Somerville, A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements ThatTransformed Our Lives, Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2003.From: Rising Above The Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html

InDetail

Your Inheritance (3 of 5)

• Highways: concrete, tar, road location, grading, drainage, soil science, signage, trafficcontrol, traffic lights, bridges, crash barriers• Aerospace: rockets, guidance systems, space docking, lightweight materials for vehiclesand spacesuits, solar power cells, rechargeable batteries, satellites, freeze-dried food,Velcro• Internet: packet-switching, ARPANET, e-mail, networking services, transparent peeringof networks, standard communication protocols, TCP/IP, World Wide Web, hypertext,web browsers• Imaging: diagnostic x-rays, color photography, holography, digital photography,cameras, camcorders, compact disks, microprocessor etching, electron microscopy,positron-emission tomography, compute axial tomography, magnetic-resonance imaging,sonar, radar, sonography, reflecting telescopes, radiotelescopes, photodiodes, chargecoupleddevices

SOURCE: George Constable and Bob Somerville, A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements ThatTransformed Our Lives, Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2003.From: Rising Above The Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html

InDetail

Your Inheritance (4 of 5)

• Household appliances: gas ranges, electric ranges, oven thermostats, nickel-chromeresistors, toasters, hot plates, electric irons, electric motors, rotary fans, vacuum cleaners,washing machines, sewing machines, refrigerators, dishwashers, can openers, cavitymagnetrons, microwave ovens• Health technology: electrocardiography; heart–lung machines; pacemakers; kidneydialysis; artificial hearts; prosthetic limbs; synthetic heart valves, eye lenses, replacementjoints; manufacturing techniques and systems design for large-scale drug delivery;operating microscopy; fiber-optic endoscopy; laparoscopy; radiologic catheters; roboticsurgery• Petroleum and petrochemical technology: thermal-cracking oil refining; leadedgasoline; catalytic cracking; oil by product compounds; synthetic rubber; coal tardistillation byproduct compounds, plastics, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, syntheticfibers; drilling technologies; drill bits; pipelines; seismic siting; catalytic converters;pollution-control devices

SOURCE: George Constable and Bob Somerville, A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements ThatTransformed Our Lives, Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2003.From: Rising Above The Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html

InDetail

Your Inheritance (5 of 5)

• Lasers and fiber optics: maser, laser, pulsed-beam laser, compact disk players, barcodescanners, surgical lasers, fiber optic communication• Nuclear technology: nuclear fission, nuclear reactors, electric-power generation,radioisotopes, radiation therapy, food irradiation• High-performance materials: steel alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium superalloys;synthetic polymers, Bakelite, Plexiglas; synthetic rubbers, neoprene, nylon; polyethylene,polyester, Saran Wrap, Dacron, Lycra spandex fiber, Kevlar; cement, concrete; syntheticdiamonds; superconductors; fiberglass, graphite composites, Kevlar composites,aluminum composites

SOURCE: George Constable and Bob Somerville, A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements ThatTransformed Our Lives, Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2003.From: Rising Above The Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html

InDetail

Your Inheritance

But, the last century gave us• Population growth• Global poverty• Nuclear waste• Greenhouse gases• Global warming• Some unsolved & unresolved problems

Negatives

It is a Relay Race

We gave you many positives and, alas, some negatives.Now, it is your turn to continue the raceFor a better future for the USA and mankind

Relay

2005 2010 20302020 2040 2050 2060 2070

10 15 3525 45 55 65 75

Year

Your Age

Your Stewardship

Your turn to get ready in the next decade and halfTo lead in the next half century

Education

The Nation Depends on You!

2005 2010 20302020 2040 2050 2060 2070

10 15 3525 45 55 65 75

Year

Your Age

Your Run

You graduateYou Invent

You EngineerYou Manage

You Lead

Education

You prepare

Global Needs

• Water• Food• Clean environment• Healthcare• Security• Infrastructure• Education • Energy

Water

Source: http://globalwater.org/whywater.htm

It is a challenge to get water in some parts of the world.

For a pot of water

Source: http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/05/stories/2011.htm050567540600

Water woes: The residents of Manneru mandal in Medak district (AP State in India) walk three km to fetch water from a pit which is the only source of drinking water in the region.

Water Stress

Source: http://www.worldwatercouncil.org/index.php?id=25

Atlas of a Thirsty Planet

Source: http://www.nature.com/nature/focus/water/map.html

Food

• More than one billion people — one sixth of the world's population — suffer from chronic hunger.

• Without enough food, adults struggle to work and children struggle to learn. • Global food supplies must increase by an estimated 50 percent to meet

expected demand in the next 20 years.• Advancing sustainable agricultural-led growth increases the availability of

food, keeps food affordable, and raises the incomes of the poor.

Source: http://www.state.gov/s/globalfoodsecurity/index.htm

Food

Source: http://www.state.gov/s/globalfoodsecurity/index.htm

Video at link: http://link.brightcove.com/services/player/bcpid1705667530?bctid=41957167001

Global food security: U.S. Commitment to action *

* Portions of this video are not suitable for children while other portions can be edited and used.

Source: http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/Learn/world%20hunger%20facts%202002.htm

Number of hungry people in the world

Food

Source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/2791256/Global-food-supply-is-a-growing-problem.html

Empty supermarket shelves in Zimbabwe's capital Harare, where food riots are rife

Clean Environment

The developing countries with three times more population than the industrial countries have been, and continue to be, far less responsible for "polluting" the global atmosphere with greenhouse gases (GHGs).But, the contribution of these countries to the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is rising! For example, a general consensus exists that, "...during 1988, almost three-quarters of the CO2 from fossil-fuel combustion was released in industrialized countries. But when non-industrial sources are included (e.g., burning of forests and other land-use changes) the contribution of industrialized countries was about 56%.

Source: http://amulya-reddy.org.in/Publication/UNU1025.93.pdf

Clean Environment

Source: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080331092500.htm

Scientists report environmental contamination from crude recycling practices after collecting dust samples near e-waste processing workshops. Above are discarded printed circuit boards outside a shop in the Beilin district of Guiyu, Guangdong Province. (Credit: Courtesy of Croucher Institute for Environmental Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University)

Clean Environment

Source: http://www.iswa.org/uploads/tx_iswaknowledgebase/15-384paper_long.pdf

Management of solid waste is one of the major challenges worldwide.Inadequate collection, recycling or treatment and uncontrolled disposal of wasteIn dumps lead to severe hazards, such as health risks and environmental pollution.This situation is especially serious in Developing Countries where inadequate waste disposal can be very dangerous for environment and human health.• Increase disease transmission or otherwise threaten public health• Contaminate ground and surface water• Create greenhouse gas emissions and other air pollutants

Healthcare

http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary/app/searchResults.aspx

World : Under-5 mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5) per 1000 live births, 2009

Healthcare

World : Malaria risk areas, 2008

http://gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary/app/searchResults.aspx

Security

Analyzing the threat of terrorism and working to develop a response that includes international dialogue and a cohesive effort by diplomatic, military, law enforcement, and intelligence personnel.

http://www.google.com/search?q=%22911%22&hl=en&lr=&prmd=ivns&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=P7ZSTuegL8XF0AGe7Kz1BA&ved=0CFkQsAQ&biw=775&bih=489http://csis.org/category/topics/defense-and-security/terrorism

Infrastructure

Protesters travel on bullock cart towing a car, demonstrating against recent hike in price of diesel, in Mysore on Saturday. DH photo

http://www.deccanherald.com/photo.php?id=6868

Looking south from Marmion Way, showing the differently-colored passing lanes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Seco_Parkway

Education

The finished school and sanitary facilities

http://www.sdl.com/en/about-us/corporate-citizenship/charity/current_projects/kupwra-school-project.asp

Wind River Elementary School

http://www.wyoming.gov/loc/03302010_1/Pages/default.aspx

Energy

http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=us_energy_homes-basics

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (September 2008)

Shares of Fuels Used by Commercial Buildings (2003)

http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=us_energy_commercial-basics

Energy

http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=us_energy_industry-basics

Energy

http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=us_energy_transportation-basics

Energy

http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=about_home-basics

Energy

U.S. Primary Energy Flow by Source and Sector, 2009

http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pecss_diagram.cfm

Energy

As societies and technologies develop over time…

Source: The Outlook for Energy a view to 2030Presented by Mr. Mark Skolnik, XOM

There are several excellent charts to be copied from the presentationPages 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 30, and others

…energy needs evolve as well.

Energy

Development Challenges and Solutions

Source: The Outlook for Energy a view to 2030, page 50Presented by Mr. Mark Skolnik, XOM

Energy

Efficiency Key to Meeting Demand

Source: The Outlook for Energy a view to 2030, page 58Presented by Mr. Mark Skolnik, XOM

Energy

http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9NDMwNzY1fENoaWxkSUQ9NDQ4NTEzfFR5cGU9MQ==&t=1

Penetration of High Efficiency Technology

Energy

As world GDP increases demand for energy will increaseThere will be shortage of energy

Thus, as world population strives to gain economic developmentWe have to address the energy challenge

Development, GDP, & Energy

Explained in following charts

Energy Challenges

Supply• Discover new sources of energy• Recover more energy• Convert it to usable forms

Efficiency• Improve energy conversion• Energy use efficiency

Demand• Reduce demand• Manage

All these challenges require focus on Science, Technology, Engineering and Math

Global Needs & Your Mission

• Water• Food• Clean environment• Healthcare• Security• Energy• Infrastructure• Education

YourMission

Global Development

Developing Developed

Source: The Outlook for Energy a view to 2030Presented by Mr. Mark Skolnik, XOM

There are more sets of pictures illustrating development in Skolnik’s presentation that illustrate the point well.

Global development impacts resources.

Economy

http://www.google.com/search?as_q=2030&hl=en&biw=874&bih=630&tbm=isch&btnG=Google+Search&as_epq=world+economic+growth&as_oq=&as_eq=&imgtype=&imgsz=&imgw=&imgh=&imgar=&as_filetype=&imgc=&as_sitesearch=&as_rights=&safe=images&as_st=y

Energy demand grows with global GDP

Jean-Marie Bourdaire, May 2003http://www.slidefinder.net/A/ASPO_WORKSHOP_PARIS/BourdairePresentation/265216

www.aspo-australia.org.au/References/Oil-Pricing-Is-US$60June2006.ppt

Energy demand grows with GDP of every nation

www.aspo-australia.org.au/References/Oil-Pricing-Is-US$60June2006.ppt

Energy use grows with global development

www.aspo-australia.org.au/References/Oil-Pricing-Is-US$60June2006.ppt

Development means we want all people to live well, then we need more energy

www.aspo-australia.org.au/References/Oil-Pricing-Is-US$60June2006.ppt

New technology allows us to drill deeper and fetch more oil, i.e. energy

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency is "using less energy to provide the same service".

http://www.physorg.com/news104432768.htmlhttp://eetd.lbl.gov/ee/ee-1.html

Efficiency - Transportation

Efficiency means, we can go more miles to the gallon of fuel.

Efficiency - Power

Efficiency means we can generate more electricity with the same amount of coal.

Efficiency - Industry

Efficiency means we can melt more metal for the same amount of gas.

Efficiency - Residence

Efficiency means we light up a home with less electricity usage.

Sources: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulbhttp://www.lampsplus.com/led-lighting/?cm_mmc=GOO-SE-_-Type%20-Exact--_-LED-_-LED%20Lamp%20e&sourceid=SEGOO100323-15714&gclid=CJucrpyHjKwCFUZ-5QodvDPRpw

http://arrowelec.wordpress.com/2010/05/05/charting-a-path-toward-energy-efficiency/

Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency offers a powerful and cost-effective tool for achieving a sustainable energy future. Improvements in energy efficiency can reduce the need for investment in energy infrastructure, cut fuel costs, increase competitiveness and improve consumer welfare. Environmental benefits can also be achieved by the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and local air pollution. Energy security can also profit from improved energy efficiency by decreasing the reliance on imported fossil fuels.

http://www.iea.org/subjectqueries/keyresult.asp?keyword_id=4122

Getting There

Via industryWith new discoveriesThrough new innovationsBy applying Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math knowledge

http://www.iea.org/subjectqueries/keyresult.asp?keyword_id=4122

Engineering

Engineering gives us the good things that we enjoy.

Science

• Science is an intellectual activity carried out by humans to understand the structure and functions of the world in which they live.

• The intellectual activity called science stems primarily from the human desire to satisfy the innate curiosity of the human animal. It stems from a desire to overcome ignorance and to overcome fear. Some of the fear comes from the ignorance.

http://www.theharbinger.org/articles/rel_sci/gottlieb.html

Science

• Science stems from the all too human wish to satisfy human needs. Satisfying needs provides greater creature comforts for humans -- food, shelter, protection from the elements.

• Science was and still is being used to satisfy material wants. Wants and needs are not the same.

http://www.theharbinger.org/articles/rel_sci/gottlieb.html

Science

Technological Achievements

Role Models

Vint Cerf Internet

Bill Gates (Microsoft)Steve Jobs (Apple)

Jerry Yang (Google)They did it!You too can grow up and build good things for life.

(Pictures from Google Images)

Focus

• Focus children on what they want to– Accomplish– Build– Create

• No need to use the label STEM to succeed in STEM

Examples of Accomplishment Statements

Motivated Children will come forward to say,• I want to build an electric car• I want to create high efficiency solar panels• I will discover new sources of water• I will build clean cities• I will develop tiny cellphones• I will build robots to help war wounded • I will write enchanting music

Creating Interest in STEM

We should introduce simple real life examples to demonstrate and impart STEM principles and knowledge.Emphasis should be on creating interest in children

Geometry

C

What is the length of the sloping Roof?C = ?

C

a

b

This example can be used to teach lines, angles, and relationships.Children can cut cardboard pieces and make shapes.They can be (temporarily) interested in building homes.

Roof GeometryC C

a

b

What type of roof does your home have?

http://www.the-house-plans-guide.com/exterior-house-designs.html

Creating Interest in Geometry

Example:Animation of proof of Pythagorean Theorem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem#Proof_by_rearrangement

Geometry

Link: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem#Proof_by_rearrangement

A good demonstration of the Pythagorean Theorem is at the link.

C

What is the length of the sloping Roof?C = ?

C

a

b

Baseball Field

http://www.baseball-almanac.com/stadium/baseball_field_construction.shtml

Home

First Base

Second Base

Third Base

90 ft.

What is the distance between Home base and Second base? What is the distance between Third base and First base? 127 ft., 3 3/8 inch

127 ft., 3 3/8 inch

Curiosity

When children are on the field, their curiosity should lead them to learning not only game concepts but also mathematical and physical concepts.

Picture source: http://www.baseball-almanac.com/stadium/baseball_field_construction.shtml

Creating Interest in STEM

By showing examples in various fields

Geometry

Algebra

Trigonometry

Numbers

Science

EngineeringTechnology

Creating Interest through Videos

interesting videos for children• The science and technology section of the History Channel • Discovery channel• Waldorfchannel• Youtube • How it is made?• Here are links to some examples:

– http://www.history.com/topics/inventions– http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/videos#– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvcRgOEVUnU– http://science.discovery.com/videos/how-its-made/– http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=lBbLhUbAopc&feature=fvwp– http://science.discovery.com/videos/images/modules/thumbnail-arrow-29x29.png– http://science.discovery.com/videos/how-its-made-sports/

• Short sections may be extracted from the longer videos to present interesting points leading to STEM concepts.

Engineering of Common Objects

How it is made?

http://science.discovery.com/videos/images/modules/thumbnail-arrow-29x29.pnghttp://science.discovery.com/videos/how-its-made-sports/

Summary

• Leverage children’s curiosity • Immerse them in ordinary examples of daily life • Lead them in learning STEM concepts

End of Part 2

Part 3

Outline of the Initiative

Immersion

Some parents involve and immerse their children in certain activities at a young ageExamples are:• Ballet dancing• Singing and music• Games (Little League, Soccer, etc.)• Gymnastics• Arts• Cooking

Result: Some of those children become superstars in those areas

Such a focus should also be brought into Science and Technology.

What is Needed

Immersion in environments dealing with science, technology, and engineering.Examples are:• Visits to factories (Physical and Virtual)• Hands on machines and controls• Demonstration of machines and their beneficial effects on life• Simple experiments• Exercises that use

– Simple engineering designs– Scientific principles– Mathematics applications

Expected Result: Children become curious and get challenged

Children will begin to appreciate STEM lessons in school

How does it work?

• Children become curious• Get challenged• Understand the principle of operation• Appreciate terms

• Force• Resistance• Yield• Motion

Experiments

http://www.mathingo.com/choose_categories.cgihttp://www.ehow.com/info_7887924_elementary-math-activities-teachers.html

• Construct simple experiments to learn principles• Build them as toys

Weight

What weight will break the rod?

Goal

Lay the foundation to coach future champions.

Mathematics

http://www.mathingo.com/choose_categories.cgihttp://www.ehow.com/info_7887924_elementary-math-activities-teachers.html

Math games, puzzles, exercises to make them comfortable and conversant with maths

Design games

Children understand rules of simple games and play them well.

Try this rule:John gives X n , Jim has to respond with n * X n-1 .

Example: If John gives X 3 , then Jim responds with 3 * X 2 .

Where does this rule occur in Mathematics?(Actually, this is how symbolic Math or AI is programmed.)

If John gives X 4 , then what will be Jim’s correct response?

Agricultural Engineering

Source: Photo: A.V.G. Prasad in report by G. Nagaraja at http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/05/stories/2011050563460900.htmVideos: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ocPBHMnBM9Uhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Nhz-hIMZng

Harvesters make quick work on the farm.

Problem Versus Challenge

Present challenges, not problemsTo create interest in STEM

Problem Versus Challenge

• Problem doesn’t really elicit the kind of feelings that will help us overcome what we are faced with.

• Challenge, on the other hand, makes it into a game. Source: http://nicolebandes.com/2010/03/31/power-of-words-challenge-vs-problem/

• Challenges can be overcome, whereas the idea of problems is distressing and painful.• A problem implies a difficulty that causes strife. • Or a challenge can be viewed as a temporary setback that can be overcome with effort and

desire.Source: http://www.stepbystepezine.com/stepbystep34.html#Challenges vs. Problems

• Problem – any question or matter involving doubt, uncertainty, or difficulty.• Challenge – a call or summons to engage in any contest, as of skill, strength, etc.Source: http://dictionary.reference.com/

New Media for STEM

Source: http://www.ohio.edu/people/gaof/research.htmlhttp://secondlife.com/http://voicethread.com/

Make videos available to students on iPad.

Summary

Presenting puzzles, animations, and videos with STEM themesand live and virtual visits to engineering facilities will create interest in and knowledge of STEM subjects in Children.They will feel a great degree of comfort in those subjects as they grow up.Their creative skills will benefit science, technology, engineering, and math fields.

End of Part 3

Background on STEM

Information on STEM is presented here for those that would like to review what is being said about this area.

Criticality of STEM

Without a flourishing scientific and engineering community, young people are not motivated to dream of “what can be,”

Virtually all quality jobs in the global economy will require certain mathematical and scientific skills.

Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (2007) Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP)

National Objectives in STEM

• Lay a foundation for a workforce that is capable in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)—including those who can create, support, and sustain innovation.• Develop a society that embraces STEM literacy.

Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future (2007) Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy (COSEPUP)

STEM in K-12

The rise of new international competitors in science and technology is forcing the United States to ask whether its educational system is suited to the demands of the 21st century.

These concerns are particularly acute in K-12 education.

In comparison with their peers in other countries, US students on average do worse on measures of mathematics and science performance the longer they are in school.

With the economies and broader cultures of the United States and other countries becoming increasingly dependent on science and technology, US schools do not seem capable of producing enough students with the knowledge and skills needed to prosper.

http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11463&page=303

Student Attitude toward STEM

A sense of disillusionment with careers based on science and technology.

Fewer children respond positively when surveyed to statements“I like math”

The vast majority of students in high school will never take an advanced science or mathematics course.

http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11463&page=314

Arts VS STEM

Children get interested in arts more easily than in sciences.Why?

Is it because they are exposed to, even immersed in, arts in childhood?

For example: Painting and musicCooking and dolls for girls?Fashionable clothes?

Can we interest them in technology by immersing them via videos and plant visits?

Can we interest them in business math via money?Shopping games!

Arts VS STEM

Some children practice for several hours each day for • Ballet• Swimming, Tennis, Soccer• Instrumental and Vocal Music

Math and Science are treated as must reads(like medicine)They practice very little for math and science.

Children Start well on STEM

Children are born investigators• Studying• thinking and • building internal models of the world around them.

Children entering kindergarten have surprisingly sophisticated ways of Thinking

They also learn about the world by talking with their families, pursuing hobbies, watching television, going to parks, or playing outside.

Source: A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas National Academies Press

School & STEM

Children bring to school a valuable foundation for learning science

How to build successfully on this foundation.How to develop a deep understanding of scientific explanations.

Students need sustained opportunities to work with and develop the ideas,

Not science curricula with disconnected topics

A rich science education has• Potential to capture students’ sense of wonder about the world • Spark their desire to continue to learn about science throughout their lives

http://www.aapt.org/Resources/upload/Draft-Framework-Science-Education.pdf

Engineering in STEM

Engineering is a discipline that uses scientific principles to • Design and build useful tools and technologies• Respond to real-world challenges • Design opportunities.

Immersion in STEM

• Show videos to amplify core ideas• Take children on engineering site visits

The Designed WorldEngineering DesignTechnological SystemsTechnology and Society

http://www.edutopia.org/blog/science-technology-engineering-math-stem-education-eric-brunsellhttp://mmsa.org/uploads/visual_edit/core-ideas-in-et-drafted-frameworks.pdf

Immersion in STEM

The study of the designed world is the study of designed systems, processes, Materials and products and of the technologies and the scientific principles by which they function.

(The Designed World)What are the products, processes, and systems that constitute the designed world and how have they come to exist?

http://www.edutopia.org/blog/science-technology-engineering-math-stem-education-eric-brunsellhttp://mmsa.org/uploads/visual_edit/core-ideas-in-et-drafted-frameworks.pdf

Immersion in STEM

ET 2: Engineering design is a creative and iterative process for identifying and solving problems in the face of various constraints. (Engineering Design)

http://www.edutopia.org/blog/science-technology-engineering-math-stem-education-eric-brunsellhttp://mmsa.org/uploads/visual_edit/core-ideas-in-et-drafted-frameworks.pdf

Immersion in STEM

ET 3: People are surrounded and supported by technological systems. Effectively using and improving these systems is essential for long-term survival and prosperity. (Technological Systems)

http://www.edutopia.org/blog/science-technology-engineering-math-stem-education-eric-brunsellhttp://mmsa.org/uploads/visual_edit/core-ideas-in-et-drafted-frameworks.pdf

Immersion in STEM

ET4: In today’s modern world everyone makes technological decisions that affect or are affected by technology on a daily basis. Consequently, it is essential for all citizens to understand the risks and responsibilities that accompany such decisions. (Technology and Society)

http://www.edutopia.org/blog/science-technology-engineering-math-stem-education-eric-brunsellhttp://mmsa.org/uploads/visual_edit/core-ideas-in-et-drafted-frameworks.pdf

STEM Dichotomy

United States • Possesses the most innovative, technologically capable economy in the world• Yet, its STEM education system is failing to ensure that all American students receive the skills and knowledge required for success in the 21st century workforce.

Source: A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science Foundation

US Students Lagging in STEM

Within the current education system, U.S. students are not obtaining the STEM knowledge they need to succeed.

As Rising Above the Gathering Storm notes: “The danger exists that Americans may not know enough about science, technology, or mathematics to contribute significantly to, or fully benefit from, the knowledge-based economy that is already taking shape around us.”

Almost thirty percent of students in their first year of college are forced to take remedial science and math classes because they are not prepared to take college-level courses.

International benchmarks, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) test, show that U.S. students are behind students in other industrialized nationsin STEM critical thinking skills.

Source: A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science Foundation

Inadequacy in STEM

The net result is that almost thirty percent of high school graduates enter college unprepared for first-year coursework orArrive at the workplace without the mathematical, scientific, and technical skills that employers require.Today, possessing a high school diploma too often does not signify that a young person will be able to thrive in the global, knowledge-based economy.

Source: A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science Foundation

Analytical Skills in STEM

Source: A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science Foundation

A balance must exist between acquiring content knowledge and developing analytical skills such as critical thinking, making connections between ideas, and building a capacity for life-long learning. Students need thoughtfully sequenced classes that focus on depth of understanding, not just coverage of topics.

Teaching of STEM at High School

Source: A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science Foundation

… core concepts are not always taught and understood at the elementary and middle school levels, limiting academic success at the high school level.

Furthermore, high schools often offer curricula that are uninspiring, poorly aligned, outdated, lacking in rigor, and wrought with low expectations.

Most high school curricula do not show pathways to the workforce or communicate the exciting nature of science and engineering.

High school graduates often enter college unprepared for first-year courseworkor arrive at the workplace without the skills employers require.

Disconnect with Technology in Education

Source: A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science Foundation

Technology has permeated much of our lives, but it oftentimes stops at the Schoolhouse door.

Technology has an important role to play in the transformation of STEM education at all levels, but the investments must be made to experiment, innovate and disseminate.

Many of our students are growing up in a technology-rich environment that is radically different from the experiences of their teachers and those responsible for governance of schools.

Source: A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science Foundation

All citizens will need the technology to confront the world of the 21st century.

Students are emerging from our 20th century classrooms knowing how to go online, explore Web territories unknown to their teachers and to those who educate teachers.

They call it Web 2.0.

Students are learning from blogs and wikis and podcasts.

They connect to knowledge content but also to people, ideas, and conversations.

Disconnect with Technology in Education

Technology in Education

Source: A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science Foundation

A major task for STEM education transformation is to design the 21st century classroom and 21st century learning experiences, and to prepare teachers for the altered culture of Internet-era students.

On the whole, there is a need to focus much more on understanding the students: their interests and skills, their motivations and aspirations.

This would allow us to build on the strengths that students bring to support their further learning and development.

The Promise of Advanced Technology

Source: A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science Foundation

The greatest promise of technology is its ability to create new environments for learning. Students explore virtual worlds through guided inquiry and experimentation.

Computers are increasingly used to enhance hands-on experimentation by using real-time data acquisition and analysis with probes and probe-ware.

Technology supports new forms of student collaboration within the classroom and across the world.

These collaborations can enrich the curriculum, link to informal learners, stimulate thought, and prepare students for the kinds of collaborations that are integral to science, business, and government.

Hole in the STEM Pipeline

Source: A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science Foundation

Another problem within institutions of higher education is the hole in the STEM pipeline that opens up after the first year of college.

Even high school graduates who have demonstrated interest in and dedication to science through having invested heavily in AP mathematics and science courses and science fairs and clubs leave STEM majors.

Such an exodus, often after their experience with poorly taught introductory courses in physics or chemistry in their freshman year, represents a disastrous loss of STEM talent and failure to maintain the flame that led these students initially to declare as STEM majors upon completing high school.

Three Stages in Effective Education of STEM

Source: http://www.metanexus.net/magazine/tabid/68/id/10993/Default.aspx

In The Aims of Education (1929), Whitehead describes a three-stage cyclical process for effective education.

Powerful pedagogy always begins with falling in love, a romance with the subject that the teacher must contagiously embody.

This initial inspiration, fascination, awe, and reverence are the first motion.

One cannot expect students to dedicate hours of tedious study without catching this infectious enthusiasm.

Precision - Effective Education of STEM

Source: http://www.metanexus.net/magazine/tabid/68/id/10993/Default.aspx

The second stage is that of precision.

Once their spirit is stirred, students must begin the disciplined and difficult work of critical study and observation, the careful weighing of complex evidence, through which we expand our understanding.

The teacher must act as compassionate guide and insistent gadfly at this stage, challenging students to resist lazy and sloppy thinking.

Generalization - Effective Education of STEM

Source: http://www.metanexus.net/magazine/tabid/68/id/10993/Default.aspx

The third stage is that of generalization.

According to Whitehead, “It is a return to romanticism with the added advantage of classified ideas and relevant technique.”

This is the creative and synthetic moment in which students discover meaningful patterns and purposeful holism.

Effective Education of STEM

Source: http://www.metanexus.net/magazine/tabid/68/id/10993/Default.aspx

In Whitehead’s view, these three stages—romance, precision, and generalization—are both cyclical and parallel operators, not simply a linear progression.

These principles can guide the structure of a single class, the flow of a semester, or the praxis of a lifetime.

Students are awash in “meaningless” factoids, quickly learned and forgotten, that appear irrelevant to their lives.

“The result of teaching small parts of a large number of subjects is the passive reception of disconnected ideas, not illumined with any spark of vitality,” writes Whitehead.

“Let the main ideas which are introduced into a child’s education be few and important, and let them be thrown into every combination possible.”

Future Workforce and STEM

Source: http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/community_math.aspxhttp://www.reasoningmind.org/?mv=5http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/community_math_nmsi.aspx

The Center on Education and the Workforce reports that by 2018 eight million U.S. jobs will be available in fields relating to science, technology, engineering and math (STEM).

Yet, the report continues, the next generation of American employees will be largely unprepared for these jobs.

Change the Equation

Source: http://www.raytheon.com/responsibility/stem/http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2010/09/16/president-obama-announce-major-expansion-educate-innovate-campaign-improhttp://raytheon.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1643http://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/feature/rtn10_bhefannouncement/index.htmlhttp://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/rtnwcm/groups/public/documents/content/rtn_mmu_description_pdf.pdf

Raytheon’s STEM Programs• MathMovesU® program• MATHCOUNTS® National Competition• Sum of all Thrills™• FIRST® (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology) Robotics Competition• Team America Rocketry Challenge (TARC)• In the Numbers

Exxon Mobil STEM Programs

Source: http://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/community_math_equation.aspxhttp://www.changetheequation.org/

• Change the Equation• The Sally Ride Science Academy• Mickelson ExxonMobil Teachers Academy• Bernard Harris Summer Science Camp

More

Sparking Interest in STEM Education

Source: http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/community_math_sallyride.aspx

The Academy is designed to address three key objectives:Spark Interest in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM).

The Academy will provide supplemental materials to schools’ standard math and science lesson plans, helping to spark students’ interests in these fields.

Address Gender Balance Issues. The Academy will provide gender equity teacher training to help teachers foster an encouraging and collaborative learning environment and guide them on providing specific and constructive feedback to students.

Redefine STEM Career Perceptions. The Academy will provide teachers and counselors with career information focused on dispelling negative stereotypes of STEM .

The Dream Tour

Source: http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/community_math_dreamtour.aspx

“America’s students have incredible opportunities in careers that haven’t even been created yet.

The Dream Tour is one way to open their eyes to the limitless possibilities they have in their hands as long as math and science education is part of the equation,” said Astronaut Dr. Harris.

STEM Tools for educators

Source: http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/community_math_academy.aspx

"As someone who uses math and science every day in my career, I recognize the importance of encouraging children’s interests in math and science and equipping educators with the tools and resources they need to succeed in the classroom …“

said Phil Mickelson (golfer).

Current Need for STEM in Industry

Source: The Case for Being Bold: A New Agenda for Business in Improving STEM Education, Posted April 13, 2011http://icw.uschamber.com/publication/case-being-bold-new-agenda-business-improving-stem-education

Compared with earlier eras—when the labor market had a more significant slice of semiskilled and unskilled jobs in manufacturing—more of our graduates need a higher level of technological knowhow, numeracy, and basic scientific knowledge than ever before.

American Students in STEM

Source: http://icw.uschamber.com/publication/case-being-bold-new-agenda-business-improving-stem-education

On the latest international assessment, American students ranked • 17th in science and • 25th in math.

America’s high-achievers also lag, with just 6% of American students scoring at the advanced level in math, well short of the international norm.

STEM Capable Workers

Source: 23 Raising the Bar: Employers’ Views on College Learning in the Wake of the Economic Downturn, (Washington, DC: Hart Research Associates, 2010), 2. Available at www.aacu.org/leap/documents/2009_EmployerSurvey.pdf.24 President’s Council of Advisers on Science and Technology, Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future (2010), 15.25 The Opportunity Equation: Transforming Mathematics and Science Education for Citizenship and the Global Economy. Carnegie Corporation of New York and Institute for Advanced Study, 2010. Available at http://opportunityequation.org/report.

The Case for Being Bold: A New Agenda for Business in Improving STEM Education, Posted April 13, 2011http://icw.uschamber.com/publication/case-being-bold-new-agenda-business-improving-stem-education

Achievement data and employer surveys suggest that most students are not mastering even the basic numeracy or rudimentary technical and analytical skills needed in the new economy.

“All U.S. citizens should have an understanding of scientific and technological knowledge, Engineering principles, and quantitative methods sufficient to succeed in public life and in their careers.”

Basic skills are critical for productive “STEM-capable” workers whose jobs require basic numeracy and analytical problem-solving skills but no particular expertise in math or science.

US Chamber on STEM

Source: U.S. Chamber of Commerce president Tom Donohue noted in 2009 Press release, “State-By-State Report Card Calls for Education Reform,” U.S. Chamber of Commerce Institute for a Competitive Workforce, November 9, 2009. Available at http://icw.uschamber.com/press-release/state-state-reportcard-calls-education-reform.

The Case for Being Bold: A New Agenda for Business in Improving STEM Education, Posted April 13, 2011http://icw.uschamber.com/publication/case-being-bold-new-agenda-business-improving-stem-education

As the driver of economic innovation, business must be deeply involved in educational innovation.

Without innovation in education, we do our children an injustice by not meeting their academic needs and not adequately preparing them to enter the increasingly competitive workforce.

If business heeds the call, America will have a brighter future with a larger potential for job creation, developing the talent to fill the positions that will drive a robust economy.”

Playlist Approach in STEM

Source: The Case for Being Bold: A New Agenda for Business in Improving STEM Education, Posted April 13, 2011http://icw.uschamber.com/publication/case-being-bold-new-agenda-business-improving-stem-education

31 New York City Department of Education press release, “Chancellor Klein Announces Expansion of Cutting-Edge School of One Program.” March 15, 2010. Available at http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices/mediarelations/NewsandSpeeches/2009-2010/schoolofone031510.htm.

With modern technology, it is a trivial matter for listeners to configure their playlists as they see fit— and increasingly savvy algorithms allow MP3 players to tailor playlists based on our previous listening habits.

Similar advances offer better, smarter ways to think about curriculum and instructional design.

It is no longer necessary or even advisable to teach 24 students the same math or science lesson each day.

Rather than lock students into 24-student platoons, the School of One has adopted a “customized playlist” approach.

Summary

• STEM skills are critical for US to maintain leadership and economic supremacy• Education (K-12 and college) is not keeping up with the demands• Education is not creating STEM interest in students• The need is to immerse our students in STEM

End of STEM Discussion

More References

References 1

The Case for Being Bold: A New Agenda for Business in Improving STEM Education, Posted April 13, 2011http://icw.uschamber.com/publication/case-being-bold-new-agenda-business-improving-stem-educationU.S. Chamber of Commerce president Tom Donohue noted in 2009 Press release, “State-By-State Report Card Calls for Education Reform,” U.S. Chamber of Commerce Institute for a Competitive Workforce, November 9, 2009. Available at http://icw.uschamber.com/press-release/state-state-reportcard-calls-education-reform.http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/community_math_academy.aspxhttp://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/community_math_dreamtour.aspxhttp://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/community_math_sallyride.aspxhttp://www.exxonmobil.com/corporate/community_math_equation.aspxhttp://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/community_math.aspxhttp://www.metanexus.net/magazine/tabid/68/id/10993/Default.aspxhttp://www.raytheon.com/responsibility/stem/ http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a723590237&fulltext=713240928 A NATIONAL ACTION PLAN FOR ADDRESSING THE CRITICAL NEEDS OF THE U.S. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS EDUCATION SYSTEM NSB/EHR-07-9 , August 3, 2007, Revised August 9, 2007 National Science Board, National Science FoundationA Framework for Science Education ( Preliminary Public Draft) Committee on Conceptual Framework for New Science Education Standards Board on Science Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and EducationNational Research Council of National Academies, July 12-August 2, 2010Rising Above The Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html Exploring the Intersection of Science Education and 21st Century Skills: A Workshop SummaryMargaret Hilton, Rapporteur; National Research Council, ISBN: 0-309-14519-8, 144 pages, 6 x 9, (2010) http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12771.html

References 2

New York City Department of Education press release, “Chancellor Klein Announces Expansion of Cutting-Edge School of One Program.” March 15, 2010. Available at http://schools.nyc.gov/Offices/mediarelations/NewsandSpeeches/2009-2010/schoolofone031510.htm.Raising the Bar: Employers’ Views on College Learning in the Wake of the Economic Downturn, (Washington, DC: Hart Research Associates, 2010), 2. Available at www.aacu.org/leap/documents/2009_EmployerSurvey.pdf.President’s Council of Advisers on Science and Technology, Prepare and Inspire: K-12 Education in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) for America’s Future (2010), 15.The Opportunity Equation: Transforming Mathematics and Science Education for Citizenship and the Global Economy. Carnegie Corporation of New York and Institute for Advanced Study, 2010. Available at http://opportunityequation.org/report.http://www.changetheequation.org/http://www.reasoningmind.org/?mv=5http://www.exxonmobil.com/Corporate/community_math_nmsi.aspxGeorge Constable and Bob Somerville, A Century of Innovation: Twenty Engineering Achievements ThatTransformed Our Lives, Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press, 2003.

References 3

Rising Above The Gathering Storm: Energizing and Employing America for a Brighter Economic Future http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11463.html

Exploring the Intersection of Science Education and 21st Century Skills: A Workshop SummaryMargaret Hilton, Rapporteur; National Research Council, ISBN: 0-309-14519-8, 144 pages, 6 x 9, (2010) http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12771.html

http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13230

Exploring the Intersection of Science Education and 21st Century Skills: A Workshop SummaryMargaret Hilton, Rapporteur; National Research Council, ISBN: 0-309-14519-8, 144 pages, 6 x 9, (2010) http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12771.html

http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a723590237&fulltext=713240928

End of References