New Materials: Real and Imagined · Real and Imagined Richard D. James Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics University of Minnesota 2010 Greater Midwestern Regional Space

September 17, 2010

New Materials:

Real and Imagined

Richard D. James

Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics

University of Minnesota

2010 Greater Midwestern Regional Space Grant Consortia Meeting

September 16 - 17, 2010, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis

September 17, 2010 Space Grant Consortia Meeting

Outline

Martensitic phase transformations and multiferroic materials

Hysteresis

Ferromagnetic shape memory

Bacteriophage T4

Objective structures

real

imagined

(2010)


Martensitic phase transformation

Ga

Mn

Ni

N

S

Ni2MnGa


Fitting phases together


Free energy and energy wells

U 1 U 2

RU 2

I

3 x 3 matrices

Minimizers...

Ni30.5

Ti49.5

Cu20.0

= 1.0000

= 0.9579

= 1.0583

Cu69

Al27.5

Ni3.5

= 1.0619

= 0.9178

= 1.0230


10 m

Austenite/Martensite Interface

Cu-14.0%Al-3.5%Ni


Outline


Hysteresis


Bacteriophage T4



Hysteresis

Hysteresis


Textbook explanation for hysteresis

Pinning of interfaces by defects


austenite

two variants of

martensite, finely

twinned

A rather different hypothesis on the

origins of hysteresis

What if we tune the

composition of the

material to make

September 17, 2010

Heating and cooling Ni2MnGa

September 17, 2010

Measured thermal hysteresis

Hysteresis = As + Af – Ms – Mf

Jerry Zhang

September 17, 2010

Hysteresis vs.

Jerry Zhang

Triangles:

combinatorial

synthesis data of

Cui, Chu, Famodu,

Furuya, Hattrick-

Simpers, James,

Ludwig, Theinhaus,

Wuttig, Zhang,

Takeuchi

Many alloys made by combinatorial

synthesis methods: “zero hysteresis”


Rémi Delville, N. Schryvers

Ti50Ni39Pd11

λ2 ≈ 1

September 17, 2010

Ni43Co7Mn40Sn10

V. Srivastava, X. Chen, James λ2 = 1.0032

calorimetry magnetization vs. field

September 17, 2010

Ni43Co7Mn40Sn10

permanent

magnet

Specimen of Ni43Co7Mn40Sn10 on a

copper finger. The copper is being

heated 7.5 cm


Outline


Hysteresis


Bacteriophage T4



Ferromagnetic shape memory materials

Three important temperatures:

Curie temperature of austenite:

Curie temperature of martensite

Austenite-martensite transformation temperature: first order

second order

T

Two ways to field-induce a shape change:

1) Field-induce the austenite-martensite

transformation

2) Rearrange variants of martensite

below transformation temperature. picture below drawn with measured

lattice parameters of Ni2MnGa

H


Strain vs. field in Ni2MnGa

H (010)

(100)

30 times the strain of giant magnetostrictive materials


Ni2MnGa cantilever

H(t)

picture drawn with

measured lattice

parameters of

Ni2MnGa

(Electromagnetic force on the cantilever is zero; it is driven by configurational force)

Work done is

proportional to the

thickness h rather than

h3 due to…

dxhm

Biologically inspired micro-scale muscles:

lessons from copepods

Bending action of an

FSMA micro-cantilever

(with Yaniv Ganor, Jian Sheng)


Outline


Hysteresis


Bacteriophage T4



Bacteriophage T4: a virus that attacks

bacteria

Bacteriophage T-4 attacking

a bacterium: phage at the right

is injecting its DNA

Wakefield, Julie (2000) The return of the phage. Smithsonian 31:42-6


Mechanism of infection

A 100nm bioactuator


Outline


Hysteresis


Bacteriophage T4



Structure of bacteriophage T4 tail sheath


Examples Hepatitis B TMV Flu


Periodic Table of the Elements

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 H He

Hex Hex

2 Li Be B C N O F Ne

Cub Hex Rhom Hex Hex Cub Cub Cub

3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

Cub Hex Cub Cub Mono Ortho Ortho Cub

4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Cub Cub Hex Hex Cub Cub Cub Cub Hex Cub Cub Hex Ortho Cub Rhom Hex Ortho Cub

5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cub Cub Hex Hex Cub Cub Hex Hex Cub Cub Cub Hex Tet Tet Rhom Hex Ortho Cub

6

Cs Ba * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Cub Cub Hex Cub Cub Hex Hex Cub Cub Cub Rhom Hex Cub Rhom Mono ? Cub


Bravais lattice

FCC

e1

e3

e2


Periodic Table: Bravais lattices

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 H He

Hex Hex









6



= not a Bravais lattice


Objective atomic structure


Objective atomic structures

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1 H He

Hex Hex









6



? ?


Examples of Objective Structures

is an objective

molecular structure if

there are orthogonal

transformations

such that


(6,6) carbon nanotube


The quantum mechanics problem

May 23, 2010 SIAM

Self-assembly and objective structures

Consider structures assembled from one kind of molecule. This “molecule” could be a collection of several actual molecules

a’

a’’

a

a

Crane, 1950

Caspar and Klug, 1962

A simple macroscopic example

S

N

N

N N

N

N

S

Strength of bonds graded by

1) Magnet configuration

2) Shape

(made by rapid prototyping)

Yaniv Ganor

May 23, 2010 SIAM

Mix

1000 molecules in solution

• Why does one get 16 capsids rather than 500 dimers?

A careful grading of bond strengths relative to “entropic effects”


“Imagined” objective structures: fertile

ground for the discovery of new materials

Objective structures are the natural structures to exhibit collective properties:

– Ferromagnetism

– Ferroelectricity

– Superconductivity

…and natural structures for self-assembly

Search systematically among

objective structures for those with

collective properties

Is it possible to make molecules with bonding sites of

prescribed position and orientation?

Documents

New Materials: Real and Imagined · Real and Imagined Richard D. James Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics University of Minnesota 2010 Greater Midwestern Regional Space