NEW JERSEY GRADE 6 - Pearson School · NEW JERSEY GRADE 6. ... Special Delivery: Seahorse Reproduction • “Feet” of Engineering. Lab. zone. ... How do living things affect one

Table of Contents

NEW JERSEY GRADE 6

lesson 1What Is a Plant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

lesson 2Classifying Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Inquiry Skill: Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

lesson 3Plant Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Inquiry Skill: Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

lesson 4Plant Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

lesson 5 Plant Responses and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

lesson 6Plants in Everyday Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Inquiry Skill: Pose Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . . . 54 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60• Grains of Evidence • Planting Roots in Outer Space

Labzone

Enter the Lab zone for hands-on inquiry .

Scenario Investigation: Plants in Space

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Investigating Stomata • Open Inquiry: Investigating Stomata

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • What Do Leaves Reveal About Plants? • Will Mosses Absorb Water? • Which Plant Part Is It? • Make the Pollen Stick • Can a Plant Respond To Touch? • Feeding the World

Quick Labs: • Algae and Other Plants • Local Plant Diversity • Masses of Mosses • Examining a Fern • Common Characteristics • The In-Seed Story • Modeling Flowers • Plant Life Cycles • Where Are the Seeds? • Watching Roots Grow • Seasonal Changes • Everyday Plants

Plants The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 How do you know a plant when you see it?

Vocabulary Skill: Greek Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Scenario Investigation: Plants in Space

CHAPTER

1

Go online for engaging videos, interactivities, and virtual labs.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

Standardized Test Prep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

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Table of Contents

lesson 1Skeletons and Muscles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

lesson 2The Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

lesson 3Animal Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80mathdo the Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

lesson 4Obtaining Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

lesson 5Animal Reproduction and Fertilization . . . . . . . . . . 94

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94mathdo the Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

lesson 6Development and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102mathdo the Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Inquiry Skill: Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . .112 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116• Special Delivery: Seahorse Reproduction • “Feet” of Engineering

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: Mealworm Migration

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: A Snail’s Pace • Open Inquiry: A Snail’s Pace

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Will It Bend and Move? • Sending Signals • Hydra Doing? • How Do Snakes Feed? • Making More • “Eggs-amination”

Quick Labs: • Comparing Bone and Cartilage • What Do Muscles Do? • Design a Nervous System • Compare Nervous Systems • Webbing Along • Planarian Feeding Behavior • Comparing Respiratory Systems • Comparing Circulatory Systems • Types of Reproduction • Types of Fertilization “Eggs-tra” Production • Cycles of Life • To Care or Not to Care

Animal Life Processes The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 How do animals move?

Vocabulary Skill: Identify Multiple Meanings . . . . . 64Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Scenario Investigation: Mealworm Migration

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. . . . . . . . 66

Standardized Test Prep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

lesson 1Living Things and the Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

lesson 2Populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128mathdo the Draw a Double Bar Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

lesson 3Interactions Among Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136mathdo the Interpret a Line Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145


Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .150• Ecologist • Binocular Boot Camp • Bird Radio

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: That Can’t Possibly Work!

Chapter Lab Investigation:

• Directed Inquiry: World in a Bottle • Open Inquiry: World in a Bottle

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • What’s in the Scene? • Populations • Can You Hide a Butterfly? • How Communities Change

Quick Labs: • Organisms and Their Habitats • Organizing an Ecosystem • Growing and Shrinking • Elbow Room • Adaptations for Survival • Competition and Predation • Type of Symbiosis

Populations and Communities The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 How do living things affect one another?

Vocabulary Skill: Latin Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1119Scenario Investigation: That Can’t Possibly Work! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Labzone

CHAPTER

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Table of Contents

lesson 1Energy Flow in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

mathdo the Calculate Energy Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

lesson 2Cycles of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

lesson 3Biomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179mathdo the Interpret a Line Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

lesson 4Aquatic Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Inquiry Skill: Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187


Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192• A Lake Can’t Last Forever • Trees: Environmental Factories

Labzone


STEM Activity: River Works


• Directed Inquiry: Ecosystem Food Chains • Open Inquiry: Ecosystem Food Chains

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Where Did Your Dinner Come From? • Are You Part of a Cycle? • How Much Rain Is That? • Where Does It Live?

Quick Labs: • Observing Decomposition • Consequences of Human Activity • Following Water • Carbon and Oxygen Blues • Playing Nitrogen Cycle Roles • Inferring Forest Climates • Dissolved Oxygen

Ecosystems and Biomes The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 How do energy and matter move through

ecosystems?

Vocabulary Skill: Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155STEM Activity: River Works

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CHAPTER

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156


lesson 1The Nature of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .204

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

lesson 2Friction and Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .210

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Inquiry Skill: Design Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

lesson 3Newton’s Laws of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

mathdo the Calculate Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

lesson 4Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227, 228, 229

lesson 5Free Fall and Circular Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Inquiry Skill: Create Data Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

Study Guide & Review and Assessment . . . . . . . . .234 Review the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Apply the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236


Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238• Safety Restraints • Forceful Fluids

Labzone

Forces The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 How do objects react to forces?

Vocabulary Skill: Latin Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197STEM Activity: Sail Away . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Scenario Investigation: Please Drop In . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

CHAPTER

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STEM Activity: Sail Away

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Sticky Sneakers • Open Inquiry: Sticky Sneakers

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Is the Force With You? • Observing Friction • What Changes Motion? • How Pushy Is a Straw? • What Makes an Object Move in a Circle? • Why Redesign?

Quick Labs: • What Is Force? • Modeling Unbalanced Forces • Calculating • Around and Around • Newton’s Second Law • Interpreting Illustrations • Colliding Cars • Which Lands First? • Orbiting Earth • Using Scientific Thinking • How Close Is It?







Table of Contents

lesson 1Electric Charge and Static Electricity . . . . . . . . . . .244

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

lesson 2Electric Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

lesson 3Electric Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256mathdo the Calculate Resistance and Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

lesson 4Electric Power and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

mathdo the Calculate Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263


Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267• Something for Nothing • Going Green

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: My House is Wired!

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Build a Flashlight • Open Inquiry: Build a Flashlight

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Can You Move a Can Without Touching It? • How Can Current Be Measured? • Do the Lights Keep Shining? • How Can You Make a Bulb Burn More Brightly?

Quick Labs: • Drawing Conclusions • Sparks Are Flying • Producing Electric Current • Conductors and Insulators • Modeling Potential Difference • Ohm’s Law • Calculating Electric Power and Energy Use • Electric Shock and Short Circuit Safety

Electricity The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 How does an electric circuit work?

Vocabulary Skill: Latin Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Scenario Investigation: My House is Wired!

CHAPTER

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lesson 1What Is Magnetism? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274


lesson 2Magnetic Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 Inquiry Skill: Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

mathdo the Analyze Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

lesson 3Electromagnetic Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

lesson 4Electricity, Magnetism, and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 Inquiry Skill: Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

mathdo the Interpret Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

lesson 5Electricity From Magnetism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .296

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

mathdo the Calculate Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303



Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308• Magnetic Pictures • A Shocking Message!

Labzone


Scenario Investigation: Is the North Pole Really the South Pole?

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Detecting Fake Coins • Open Inquiry: Detecting Fake Coins

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Natural Magnets • Predict the Field • Electromagnetism • How Are Electricity, Magnets, and Motion Related? • Electric Current Without a Battery

Quick Labs: • Magnetic Poles • Spinning in Circles • Earth’s Magnetic Field • Electric Current and Magnetism • Magnetic Fields From Electric Current • Electromagnet • Can a Magnet Move a Wire? • How Galvanometers Work • Parts of an Electric Motor • Inducing an Electric Current • How Generators Work • How Transformers Work

Magnetism and Electromagnetism The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 How are electricity and magnetism related?

Vocabulary Skill: Use Context to Determine Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271Scenario Investigation: Is the North PoleReally the South Pole? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272

CHAPTER

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Table of Contents

lesson 1 The Air Around You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316


lesson 2 Air Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 Inquiry Skill: Develop Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

lesson 3Layers of the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .324

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324mathdo the Read Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327


lesson 4Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328


lesson 5Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .334


lesson 6Winds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .338

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341


Standardized Test Prep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348• The Aura Mission • Up, Up, and Away! • Plugging Into the Jet Stream

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The Atmosphere The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 How does the sun’s energy affect

Earth’s atmosphere?

Vocabulary Skill: Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313Scenario Investigation: Mile-High Baseball

CHAPTER

8


Scenario Investigation: Mile-High Baseball


• Directed Inquiry: Heating Earth’s Surface • Open Inquiry: Heating Earth’s Surface

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • How Long Will the Candle Burn? • Does Air Have Mass? • Is Air There? • Does a Plastic Bag Trap Heat? • What Happens When Air Is Heated? • Does the Wind Turn?

Quick Labs: • Breathe In, Breathe Out • What Is the Source of Earth’s Energy? • Properties of Air • Soda Bottle Barometer • Effects of Altitude on the Atmosphere • Layers of the Atmosphere • Calculating Temperature Changes • How Does the Sun’s Energy Reach Earth? • Measuring Temperature • Temperature and Height • Build a Wind Vane • Modeling Global Wind Belts

. . . . . . . . 314



lesson 1Water in the Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 Inquiry Skill: Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

mathdo the Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

lesson 2Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360


lesson 3Precipitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

lesson 4Air Masses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 Inquiry Skill: Classify . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

lesson 5Storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .374


lesson 6Predicting the Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387



Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394• The S’COOL Project • Tracking Hurricanes with Latitude

and Longitude

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Scenario Investigation: Predicting the Weather Is No Sport

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Reading a Weather Map • Open Inquiry: Reading a Weather Map

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Where Did the Water Go? • How Does Fog Form? • How Can You Make Hail? • How Do Fluids of Different Densities Move? • Can You Make a Tornado? • Predicting Weather

Quick Labs: • Water in the Air • Measuring to Find the Dew Point • How Clouds Form • Identifying Clouds • Types of Precipitation • Floods and Droughts • Tracking Air Masses • Weather Fronts • Cyclones and Anticyclones • Where Do Hurricanes Come From? • Storm Safety • Modeling Weather Satellites

Weather The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 How do meteorologists predict the weather?

Vocabulary Skill: Prefixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353Scenario Investigation: Predicting the Weather Is No Sport

CHAPTER

9

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354






Table of Contents

lesson 1The Sky From Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402


lesson 2Earth in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 Inquiry Skill: Infer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411, 412

mathdo the Sample Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

lesson 3Gravity and Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416mathdo the Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

Inquiry Skill: Draw Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419

lesson 4Phases and Eclipses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

lesson 5Tides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 Inquiry Skill: Observe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

lesson 6Earth’s Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 Inquiry Skill: Develop Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433



Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438• Keeping Track of Time • Space Spinoffs


Scenario Investigation: Smearing Causes Seasons

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Reasons for the Seasons • Open Inquiry: Reasons for the Seasons

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Earth’s Sky • What Causes Day and Night? • What Factors Affect Gravity? • How Does the Moon Move? • When Is High Tide? • Why Do Craters Look Different From Each Other?

Quick Labs: • Observing the Night Sky • Watching the Skies • Sun Shadows • What’s Doing the Pulling? • Around and Around We Go • Moon Phases • Eclipses • Modeling the Moon’s Pull of Gravity • Moonwatching

Earth, Moon, and Sun The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 How do Earth, the moon, and the sun interact?

Vocabulary Skill: Identify Multiple Meanings . . . . 398Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Scenario Investigation: Smearing Causes Seasons

CHAPTER

10

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400

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lesson 1Models of the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 Inquiry Skill: Make Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450

lesson 2Introducing the Solar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452mathdo the Converting Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

lesson 3The Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458mathdo the Solar Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461


lesson 4The Inner Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .464

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464 Inquiry Skill: Communicate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471

lesson 5The Outer Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472 Inquiry Skill: Pose Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

lesson 6Small Solar System Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480




Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .490• Mars Rovers • Elliptical, Predictable Orbits

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STEM Activity: Life on Mars


• Directed Inquiry: Speeding Around the Sun • Open Inquiry: Speeding Around the Sun

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • What Is at the Center? • How Big Is Earth? • How Can You Safely Observe the Sun? • Ring Around the Sun • How Big Are the Planets? • Collecting Micrometeorites

Quick Labs: • Going Around in Circles • A Loopy Ellipse • Clumping Planets • Layers of the Sun • Viewing Sunspots • Characteristics of the Inner Planets • Greenhouse Effect • Density Mystery • Make a Model of Saturn • Changing Orbits

The Solar System The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 Why are objects in the solar system different from

each other?

Vocabulary Skill: Word Origins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443STEM Activity: Life on Mars

CHAPTER

11

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444


12

Science, Engineering, and Technology Skills Handbook






Table of Contents

Science, Engineering, and Technology Skills Handbook

lesson 1 The Skills of Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 Inquiry Skill: Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504

lesson 2 Scientific Thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506


lesson 3 Answering Scientific Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Inquiry Skill: Control Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

mathdo the Analyzing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523


Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530• Sandy Habitats • Healing with Magnetism?

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Scenario Investigation: This Isn’t Science!

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Changing Pitch • Open Inquiry: Changing Pitch

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Exploring Science • How to Think Scientifically • Doing Science Is Asking Questions

Quick Labs: • Practicing Science Skills • Exploring Scientific Thinking • Using Scientific Reasoning • Scientific Discovery • Making a Hypothesis • Theory or Not?

What Is Science? The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 What does it mean to think like a scientist?

Vocabulary Skill: Identify Related Word Forms . . 494Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Scenario Investigation: This Isn’t Science!

PART

1


. . . . . . . . 496







Table of Contents

lesson 1 Measurement in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538mathdo the Calculating Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

Inquiry Skill: Predict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544

lesson 2 Math in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556

Unlock the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556mathdo the Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557

Inquiry Skill: Calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557mathdo the Percent Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560

lesson 3 Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562


lesson 4 Using Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566


mathdo the Interpret Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Explore the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 Answer the Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573

lesson 5 Safety in the Science Laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .574



Science Matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584

• Bakelite: Molding the Future • Caffeine Causes Hallucinations

English/Spanish Glossary, Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586

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STEM Activity: Out of the Corner of Your Eye

Chapter Lab Investigation: • Directed Inquiry: Super Models • Open Inquiry: Super Models

Inquiry Warm-Ups: • Taking Measurements • Making Models • Picturing Information • Models and Science • Is Science Safe?

Quick Labs: • Measurement Systems • Measuring Volume in Metric • Understanding Significant Figures • Math Tools in Science • Making Graphs • Graphs and Predictions • Systems of Science • Models of Natural Systems • Be Prepared to Be Safe in the Lab. • In Case of an Emergency

The Tools of Science The Big Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 What tools do scientists use to understand the

natural world?

Vocabulary Skill: Identify Multiple Meanings . . . . 534Reading Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535STEM Activity: Out of the Corner of Your Eye

PART

2

. . . . . . . 536



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