New Internal New Internal Combustion Engine Combustion Engine Technology and Technology and Alternative Fuel Alternative Fuel ByPathmaprasad s/o Ramachandiran

I.I. Variable Valve Timing and LiftVariable Valve Timing and LiftII.II. Cylinder DeactivationCylinder DeactivationIII.III. Direct Fuel InjectionDirect Fuel InjectionIV.IV. Forced Induction TechnologiesForced Induction TechnologiesV.V. Start Stop SystemStart Stop SystemVI.VI. Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition

(HCCI)(HCCI)VII.VII. Opposed Piston Opposed Cylinder (OPOC)Opposed Piston Opposed Cylinder (OPOC)VIII.VIII. Hybrid TechnologiesHybrid Technologies

New Engine New Engine TechnologiesTechnologies

Variable Valve Timing and Variable Lift is currently implemented.

Although they increase the efficiency, the systems especially variable lift systems are very complex and expensive.

Hence, researchers are developing engines without camshafts. The opening and closing of the valves are done electronically

Koenigseggs’s technology http://www.core77.com/blog/transportation/

christian_von_koenigseggs_camshaft-free_free_valve_engine_smaller_more_powerful_more_efficient_24576.asp

I. Variable Valve timing and I. Variable Valve timing and LiftLift

Also known as variable displacement engineAlso known as variable displacement engine In a multi-cylinder engine, this system shuts off a few In a multi-cylinder engine, this system shuts off a few

cylinders when the power requirement is low such as cylinders when the power requirement is low such as a)a) Idling in traffic jam and traffic lightIdling in traffic jam and traffic lightb)b) Cruising at a constant speed.Cruising at a constant speed. This technology was started by Cadilac in 1981 but was This technology was started by Cadilac in 1981 but was

abondoned as it was very problematic and prone to abondoned as it was very problematic and prone to unpredictable failure. A few other automakers tried this unpredictable failure. A few other automakers tried this tecnology in the 90’s but abondoned the projecttecnology in the 90’s but abondoned the project

Currently, cylinder deactivation is being developed by Currently, cylinder deactivation is being developed by Volkswagen with the name of Active Cylinder Volkswagen with the name of Active Cylinder Technology(ACT). Technology(ACT).

http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/technology/petrol/active-http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/technology/petrol/active-cylinder-technology-actcylinder-technology-act

II. Cylinder II. Cylinder DeactivationDeactivation

Direct injection is the technology where the fuel is injection Direct injection is the technology where the fuel is injection directly into the combustion chamber at high pressure (10 – directly into the combustion chamber at high pressure (10 – 20MPa)20MPa)

Its an old technology but abandoned because it cost more Its an old technology but abandoned because it cost more (higher pressure and injector must withstand heat of (higher pressure and injector must withstand heat of combustion)combustion)

It is being developed and implemented as it has the following It is being developed and implemented as it has the following advantagesadvantages

a)a) Finer spray of fuel at high pressure results cleaner combustionFiner spray of fuel at high pressure results cleaner combustionb)b) The cooling effect of fuel vaporization does not dissipate The cooling effect of fuel vaporization does not dissipate

before spark, hence engine is more resistant to ‘knock’.before spark, hence engine is more resistant to ‘knock’.c)c) Operate at higher compression ratio which improves the Operate at higher compression ratio which improves the

efficiency of the engine.efficiency of the engine.d)d) Best example will be TSI from VW and SkyActive from MazdaBest example will be TSI from VW and SkyActive from Mazdae)e) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvysuD5MFowhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvysuD5MFow

III. Direct Fuel III. Direct Fuel InjectionInjection

Allows more compressed air into the cylinder compared to Allows more compressed air into the cylinder compared to naturally aspirated engine with the usage of turbocharger naturally aspirated engine with the usage of turbocharger and/or supercharger.and/or supercharger.

Small engine with turbocharger can be equally powerful as Small engine with turbocharger can be equally powerful as a big engine and also have the efficiency of a small engine a big engine and also have the efficiency of a small engine at lower power.at lower power.

Combination with direct injection technology can allow for Combination with direct injection technology can allow for higher compression ratio, increasing efficiency.higher compression ratio, increasing efficiency.

New types of turbocharger such as variable geometry New types of turbocharger such as variable geometry turbocharger can operate efficiently at all engine speed as turbocharger can operate efficiently at all engine speed as compared to traditional one’s.compared to traditional one’s.

Bigger V6 and V8 engines are being replaced by smaller Bigger V6 and V8 engines are being replaced by smaller inline 4 turbocharged one’s.inline 4 turbocharged one’s.

Ford EcoBoost, JaguarFord EcoBoost, Jaguar

IV. Forced InductionIV. Forced Induction

A technology where the engine is programmed to switch A technology where the engine is programmed to switch off when not in use.off when not in use.

Needs a more powerful battery and a more durable starter.Needs a more powerful battery and a more durable starter. Currently, this technology can be easily incorporated in Currently, this technology can be easily incorporated in

direct injection enginesdirect injection engines Mazda’sMazda’s i-stop, the computer stops the engine when one

piston is just past the top of the compression stroke. To restart, fuel is injected into the cylinder, the spark plug is fired, and the engine is instantly running again.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2DVMG2jjFkhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2DVMG2jjFk

V. Start Stop SystemV. Start Stop System

Combination of Spark Ignition and Compression IgnitionCombination of Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition When high power is required, the combustion is initiated by When high power is required, the combustion is initiated by

a spark. When power demand is low, the combustion is a spark. When power demand is low, the combustion is initiated by high pressure and heat of compression. But the initiated by high pressure and heat of compression. But the fuel is injected earlier than the compression strokefuel is injected earlier than the compression stroke

It all sounds complicated, but the payoff can be a 20-percent improvement in fuel economy without the particulate traps and the NOx catalysts that diesels need.

“To make HCCI work, we need very good control of the combustion process with a faster engine-control computer and combustion-pressure feedback” says GM’s Hancock

Example will be Mercedez Dies-OttoExample will be Mercedez Dies-Otto http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwNhEaI6oXEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZwNhEaI6oXE

VI. Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)VI. Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI)

It is like a flat four engine. Instead of having cylinder head, It is like a flat four engine. Instead of having cylinder head, there is another set of piston moving opposite of the there is another set of piston moving opposite of the conventional piston. The second set of piston is connected to conventional piston. The second set of piston is connected to the crankshafts using longer connecting rod.the crankshafts using longer connecting rod.

In the OPOC engine, the intake and exhaust ports are at opposite ends of the cylinders. As the pistons move, the exhausts are uncovered before the intakes and turbochargers blow air through the cylinders to push out the exhaust gas and fill them with clean air. Since the engine needs positive pressure to do this, the turbochargers have electric motors to power them at low rpm when exhaust energy is low.

Uses direct fuel injection system.Uses direct fuel injection system. 12% to 15% better efficiency (less friction, less heat loss 12% to 15% better efficiency (less friction, less heat loss

through cylinder head)through cylinder head) Perfectly balanced engine.Perfectly balanced engine. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Y8QqeuvArEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Y8QqeuvArE

VII. Opposed Piston Opposed Cylinder VII. Opposed Piston Opposed Cylinder (OPOC)(OPOC)

Vehicles with two or more power source. Petrol-Electric are Vehicles with two or more power source. Petrol-Electric are the common hybrid systems.the common hybrid systems.

Used to improve fuel consumption, emission and Used to improve fuel consumption, emission and performance.performance.

There are a few ways where an efficient combination can be There are a few ways where an efficient combination can be achieved namely achieved namely

a)a) Parallel hybridParallel hybridb)b) Power split hybrid (Series-Parallel hybrid)Power split hybrid (Series-Parallel hybrid)

VIII. Hybrid VIII. Hybrid TechnologiesTechnologies

a) Series Hybrida) Series Hybrid

Mild hybridMild hybrid Internal combustion engine and electric motor coupled Internal combustion engine and electric motor coupled

togethertogether Speed of both motor and engine will be the same but the Speed of both motor and engine will be the same but the

output torque will be the sum of both.output torque will be the sum of both. When only one of the two sources is being used, the other

must either also rotate in an idling manner, be connected by a one-way clutch, or freewheel

Honda Insight is an example of parallel hybrid system. Batteries can also be recharged using regenerative braking.

b) Power split hybrid (Series-Parallel b) Power split hybrid (Series-Parallel hybrid)hybrid)

The car’s drive system is coupled to a smaller efficient engine and an electric The car’s drive system is coupled to a smaller efficient engine and an electric motor with a battery.motor with a battery.

Power to the wheel can be mechanical or electricalPower to the wheel can be mechanical or electrical The car can be powered by the battery alone (at startup and low speed) and The car can be powered by the battery alone (at startup and low speed) and

the engine starts up to charge the battery when power in battery is low.the engine starts up to charge the battery when power in battery is low. The car will be powered by both the battery and engine during high power The car will be powered by both the battery and engine during high power

requirement (acceleration, speeding etc)requirement (acceleration, speeding etc) During heavy power requirement (climbing hill), both battery and engine During heavy power requirement (climbing hill), both battery and engine

power the drive system plus the engine charges the battery at the same time.power the drive system plus the engine charges the battery at the same time. While braking, the engine shut off, and the regenerative braking is used to While braking, the engine shut off, and the regenerative braking is used to

charge the battery.charge the battery. Example is Hybrid Synergy Drive in Toyota PriusExample is Hybrid Synergy Drive in Toyota Prius http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CFxQGWAahohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4CFxQGWAaho

I.I. Compressed AirCompressed AirII.II. Battery Electric VehicleBattery Electric VehicleIII.III. BiofuelBiofuelIV.IV. SolarSolarV.V. Ammonia FuelAmmonia FuelVI.VI. HydrogenHydrogen

Alternative FuelAlternative Fuel

Expansion of compressed air to run the pistonsExpansion of compressed air to run the pistons High efficiencyHigh efficiency Conventional air compressor and carbon fibre tankConventional air compressor and carbon fibre tank Expanded air (low temp) can be used for air-conditioningExpanded air (low temp) can be used for air-conditioning

I. Compressed AirI. Compressed Air

II. Battery Electric VehicleII. Battery Electric Vehicle Use electric motor to drive the vehicleUse electric motor to drive the vehicle Electric motor powered by Electric motor powered by  "flooded" lead-acid, absorbed

glass mat, NiCd, nickel metal hydride, Li-ion, Li-poly and zinc-air batteries.

Zero emission Uses domestic electricity to recharge batteries

Fuel that is renewable (derived from bio materials)Fuel that is renewable (derived from bio materials) Ethanol, Biodiesel, Ethanol, Biodiesel, Most modern cars are designed to run on gasoline are

capable of running with a blend from 10% up to 15% ethanol mixed into gasoline.

With a bit of modification, gasoline engine can run on pure ethanol

Ethanol is a bit expensive than petrolEthanol is a bit expensive than petrol Fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) can be used to replace

diesel The biodiesel has higher cetane number, hence the timing

has to be adjusted before diesel engine can run on biodiesel

Biodiesel has cleaner emission than petrol engine

III. BiofuelIII. Biofuel

Its an electric car that is powered by solar.Its an electric car that is powered by solar. Current solar technology are not sufficient to run a car but Current solar technology are not sufficient to run a car but

they can be used as a secondary power for a car.they can be used as a secondary power for a car. Research are being carried out extensively to improve the Research are being carried out extensively to improve the

solar technology as well as car design to make use of solar solar technology as well as car design to make use of solar power effectively.power effectively.

IV. SolarIV. Solar

V. Ammonia FuelV. Ammonia Fuel Ammonia fuel can be can be used in Spark Ignition engines.Ammonia fuel can be can be used in Spark Ignition engines. Due to higher octane number, it needs a higher Due to higher octane number, it needs a higher

compression ratio and combustion temperature.compression ratio and combustion temperature.

There are two methods to harvest energy from hydrogen which are There are two methods to harvest energy from hydrogen which are combustion and fuel-cell conversioncombustion and fuel-cell conversion

Combustion operates similar to a internal combustion engine where the Combustion operates similar to a internal combustion engine where the hydrogen will be spark ignited. hydrogen will be spark ignited.

The differences between a hydrogen engine and a traditional gasoline engine include hardened valves and valve seats, stronger connecting rods, non-platinum tipped spark plugs, a higher voltage ignition coil, fuel injectors designed for a gas instead of a liquid, larger crankshaft damper, stronger head gasket material, modified (for supercharger) intake manifold, positive pressure supercharger, and a high temperature engine oil.

In fuel cell conversion, the hydrogen will be used to produce electricity In fuel cell conversion, the hydrogen will be used to produce electricity and power the electric motor.and power the electric motor.

The chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen The chemical reaction of hydrogen and oxygen At the anode a catalyst oxidizes the fuel, usually hydrogen, turning the

fuel into a positively charged ion and a negatively charged electron. The electrolyte is a substance specifically designed so ions can pass through it, but the electrons cannot. The freed electrons travel through a wire creating the electric current. The ions travel through the electrolyte to the cathode. Once reaching the cathode, the ions are reunited with the electrons and the two react with a third chemical, usually oxygen, to create water or carbon dioxide.

VI. HydrogenVI. Hydrogen