New Final Review (2015)-1

Jawad Khawaja Biology Even 3 6/3/15

This is the information that will be covered on the FINAL exam on JUNE 4 th .

We suggest that you start early and work on this a little bit at a time so you don’t have to cram.

We will go over certain chapters on certain days (schedule will be given in class). These days will be most beneficial to you if y

ou have already completed the sections and come to class with questions or things you would like us to go over. We will do practice activities and answer specific questions during class time. In all honesty, we will not have enough time to go over every single item in this packet (and you probably don’t need us to!).

We are available before and after school for extra help. Check with your teacher the day before you want to come in to make sure we are not in any meetings.

Good luck in preparing and let us know if we can help you with anything along the way!

CHAPTER 1

1-1

Know the following vocabulary:Science – organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural worldObservation – process of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly

wayInference – A logical interpretation based on knowledge and experienceHypothesis – possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific

questioncontrolled experiment – experiment in only one variable is changedindependent variable – factor in a controlled experiment that is deliberately changed; also

called manipulated variabledependent variable – variable that is observed and that changes in response to the

independent variable; also called the responding variablecontrol group – group in experiment that is exposed to the same conditions as the

experimental group except for one independent variabledata – evidence; gathered from observations

Be able to answer the following questions:What are the 3 goals of science? To provide natural explanations for events in the natural

world. Science also aims to use those explanations to understand patterns in nature and to make useful predictions about natural events

What are the steps of the scientific method in order? Observing and asking questions, making inferences and forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions

1-2Know the following vocabulary:


theory – well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations and hypotheses, and enables scientists to make accurate predictions about new situations

bias – a particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather then scientific

Be able to answer the following questions:What scientific attitudes help generate new ideas?What is a scientific theory?What is the relationship between science and society?Why is peer review important?


biologyDNAStimulusSexual reproductionAsexual reproductionHomeostasis MetabolismBiosphere

Be able to answer the following questions:What are the central themes of biology?How do different fields of biology differ in their approach to studying life?What are the 8 characteristics that all living organisms share?Why do all scientists use the metric system?What are the base units used for measuring length, liquid volume, time, and mass in the metric system?What are the 6 basic prefixes used with the metric system?Know how to perform a metric conversion. Example: 5.66 hm = _____________ cm

CHAPTER 2

2-1 Know the following vocabulary:

atomnucleuselectronelementisotopecompound ionic bondioncovalent bondmoleculevan der Waals forces


Be able to answer the following questions:What three subatomic particles make up atoms? How are all of the isotopes of an element similar? They have the same number of electrons,

all isotopes of an element have the same chemical propertiesIn what ways do compounds differ from their component elements?What are the main types of chemical bonds?


Hydrogen bond – the attraction between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and another atom with a partial negative charge

Cohesion – an attraction between molecules of same substancesAdhesion – an attraction between molecules of different substancesMixture - Solution SoluteSolventSuspension pH scaleacidbasebuffer

Be able to answer the following questions:

How does the structure of water contribute to its unique properties?Water is polar. What does that mean?How does water’s polarity influence its properties as a solvent? Water is polarWhy is it important for cells to buffer solutions against rapid changes in pH?Where on the pH scale are acids, bases, and water?Do acids/bases have more hydrogen or hydroxide ions?


monomerpolymercarbohydratemonosaccharidelipidnucleic acidnucleotideproteinamino acid

Be able to answer the following questions:What elements does carbon bond with to make up life’s molecules?


What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules? Carbohydrates function is main source of energy, Lipids store energy, Nucleic Acid stores and transmit genetic information and Proteins fight disease

Be able to identify the basic chemical structures (diagrams) of the 4 macromolecules.


chemical reactionreactantproductactivation energycatalystenzymesubstrate – fancy word use for reactant

Be able to answer the following questions:What happens to chemical bonds during chemical reactions? They are broken and reformedHow do energy changes affect whether a chemical reaction will occur? The energy changes

regards to if the energy is releasing or storingWhat role do enzymes play in living things and what affects their function? Be able to interpret the different types of energy graphs (energy absorbing/releasing, reactants, products, activation energy)

CHAPTER 7


CellCell theoryCell membraneNucleusEukaryoteProkaryoteIso – same: cell stays sameHypo – less: solute out solvent in cell expandsHyper – more: solute in solvent out cell shrink

Be able to answer the following questions:What is the cell theory?How do microscopes work?How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?Be able to label the parts of a microscope.What are the steps to make a wet mount slide?What steps should you follow when focusing the microscope? You would use the course

adjustment knob first on scanning and you can use the fine adjustment knob for focusWhat are the benefits and drawbacks of electron and light microscopes? Light microscope

you can see living things but not for electron



cytoplasmorganellevacuolelysosomecytoskeletoncentrioleribosomeendoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatuschloroplastmitochondrioncell walllipid bilayerselectively permeable

Be able to answer the following questions:What is the role of the cell nucleus?What are the functions of vacuoles, lysosomes, and the cytoskeleton? Vacuole store things,

Lysosomes break down dead stuff, and cytoskeleton involves transport in cellsWhat organelles help make and transport proteins?What are the functions of chloroplast and mitochondria?What is the function of the cell membrane?Be able to identify the organelles in a diagram.Be able to determine if a diagram is of a plant or an animal cell.What is the path of a protein from nucleolus to leaving the cell. Nucleus would make a

ribosome, ribosome would make a protein, the protein would then travel through the ER, and go through the Golgi to be shipped out and then through the vesicle

Be able to describe all the components of the cell membrane/lipid bilayer and what they do. Cell membrane has 3 items(Use diagram on pg. 204 for reference.)


diffusionfacilitated diffusionaquaporinosmosisisotonichypertonichypotonicosmotic pressure

Be able to answer the following questions:What is passive transport?What is active transport?


Be able to complete a diffusion/osmosis concentration math problem. (determine where the high/low concentrations are, which way the solute will move, which way the solvent will move, how the size of the cell will change, name of the solution the cell was placed into)What happens to a cell when placed in each of the 3 solutions. (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic)Be able to describe several similarities and differences between passive and active transport.Be able to describe several similarities and differences between facilitated diffusion and active transport. Be able to describe the processes of endo/exocytosis.


homeostasistissueorganorgan systemreceptor

Be able to answer the following questions:How do individual cells maintain homeostasis?How do the cells of multicellular organisms work together to maintain homeostasis?Be able to list the levels of organization in multicellular organisms from smallest to largest.Be able to explain why unicellular prokaryotes can never contain organs.

CHAPTER 8


ADP – molecule that is going to accept phosphateATPHeterotroph Autotrophphotosynthesis

Be able to answer the following questions:Why is ATP useful to cells? ATP is your short term energy useWhat happens during the process of photosynthesis?Be able to explain how bonds store/release energy.Be able to explain why ATP can be compared to a rechargeable battery (powering up and

draining). ADP would be a weak flashlight when u add a phosphate u add energy and when you have ATP you have high light energy like a bright flashlightBe able to explain why the original source for all organisms (plant & animal) is the sun. Sun

provides energy for photosynthesis


NADP+ - electron carrier


NADPH – when you form hydrogen and electronsPigmentChlorophyllThylakoidStromaLight dependent reaction – your reactant is water your product is oxygenLight independent reactions (Calvin Cycle) – you reactant is carbon dioxide and your

product is glucose

Be able to answer the following questions:What role do pigments play in photosynthesis?What are electron carrier molecules?What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?What is the overall balanced equation for photosynthesis in both words and symbols?

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 (carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen)Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)Be familiar with the diagram on p. 233. You should be able to identify the following for the

light dependent and independent reactions: location, products, and reactants.

CHAPTER 9


calorie/Caloriecellular respirationaerobicanaerobicfermentation

Be able to answer the following questions:Where do organisms get their energy?What is cellular respiration?What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?Why can’t anaerobic organisms do cellular respiration? What process do they do instead?What is the overall balanced equation for cellular respiration in both words and symbols?

CHAPTER 10


Cell division Asexual reproductionSexual reproduction



What are some of the difficulties that a cell faces as it gets grows?How do sexual and asexual reproduction compare? (similarities and differences) Know how to calculate the surface area:volume ratio. Volume = Length x Width x HeightBe able to explain what happens to the ratio as a cell grows.


ChromosomeChromatinSister chromatidsCell cycleInterphase – consist of G1,S, and G2Mitosis – consist of the prophase, metaphase, anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis Cytokinesis – Cytokinesis is when the two things split apart and become there own thangsProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase- the second final phase out of the mitosis phaseCytokinesisCell plate CentriolesSpindleCentromere

Be able to answer the following questions:What is the role of chromosomes in cell division?What are the main events of the cell cycle?What events occur during the 4 phases of mitosis?How do daughter cells split apart after mitosis?What happens in each stage of interphase?How is cell division of prokaryotes different than that of eukaryotes?Be able to label the 8 stages of the cell cycle diagram.Be able to identify interphase and cell division on the cell cycle diagram.Be able to draw and label diagrams for each stage of the cell cycle.

CHAPTER 11

11-1

Know the following vocabulary:

Allele

Principle of dominance

Segregation


Gamete

Genetic

Fertilization

Trait

Hybrid

Gene


How many alleles does an individual have for a trait? Where did they come from? How many do they pass on for that trait?

Explain segregationWhat does it mean to be “true breeding”?What kind of individuals did Mendel always use for the P generation?How did the F1 generation compare to the P generation? WHY?What was the F2 generation like? How did it compare to the F1? What

do we learn from the F2?

11-2


Probability HomozygousHeterozygousGenotypePhenotypePunnett squaresIndependent assortment Monohybrid crossDihybrid cross


What are the 2 basic types of phenotypes?What are the 3 types of genotypes?What genotypes determine each phenotype?If you know a persons phenotype – do you know their genotype?

When is it yes? When is it no?Be able to do punnett squares for monohybrid and dihybrid crosses – see pg 316If T=tall and t= short

Cross a heterozygous tall dad with a short mom What are the chances of getting each of the 3 genotypes in the offspring?What are the chances of getting each of the 2 phenotypes in the offspring?

If T=tall and t= short & G= green and g = yellow


Cross an individual that is heterozygous for both height and color with one that is short and yellow

What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? ____: ____:____:____ (should add up to 16)

11-3


Incomplete dominance CodominanceMultiple allelesPolygenic traits


What is the difference between incomplete and codominance?If A = red and B = white and a person that is AB = pink - what kind of

inheritance is it?If A = red and B = white and a person that is AB = ½ red + ½ white - what kind of

inheritance is it?Cross a man who is heterozygous for blood type A and a woman who is type O.

What are the genotypes of the parents and the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring?

How can the environment affect your characteristics?

11-4


Homologous chromosome pairsDiploidHaploidMeiosisTetradCrossing overzygote


Be able to draw/identify each of the phases of meiosis. Know what happens to the following each step of the way:

Cell membraneNuclear membraneChromosomes / sister chromatidsCentromeresTetradsCentrioles


Spindle We know the prefix homo- means similar – what is similar (but not identical) about

homologous pairs of chromosomes?How are tetrads and homologous pairs related?Tetra means 4 – what are there 4 of in a tetrad?If an egg has 12 chromosomes – how many chromosomes in a skin cell of the

same organism? Is the egg haploid or diploid? Is the skin cell haploid or diploid?

What are 6 differences between mitosis and meiosis? 3 similarities…(think about things like the type and number of cells we start with, type and number of cells produced, purpose, chromosome number, phases, etc.)

CHAPTER 12

12-1


TransformationBacteriophage


What does DNA stand for?What are the 3 roles of DNA in heredity?Be able to briefly describe Griffith’s experiments with mice and what we learned

from themBe able to briefly describe Avery’s experiments with the bacterial mixture and

enzymes and what we learned from themBe able to briefly describe Hershey/Chases’s experiments with viruses and what we

learned from them

12-2


NucleotideComplementaryHelixDouble helixSequence (of DNA) -


What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide? 1) a five carbon ribose sugar, 2) a phosphate molecule and 3) one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil.


What is the name of the sugar in DNA?What are the 4 types of nitrogenous bases?What are the 2 sets of base pairs?What do covalent bonds hold together in a DNA molecule?What do hydrogen bonds hold together in a DNA molecule?What did Chargaff contribute to our knowledge of DNA structure?Be able to solve the following type of problem:

If we know 14% of the bases in DNA are cytosine, what are the % for the other 3 bases?

What did Rosalind Franklin contribute to our knowledge of DNA structure?How did she figure that out?

What did Watson / Crick contribute to our knowledge of DNA structure?How did they figure it out?

Be able to label the parts of a DNA molecule on a diagram & draw it from scratchIf given a DNA sequence be able to determine the complementary sequence

12-3


DNA replication DNA polymeraseReplication fork telomeres


When does DNA replication occur in the cell cycle?Where does DNA replication occur in the cell for prokaryotes / eukaryotes?Why does DNA replication need to occur?What happens during the “unzipping” process?What are the 2 jobs of DNA polymerase?What is the job of the enzyme telomerase?Compare the number of chromosomes in a prokaryote / eukaryoteWhy are prokaryotic chromosomes circular and eukaryotic ones linear?Why are there typically lots of replication forks?Be able to label parts from a diagram of replication & explain what’s happening Be able to describe the steps of DNA replication

CHAPTER 13

13-1

Know the following vocabulary:Messenger RNARibosomal RNA


Transfer RNATranscriptionRNA polymerasePromoterIntronExon

Be able to answer the following questions:What does RNA stand for?Name the 3 components that make up RNA.What kind of polymer is RNA?What is the monomer that makes up RNA? Name 4 ways in which RNA is different from DNA?Identify the diagrams for the 3 main types of RNA.Describe the process of transcription.Describe the process of editing.What role do promoters play in the process of transcription?What role does RNA polymerase play in the process of transcription?Describe the functions for the 3 types of RNA.

13-2


PolypeptideGenetic codeCodonTranslationAnticodonGene expression

Be able to answer the following questions:How is the genetic code read?What role does the ribosome play in assembling proteins?Describe the process of translation.Take the following DNA code through the process of transcription and translation –

TACGGGCTAATC. This means write the mRNA code and then the amino acids that correspond to the mRNA code.

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

13-3


MutationPoint mutationFrameshift mutationMutagen


Polyploidy


What are mutations?Which type of gene mutation has a greater affect on genes? Why?Describe and draw the 4 types of chromosomal mutations.What are the three effects that mutations can have on genes?

CHAPTER 15

15-1

Know the following vocabulary terms:

Selective Breeding HybridizationInbreeding Biotechnology


What is selective breeding used for?What are the 2 types of selective breeding?Give an example for each type of selective breeding.How do people increase genetic variation?What is a polyploidy plant?

15-2

Know the following vocabulary terms:Polymerase chain reaction Recombinant DNA Plasmid Genetic marker Transgenic Clone

Be able to answer the following questions:How do scientists copy the DNA of living organisms?How is recombinant DNA used?How can genes form one organism be inserted into another organism?Describe the process of creating a clone.


15-3

Know the following vocabulary terms:

Gene therapy DNA fingerprinting DNA microarray Forensics


How can genetic engineering benefit agriculture and industry?How can recombinant-DNA technology improve human health?How is DNA used to identify individuals?

CHAPTER 16

16-1


Evolution Fossil


Darwin observed that species vary locally, globally, and over time. Explain what each of these mean and be able to provide an example.

What did Darwin wonder about fossils?What was Darwin’s contribution to science? (it wasn’t the idea of evolution – lots of

people had already said that it happens…)

16-2


Artificial selectionAcquired traits


Explain Hutton’s idea of “deep time”.Explain Lyell’s ideas of uniformitarianism.How did Lamarck think that things evolved?


What was he right about? Wrong about?What 3 limiting factors of the human population did Malthus identify?Why was the age of the Earth important to Darwin’s ideas?Darwin was not initially interested in the evolution of humans – so how did Malthus’

ideas influence him?What is the difference between acquired and inherited traits?How did the practice of artificial selection (selective breeding) influence Darwin’s

ideas?

16-3


Adaptation FitnessNatural selectionStruggle for existenceCommon ancestor


Why didn’t Darwin rush to publish his book?How did Alfred Russel Wallace influence Darwin?What role does natural variation play in both artificial and natural selection?How are artificial and natural selection the same? Different?Individual organisms don’t evolve within their lifetime – why not?Because of natural selection, what happens to a species level of fitness over time? Be able to explain HOW natural selection worksWhat is the principle of common descent?

16-4


BiogeographyHomologous structuresAnalogous structuresVestigial structures


How can 2 species be closely related but different?How can 2 species be distantly related but similar?How do we know the age of the earth?How do fossils help support the idea of common ancestry?Be familiar with the example in the book of homologous bone structures (p. 468)Be familiar with the whale ancestry example form the book (p. 466-467)

What kind of evidence was used?


Why do we think they are related?What kind of structures are the modern whale pelvic bones?

How are embryos used to support the idea of common ancestry?How is DNA used to support the idea of common ancestry?What has the work of the Grant’s taught us about evolution?

CHAPTER 17

17-1


Gene pool Allele frequency


In terms of genetics / alleles – how can evolution be defined?Does natural selection choose genotypes or phenotypes? Why?What are 3 sources of genetic variation?Compare the amount of variation for a single gene trait and polygenic traitWhy are bar graphs used to represent variation for single gene traits?Why are line graph used to represent variation for polygenic traits?Be able to calculate allele frequency for the following type of problem:

If the population has 50 individuals18% heterozygous black44% homozygous black 38% homozygous brown

___% dominant allele = color _________% recessive allele = color ______

17-2


Genetic driftBottleneck effectFounder effectDirectional selectionStabilizing selectionDisruptive selectionGenetic equilibrium Bottleneck effect Founders effect



Natural selection in single gene traits leads to changes in allele frequency which leads to changes in _______.

For stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection of polygenic traits be able to:Explain what part of the original graph represents the most fit variationIdentify/sketch how the graph will change as a result of selectionIf given an example – be able to identify the type of selection

The bottleneck and founder effects both result in a random change in allele frequency – how are they different?

How do random AND non random sexual reproduction each affect allele frequency?What are the 5 things that can maintain/disrupt genetic equilibrium?

17-3


SpeciesSpeciationReproductive isolation – mate for a temporal yearBehavioral isolationGeographic isolationTemporal isolation


What lead to the speciation of the Galapagos finches? If given an example be able to explain what type of isolation is illustrated

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New Final Review (2015)-1