Instructor(s) Name

New Directions in Technological Innovations for 5G and Beyond

Sudhir DIXIT, PhD, MBA, Life Fellow IEEE

Senior Fellow and Evangelist, Basic Internet Foundation, Oslo, Norway

International Liaison Manager & Evangelist, 6Genesis Framework Programme, Oulu, Finland

Board Member, Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF)

©Sudhir Dixit

Genesis

The 5th International Spectrum Congress, Bogotá

25-26 October 2018

Table of Contents

5G Introduction: Past decades of Evolution of Wireless Mobile Communication Systems

Expectations

– The What, Why, When, Where and Who (5Ws) of the 5G

Realities – How?

- Hard Facts of Life and Solutions for issues at hand

– Back to Basics of 5G: – Exploiting the Spatial Dimension: Advanced MIMO and Massive MIMO – Exploiting the untapped radio spectrum: mmWave Access Networks– HetNets and Future Proof (Cloud) Networking for 5G

– Convergence with IT

Disruptions

Selected Global Initiatives: 6Genesis, WWRF, Basic Internet in 5G

Concluding Remarks2

©Sudhir Dixit

Introduction

3

Sudhir Dixit

Generic Cellular Network Architecture

4

UEUser EquipmentHand SetCell Phone

Smart PhoneTablet

Air Interface

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

OFDMABase Stations

Access Points

BTS, eNode B

Femto Cells

Base Station

Controller

Radio Network

Controller

Radio

Resource

Allocation

Radio Link

Control

Core Network

Call/session

Control

Mobility

Management

Security and

Authentication

➢ Access Network – Base Stations and Base Station Controllers

➢ Core Network – Switches, Routers, Data Bases and Servers

➢ Backhaul – Transmission facilities connect AN equipment and AN to CN

©Sudhir Dixit

Past decades of wireless technology Evolution /

Revolution Time Line

5

Deployed

On-going -

older

Near Future

Mainly Cellular Technologies represented

WiFi, BT and others form a significant part of market

Approximate dates of technology ramp-up

1G – mid 1960 (AMPS) 2G – early 1990

3G – early 2000 4G – late 2000

W-CDMA

HSPA+

EV-DO

Rev A

GSM,GPRS

EDGE

TDMA

IS 95

CDMA

1X

TD-SCDMA

W-CDMA

HSPA

WiMAX

16e

TDD

WiMAX

16d

4G ITU100 Mb/s in mobility 1Gb/s static

LTE R8/R9

FDD/TDD

LTE, LTE-A

R10 & R11

FDD/TDD

WiMAX 16m

FDD/TDD?

EV-DO

Rev B

2G, 2.5G

3G, 3.5G

3.9G

Evolution path

©Sudhir Dixit

Evolution path

❖ 1G - Analog Circuit Switched Speech Transmission

❖Local Coverage and Limited Mobility

❖ 2G - Digital TDMA and CDMA mainly voice and

some data over voice ❖ Global Coverage enhanced mobility and roaming

❖ 2.5G - Increased voice capacity/unit spectrum

❖ kb/sec speed packet data

❖ 3G - Still increased voice capacity/unit spectrum

❖ multi 100kb/sec data

❖ 3.5G: multi Mega b/sec data

❖ 3.9G: multi 10 Mega b/sec data

❖ 4G: 100 Mb/sec data

❖ Fall back to 2G, 3G for voice calls.

❖ Good VoIP yet to come

❖ Ramp up timings

❖ 25 years between 1G to 2G

❖ 10+ years between 2G to 3G

❖ 8- years between 3G to 4G

❖ ~5 years between 4G to 5G

Past decades of wireless technology evolution

Major Characteristics

©Sudhir Dixit

5

5G and B5G Activities Worldwide (Not complete)

7

May 2013: Samsung Announces World’s First 5G mmWave Mobile Technology

“… And today I call on EU industry and other partners to join us in a Public-Private partnership in this

area. An open platform that helps us reach our common goal more coherently, directly, and quickly.

European 5G is an unmissable opportunity to recapture the global technological lead. And I hope you will

be able to support and join us. …” Commissioner Neelie Kroes, 26 February 2013,

Thursday 07 Nov 2013

Together pledging support worth over £30 million, the consortium […] includes Aeroflex, AIRCOM

International, BBC, BT, EE, Fujitsu Laboratories of Europe, Huawei, Rohde & Schwarz, Samsung,

Telefonica and Vodafone.

SEOUL, Dec. 18 (Yonhap) -- South Korea plans to offer 5G mobile network service in 2020, which

is 1,000 times faster than the current 4G long-term evolution technology, the government said

Wednesday. The Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning said the government would spend

500 billion won (US$475 million) over the next seven years to develop the super-fast wireless

technology and lead the global mobile network equipment market.

TAIPEI--Taiwan will make good use of a window of opportunity by developing 5th-

generation (5G) mobile networks under a three-year NT$15 billion (US$497 million) budget

plan, Minister without Portfolio Simon Chang said Wednesday.

MUNICH - The world’s fifth-generation wireless network – dubbed 5G – will be far more than a speedier

version of today’s state-of-the-art mobile technologies. “It will revolutionize many industries and incubate

new ones,” says Wen Tong, chief technology officer and vice president of wireless research at Huawei

Technologies Co., Ltd. Huawei is investing heavily in the field: $600 million in 5G technology between

2014 and 2018. “Our clear strategy is to become the leader of 5G technology..

Feb 2013

May 2013

Nov 2013

Dec 2013

Feb 2014

Jan 2014

IEEE 5G Initiative driven by 22 IEEE societies & IEEE Future Networks

Academy of Finland Flagship Project, 6Genesis, Finland

Aug 2016 &

August 2018

Others: 5G Americas (Feb 2016), WWRF (2014), etc.

©Sudhir Dixit

May 2018

Expectations (from 5G)

8

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What is 5G? – ISupport Large Variety of Application Scenarios (Use cases)

5G Requirements Quantitatively Defined– Data Rates

▪ Aggregate data rate: 1000x from 4G to 5G▪ (Cell) Edge data rate: 100x from 4G to 5G▪ Peak rate: Upto 10s of Gbits/sec

– End to End Latency: < 1ms (compared to 15 ms of 4G)– Energy Efficiency and Cost

▪ Joules per bit and cost per bit < 1% compared to 4G 9

13

3.2.1 Use Cases

In addition to supporting the evolution of the established prominent mobile broadband use cases, 5G will support countless emerging use cases with a high variety of applications and variability of their performance attributes: From delay-sensitive video applications to ultra-low latency, from high speed entertainment applications in a vehicle to mobility on demand for connected objects, and from best effort applications to reliable and ultra-reliable ones such as health and safety. Furthermore, use cases will be delivered across a wide range of devices (e.g., smartphone, wearable, MTC) and across a fully heterogeneous environment. NGMN has developed twenty five use cases for 5G, as representative examples, that are grouped into eight use case families. The use cases and use case families serve as an input for stipulating requirements and defining the building blocks of the 5G architecture. The use cases are not meant to be exhaustive, but rather as a tool to ensure that the level of flexibility required in 5G is well captured. The following diagram shows the eight use case families with one example use case given for each family, and the description of these families and the use case examples are given below.

Figure 1: 5G use case families and related examples

Broadband Access in Dense Areas

This family highlights the broad range of growing and new use cases of the fully connected society. The focus is service availability in densely-populated areas (e.g., multi-storey buildings, dense urban city centres or events), where thousands of people per square kilometre (km2) live and/or work. Communications are expected to be pervasive and part of everyday life. Augmented reality, multi-user interaction, three-dimensional (3D) services will be among the services which play an increasingly significant role in the 2020+ timeframe. Context recognition will be an essential aspect, at the network edge (i.e. close to the user), ensuring delivery of consistent and personalised services to the customers.

This family includes the following use cases:

Schematics of Usage

Scenarios

Courtesy

NGMN 5G White Paper,

2015

Different Scenarios

have different

“Critical”

Parameters

©Sudhir Dixit

ITU’s visions on 5G (IMT-2020)

What is 5G - II

10

➢ Different Use Cases have different sub-sets of Critical Requirements

➢ IMT-2020 (5G) offers much higher capabilities than IMT-Advanced (3G, 4G)

➢ 4G LTE

➢ A worldwide accepted standard

➢ Progressing very fast LTE, LTE Advanced, LTE Advanced Pro

©Sudhir Dixit

The importance of key capabilities in

different usage scenarios

Enhancement of key capabilities from

IMT-Advanced to IMT-2020

ITU’s Requirements on 5G (IMT-2020)

What is 5G? - III

5G NR is at the core!

©Sudhir Dixit

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12

Capability Description 5G target Usage scenario

Peak data rateMaximum achievable data rate

20 Gbit/s eMBB

User experienced data rate

Achievable data rate across coverage area

1 Gbit/s eMBB

LatencyRadio network contribution to packet travel time

1 ms URLLC

MobilityMaximum speed for handoff and QoS requirements

500 km/h eMBB/URLLC

Connection densityTotal number of devices per unit area

106/km2 MMTC

Energy efficiency

Data sent/received per unit energy consumption (by device or network)

Equal to 4G eMBB

Spectrum efficiencyThroughput per unit wireless bandwidth and per network cell

3-4x 4G eMBB

Area traffic capacityTotal traffic across coverage area

10 (Mbit/s)/m2 eMBB

Technical Capabilities (IMT-2020)

What is 5G? - IV

When will 5G be needed?

© ETSI 2017. All rights reserved

2020 is the headline date for 5G

This date has been chosen more for political rather than technical reasons

It is also happens to coincide with the Olympic Games in Japan, July 2020

However, there is a push to bring the date forward because of:  • Mobile Operator rush “to be the first”

• Winter Olympic Games to be held in Korea, February 2018

• Rugby World Cup to be held in Japan, September 2019

5G Open Trial Specification Alliance formed by SK Telecom, KT, NTT DoCoMo and Verizon:  • To speed up deployment

• To meet the 2017‐2018 early deployment objective

When of 5GTechnology Standards, Spectrum Allocation

ETSI: Preparing significant 5G building blocks

© ETSI 2017. All rights reserved

ETSI is preparing significant 5G building blocks:• Network Functions Virtualization (ISG NFV) 

• Open Source MANO (OSG OSM)

• Multi‐Access Edge Computing (ISG MEC) 

• Millimetre Wave Transmission (ISG wWT) 

• Next Generation Protocols (ISG NGP)

• Mobile/Broadcast Convergence (ISG MBC)

• Experiential Network Intelligence (ISG ENI) 

..as well as existing activities, e.g.:• Use of whitespace spectrum, Spectrum Sharing (licensed and unlicensed) (TC 

RRS)

• Quantum Safe Cryptology (ISG QSC) 

• Energy Efficiency (TC EE)

• Use of Satellites in 5G (TC SES)

…and many more

Key takeaways

There will be many contributors to the 5G standard, it cannot all be done in one place

ETSI is already developing significant building blocks which will form cornerstones of 5G

3GPP is specifying a complete 5G system description, using building blocks from other SDOs where appropriate 

©Sudhir Dixit

15

Rel 15 by March 2019, Rel 16 March 2020

Who of 5GWho would be Responsible for Success or Failure

➢ Regulator➢ Timely and Cost Effective Spectrum

Allocation ➢ Example of 2G to 3G then and 4G to 5G now

➢ Introduction of “Effective” Privacy, Security and Information Protection Policies essential for ethical introduction of Business Models otherwise possible with available technologies➢ Ref Data Analytics in IoT etc

➢ “Fair Trade” Practices and Industry Convergence

➢ Telecom Operators, OTT Application Providers, Content Providers

➢ Cost effective allocation of telecom network resources for Vertical Market Business

Traffic

Revenues

Voice

era

Data era

X

OTT and Apps

©Sudhir Dixit

Hard Facts of Life: Realities

(How?)

15

©Sudhir Dixit

Hard Facts of Life

Crowd brings more Crowd (Success breeds success)

16

2013/3/12 Via Della Conciliazione2005/4/4 Via Della Conciliazione

❖ The Cell Edge Effect: Totally fair coverage (providing equal throughput to all UE’s) is difficult to realize in practice

❖ Networks designed for peak loads are expensive

©Sudhir Dixit

Question to ponder: Is video streaming a killer app or killer of all other apps?

©Sudhir Dixit

Matching 5G Requirements

Three (should be four!) major families of requirements from 5G Objectives

– Enhanced Mobile Broadband

▪ Peak data rates up to 20 Mb/sec

▪ Uniform availability of data rates between 100 Mb/sec to 1 Gb/sec

– Ultra low latency reliable communication

▪ Cyber Physical Systems

– Massive Connectivity for MTC (Machine Type Communications) and IoTapplications

– And 4th – bridge the digital divide – least cost and least expensive??

Examples of selected Access Technologies

– Exploiting the Spatial Dimension

▪ Beam forming

▪ Advanced MIMO and Massive MIMO

– Exploiting the untapped spectrum

▪ mmWave Communication systems

– Exploiting Cost Efficiency of Cloud Computing

▪ Multi-Technology HetNets

▪ Improved Cell Edge Coverage

Convergence with IT – Cloud, Virtualization, SDN, etc©Sudhir Dixit

Who of 5G – I

Range of Connectivity Technologies for IoT

Wireless Personal

Area Network

(WPAN)

Wireless Local

Area Network

(WLAN)

Wireless

Neighborhood Area

Network (WNAN)

Wireless Wide

Area Network

(WWAN)

10 to 100m Short Range

100 to 1000m Short/Medium

Range

Up to 10 km Medium Range

> 10 kmLong Range

Cellular• 2G/ 3G / 4G• LTE MTC• 5G

Special Case Low Power Wide Area

Networks (LPWAN)SIGFOXLoRA

Bluetooth LE

ZigBee

Thread (6LoWPAN)

Z-Wave

ANT

WirelessHART

ISA100.11a (6loWPAN)

EnOcean

+++

IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac

802.11af (TV White Space)

802.11ah

802.11p (for V2V)

• Wi-SUN (6LoWPAN)

• ZigBee-NAN (6LoWPAN)

• SUN (Smart Utility Network)

©Sudhir Dixit

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HetNets IILow Tier Equipment for Inter and Intra-technology Solutions

19

Low Tier Equipment types.

Listed in decreasing order of popularity

Pico Cell

Micro Cell

Indoor DAS

Distributed Antenna Systems

Femto Cells

Cell Repeaters

analog amplification of RF signal

Mini eNode B

Outdoor DAS

Relays

Store and Forward with processing

Wireless link e.g for

relay or Repeater

Nodes Wireless or wireline

Backhaul

©Sudhir Dixit

Hard Facts of Life - II

Capacity/Coverage/Cost dilemma

20

❖ Large spectrum widths available (eventually) at higher frequencies❖ Higher the frequency shorter the coverage range ❖ Ex: Factor 8 to 9 between 700 MHz and 3.5 GHz in site count (coverage)

©Sudhir Dixit

Back to Basics(Fundamentals)

21

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Beamforming

22

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Adaptive Antenna Technologies Beam Forming

23

Preferred Application Scenarios

▪ Coherent signals at the antenna array

▪ Restricted angular spread of multi-paths

▪ Typical scenario: BS significantly higher

than surrounding reflectors

– Macro-cellular: rural, sub-urban and urban

Antenna System requirements

▪ Antenna spacing ~ l/2 wavelength

▪ Only BS side

Technique: Beam Forming

▪ Beam formed by compensating amplitude and phase

▪ Null steering possible (interference suppression)

▪ Side-lobe level control by amplitude tapering

▪ Similar concept for Rx and Tx at BS

▪ SDMA possible

User

x

User x

Antenna pattern adaptation with MMSE

algorithm upon reception of a strong interferer

weak interferer

strong interferer

User

x

User x

Antenna pattern adaptation with MMSE

algorithm upon reception of a strong interferer

weak interferer

strong interferer

©Sudhir Dixit

Massive MIMO(Massive Multiple Input Multiple Output)

24

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MIMO: Shannon Limit of Channel Capacity

25

SVD (Singular Value Decomposition)

– Channel made up of NR x NT fading paths (more or less correlated) is transformed into N virtual orthogonal sub-channels

▪ SNR is split between the different virtual sub-channels

▪ Virtual sub-channels behave like bandwidth

( )HWC HQHI+detlog.=2

Channel Matrix

Signal covariance matrix

MIMO channel

Virtual non interfering parallel

sub-channels

Mathematical

transformation

(SVD)

NT NR

H

©Sudhir Dixit

Massive MIMOExamples of Implementation Trade-offs

26

Schematic source Ref 6

Mutual coupling between antennas has a significant impact on capacity Coupling between antennas depends on

Spacing between antennas

Number of surrounding antennas - ULAs vs 2D or 3D arrays

Matching networks for coupling cancellation adversely affect Resulting antenna bandwidth

Global energy efficiency due to ohmic loss

2D or 3D arrays may bring only limited additional advantage in outdoor deployment (limited vertical angular spread)

©Sudhir Dixit

MIMO & Massive MIMO

Concluding Remarks and Take Aways

27

Cellular System MIMO Configuration Remarks

3G HSPA ++ 4x2 (DL) BS = 4 ant ; UE = 2 ant

LTE FDD 4x2 (DL)1x4 (UL)

MU MIMO

BS = 4 ant ; UE = 2 antBS = 4 ant ; UE = 1 antBS = 4 ant ; UE = 1 ant

LTE Advanced 8 x 4 (DL)4 x N (UL)MU MIMO

5G below 6 GHz Max 8 BSMax 4 UE

Probable duplexing schemeTDD

5G mm Wave Expected > 64 in BS array

N ( ?) in UE

Probable duplexing schemeTDD

❖ 3G and 4G deployments benefit from multiple antenna technologies❖ Enhanced system gain (cell range, indoor coverage)❖ Increased capacity (peak, average and cell edge)❖ More compact frequency re-use and improved spectral efficiency

❖ Beam forming, S-T Coding, MU MIMO are

❖ Widely implemented in < 6 GHz systems both in Cellular and WiFi networks.

❖ Massive MIMO and LSAS ❖ Advantages

• Scalability• Reduced processing complexity• Good spectral efficiency and energy

efficiency trade-off❖ Challenges

• Channel properties and efficient channel learning techniques

• Imperfections such as Antenna coupling effects, pilot contamination

❖ 5G Networks will implement Point to Point

and MU-MIMO as well as Massive MIMO

©Sudhir Dixit

Spectrum Management

28

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Spectrum availability for Mobile Broadband

29

Usable mmWave spectrum > 250 GHz This is “N” times the spectrum bandwidth used by present day cellular and WiFi broadband data networks (including 4G)Important Remark– High absorption losses has been usually advocated to be the main

impeding factor for the utilization of mmWaves.– Absorption loss for < 200m (typical cell size in future high density

networks) is just a fraction of dB

Up to 6 GHz

Used for Cellular

Up to 57 GHz

Potentially available

Up to 164 GHz

Potentially available

Up to 300 GHz

Potentially available

57 to 64 GHz

Oxygen Absorption

164 to 200 GHz

Water vapor Absorption

©Sudhir Dixit

30

Existing mobile allocation No global mobile

allocation

24.25 GHz – 27.5 GHz 31.8 – 33.4 GHz

37 – 40.5 GHz 40.5 – 42.5 GHz

42.5 – 43.5 GHz

45.5 – 47 GHz 47 - 47.2 GHz

47.2 -50.2 GHz

50.4 – 52.6 GHz

66 – 76 GHz

81 – 86 GHz

New spectrum: Bands under study for WRC-19 - V

How of 5GThree Major Technology Families

IEEE TCCN SIG CR in 5G - New Spectrum Usage Paradigms for 5G, November 4th, 2014 5

2 INTRODUCTION

Authors: Markus Mueck1, Ingolf Karls1, Reza Arefi1, Thomas Haustein2, Richard J. Weiler2, Kei Sakaguchi3

(Markus.Dominik.Mueck@intel.com, Ingolf.Karls@intel.com, Reza.Arefi@intel.com, Thomas.Haustein@

hhi.fraunhofer.de, Richard.Weiler@hhi.fraunhofer.de, sakaguchi@comm.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp)

1Intel Mobile Communications; 2Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, Germany; 3Osaka University, Japan

Wireless data traffic is expected to grow substantially by 2020 and beyond as illustrated in Figure 2-1 [1]. Previous

traffic growth predications, such as the “baseball-cap” diagram introduced by ITU-R, have turned out to be overly

conservative and new forecasts tend to be orders of magnitude above the earlier high-end estimates [2].

Figure 2-1: Predicted Wireless Data Traffic [1].

While future 5G systems are expected to provide a variety of advantages to End-Users, Mobile Network Operators

(MNOs) and the entire Eco-System, a substantial increase in system and link capacity is certainly a key ingredient – it

is indeed commonly agreed that a capacity increase per area of a factor 1000 to 10,000-fold will be required for 5G

systems by the year 2020 in order to satisfy wireless broadband communication demands [3][4]. Typical strategies for

achieving the 5G capacity targets include base station densification approaches, increase of spectral efficiency for

example through improved exploitation of the heterogeneous communication framework – and the availability of

additional spectral resources. In the framework of this paper, the focus will be on the latter item.

Figure 2-2: Degrees of freedom for areal capacity increase [6].

➢ New Radio (NR) for 5G

➢ Air Interface Flexibility for most Efficient utilization of

Radio Resources for eMBB and short packet

transmission for IoT

➢ SDN and NFV for 5G

➢ Flexibility in core-network dimensioning for fast

deployment of Applications and Business Models

through “Slicing”

➢ Harnessing Completely the Radio Spectrum 5G

➢ LAA, U-LTE, LWA, LSA, RSMA

©Sudhir Dixit

26

Virtualization, SDN and Moving to the Cloud

32

Sudhir Dixit

Some Basics – Primer on Virtualization

A VM (Virtual Machine) is a “tightly isolated software container that runs its

own OS and apps as if it were a physical computer” - VMware

VM solves the problem of exponential costs in server proliferation (Capex),

underutilization of servers, huge energy consumption and real estate costs

Believe the hype!!

– VMs deliver reduced costs, less space, higher availability and flexibility,

faster applications spin-ups, faster provisioning, easier access for

development through server consolidation

Hypervisor is a piece of software and acts as a shim layer between the native OSs

and the servers specialized hardware resources through drivers managing CPU,

memory, disk, NIC, etc =>> An operating system for operating systems!

✓ In short, VM concept has revolutionized data centers and the

IT industry as a whole!! =>> Cloud (computing)

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33

Some Basics – Primer on Virtualization

Application #1

OS A

VM1

Application #3

OS C

VM3

Application #2

OS B

VM2

Server

Hypervisor

Driver Driver Driver Driver Driver

CPU Memory Disk NIC Display/Keyboard

Hardware Resources

Application

OS

Hardware

Traditional approach:

A single physical server

running one application

over one OS New approach: A single physical server running

multiple applications over multiple OSs (VMs)

Sudhir Dixit 34

34

NFV / SDN: Perhaps the Largest Disrupter in Telecom!

– Born in October 2012 when AT&T, BT, China Mobile, Deutsche Telekom, NTT, KDDI, Telefonica, Telstra, Verizon, etc, introduced the NFV Call to Action document, which was followed up by ETSI giving it a momentum

▪ Key organizations: ETSI, 3GPP, ONF

– NFV: a network architecture concept that uses the technologies of cloud computing IT virtualization to virtualize network functions

– SDN a closely related concept to build data networking equipment, such that control plane is centralized and data plane is distributed

▪ Key organizations: ONF, Open Daylight project, OpenStack

– OpenFlow provides standard communications interface between the control and forwarding layers of an SDN architecture and is standardized by ONF

– Drivers: Rapid service innovation and faster time to market, Cost Reductions from operations, Reduced power consumption, Vendor interoperability, Improved capex efficiencies, Lowered risks with new service launches

– NFV/SDN being used for complete network transformation, managed services and several use cases, e.g., vEPC, vCPE, vIMS, v-VoLTE, vPolicy, vCDN

=> Transformation towards software defined mobile networks (SDMN)!!

35Sudhir Dixit

SDN Basic Concept

Separate Control plane and Data plane– Control plane: Network intelligence and current state are centralized

– Data plane: The underlying network infrastructure is abstracted from the applications for better scale and flexibility

– Standardized interface between the control plane (controller) and the data plane (packet forwarding)

Control plane software runs on general purpose hardware– Decouple from specific networking appliances

– Use commercial off-the-shelf hardware (COTS)

Data plane is programmable– Program, Control, and maintain data plane state from a central entity

A concept that enables control of a complete distributed network than just a networking device.

Sudhir Dixit

36

What is OpenFlow?

Allow separation of control and data planes

A communication interface between the control and data plane of an SDN architecture.

▪ Gives direct access to and manipulation of the forwarding plane of a network

switch or router (both physical and virtual) over the network.

▪ Enables network controllers to determine the path of network packets across a

network of switches and routers

SDN is not OpenFlow

– SDN is a concept of the physical separation of the network control plane from the

forwarding plane, whereas

– OpenFlow defines a communication interface between the control and data plane

of an SDN architecture.

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37

NFV vs SDN

NFV and SDN are independent, but complementary and synergistic

NFV transforms and redefines network equipment architecture

through IT

NFV driven by Service Provider (SP) needs to lower CAPEX via

COTS and virtualizing multiple network functions on the same

hardware

SDN: redefines network architecture by separating control and data

planes through well-defined standardized interfaces

Together NFV and SDN support

– Competition through innovative solutions by all

– Network abstraction for interoperability and faster innovation

– Reduce capex, opex, and increase scale and flexibility

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What is the cloud? Where is the cloud? Are we in the cloud already?

Cloud computing removes ties between hardware and software components

Virtual machine and hypervisor concepts running many complete operating system instances form the backbone of cloud computing

Storing, accessing data and programs, and executing over the Internet. Just a metaphor for Internet!

Google Drive, Apple iDrive, Dropbox, Amazon Cloud, Microsoft Azure are some examples

Many varieties of clouds: Private Cloud, Public Cloud, Hybrid Cloud

Many incarnations of cloud services, e.g., IaaS, PaaS, SaaS, BPaaS

We are already in the cloud, both consumers and the enterprises

Key standards organizations: IEEE, ITU, ISO, NIST, and several industry fora, e.g., Red Hat Open Source Cloud Computing, Cloud industry Forum, The Open Group

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39

Cloud Computing and Services

SaaS (applications)CRM, web email, Google docs, virtual desktop,

communication, games,…

PaaS (platform): System Softwareexecution runtime, Apache, database, web

server, development tools,…

IaaS (infrastructure): Hardwarevirtual machines, servers, storage,

load balancers, firewalls, network, VLANs,...

Characteristics

• Cloud Services API

• Elastic/agile

• On-demand/low cost

• Online, location/device

unaware

• Infinite supply

• Secure

• Reliable

Enablers/Drivers:

• Web 2.0

• High BW network

• Cheap computing

• Cheap storage

• HW virtualization

• SOA

• Autonomic

• Utility computing

Benefits:• Pay as you go versus CAPEX/initial CAPEX commitment

• Easy to adopt and expand

• Low start-up and operating costs

• Minimal IT involvement

• Easy to budget - fixed costs

• No added cost surprises

• No cost software upgrades

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40

Disruptions

41

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(Technology) disrupters - I

5G New radio

Mobile network RAN migrating to cloud

Virtualization and SDN the largest disrupters to telecom –

convergence with IT

Network slicing

Move to small cells

Shared and unlicensed (harmonized) spectrum

Synchronization

Increased softwarization and cloudification

42

©Sudhir Dixit

34

(Business) disrupters - II

43

5G enables lift-off of the industry verticals and

new use cases

New business models

5G synonymous with unlimited usage as today?

M2M, IoT and smart cities

©Sudhir Dixit

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44

Challenges - III

Is being a first mover an advantage or curse?– Chance of leadership

– Risk in investment: miss the boat completely, narrowed focus

Privacy and security (by design) – they are not the same!– Privacy Secrecy

– Privacy = Control

– GDPR in Europe: enforcement in Spring 2018

5G to bridge digital divide? How to maximize benefits for developing

countries. => Low cost, local relevance, net neutrality

5G is a journey from 4G with many starting points, paths and destinations

How to measure success of 5G?– “Capacity in a crowd”, High performance, Low cost backhaul/X-haul,

Coverage, Reliability/robustness, measurable security-privacy, density

Use cases to drive 5G and innovation

Deployment strategies and coverage when growth in revenues is slow

©Sudhir Dixit

Some leading global initiatives

- IEEE Future Networks Initiative

(https://futurenetworks.ieee.org/)

- Wireless World Research Forum (www.wwrf.ch)

- Academy of Finland Flagship Programme

6Genesis (www.6genesis.org)

45

Sudhir Dixit

IEEE 5G and Beyond Initiative(IEEE Future Networks Initiative)

Co-Chairs: Ashutosh Dutta (JHU/APL), Gerhard Fettweis (TUD), Timothy Lee (Boeing)

Harold Tepper, IEEE Senior Program Director

Presented by: Sudhir Dixit

46

tremendous growth opportunities

• 5G has promised us ultralow latency and record-breaking data speeds, which will enable

advances in everything from small cell research to virtual reality applications. This technology

will create tremendous growth opportunities, but it won't stop there. That is why, in

August 2018, the IEEE 5G Initiative has rebranded to become the IEEE Future Networks

Initiative. The Initiative will pave a clear path through development and deployment of 5G

and beyond. We will accomplish this through the creation of:

Standards

Publications

Newsletters

Webinars

Tutorials

Roadmaps

Testbeds

Podcasts

AND MORE

From IEEE 5G to IEEE Future NetworksJoin the

Tech

Community

!

Sign up for free at futurenetworks.ieee.org

5G.IEEE.ORG

48

5G Initiative Structure

49

Steering Committee Co-Chairs

Ashutosh Dutta

Gerhard Fettweis

Tim Lee

Education Track

Education Working Group

Ravi Annaswany

Rulei Ting

Publications Track

Publications Working Group

Chi-Lin I

Geoffrey Li

Web Portal Track

Web Portal Working Group

Alex Wyglinski

Komlan Egoh

Conferences Track

Conferences Working Group

Ashutosh Dutta

Latif Ladid

Project A

Project B

Standards Track

Standards Working Group

Alex Gelman

Mehmet Ulema

Content Developme

nt Track

Content Development Working Group

Community Developme

nt Track

Community Development Working

Group

James Irvine

Alex Wyglinski

Industry Outreach

Track

Industry Outreach Working Group

Meng Lu

Sudhir Dixit

Technology

Roadmap

Chi-Ming Chen

Rose Hu

Mischa Dohler

Major Project Two

Staff Program Director

Harold Tepper

50

IEEE: Standards and Global Collaboration for 5G

IEEE provides a complete, end-to-end, collaborative framework today for accelerating the realization of 5G and its revolutionary use cases tomorrow.

IEEE

WiFi

NGFI

Tactile Internet

eHealth

IoT

AR

SoftRAN

+Fog

Open

MEC

IEEE 802.11standard supported by almost any mobile device in the market today

IEEE 1914/1904flexible, efficient and scalable packet-based fronthaultransport networks

IEEE 1918non/mission-critical applications (e.g. manufacturing, transportation, healthcare, mobility, edutainment, events)

IEEE 11073provides a global platform for eHealth stakeholders

Mobile Edge Cloud brings SDN/NFV frameworks and data path programmability to the proximity of end users as key enablers for service differentiation

SoftRAN is to create a SD RAN flexible enough to control applications with the wireline centric concepts of “fog” in a SD-controller

IEEE P1589/P1587.6/P1857.9/P3333.2.4 Industry Connectionsthe integration of computer-generated sensory content with the physical world

IEEE P2413 / 1471 / 42010

51

IS

WHAT IS NEEDED

LOCALLY EVERYWHERE

GLOBAL

Instructor(s) Name

Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF): Toward Beyond 5G Wireless(www.wwrf.ch)

October 26, 2018 52

Chairman: Dr. Nigel Jefferies

Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF)Role and principles of operation

• Develop future vision of the wireless world

• Inform and educate on trends and developments

• Enable and facilitate the translation of the vision into reality

• Bring a wide range of parties together to identify and overcome significant roadblocks to the vision

• Global

• Open to all

• Covers every platform

• Not

• standards body

• research funding body

• A typical research conference

• Based on membership

• All can attend meetings and make contributions

✓ Welcome you to become a member of the WWRF✓ Many types of memberships available

Membership

✓ We welcome participation of organizations from Central and South America

✓ We welcome Ecuador to play a role in shaping the future of wireless

WWRF outputs• WWRF Outlook – published version of White Paper• WWRF Library – proceedings of each meeting

• WWRF – Wiley and River book series

• Selected papers from each WWRF meeting

published in IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine

Chair

Executives

Steering Board

WG A/B

WG CCommunication

Architectures and Technologies

WG DRadio

Communication Technologies

Secretariat

WG-V1Connected Vehicles

VIP (Vertical Industry Platform)

WG-V2E-Health

M-Health & Wearables

VIP Plenary

WG-V4Rail Industry

TG HFHigh FrequencyCommunications

TG AIAI for Wireless

WG-V3

Water

Industry

TG EVALITU-R

Independent Evaluation Group

F

Genesis

6G Enabled Smart Society and Ecosystem

Academy Professor

www.oulu. f i/ www.6genesis .org#6Genesis @SudhirDixit

Funded and sponsored by Academy of Finland – A Flagship

Programme of national importance – Operated by University of Oulu

Project partners: Nokia, VTT, Aalto University, BusinessOulu,

Oulu Univesity of Applied Sciences

Wireless Connectivity Offers Unlimited Opportunities

• Wireless connectivity is driving major societal changes:

- Application range explodes

and new value chains emerge:

1980s – 2000s

Millions of voice users

– 2020s Billions of Mobile

Broadband users

– 2040s Trillions of

connected objects

Industry 4.0 Personalized

healthSustainable

energyAutonomous

transportation

5G – 6G

With 6Genesis Finland can be a leader in several new application areas.

EC estimates of 5G in Europe by 2025: €113.1B revenue per year and 2.3M new jobs.

1G - 2G 3G - 4G

Finnish Flagship on Wireless Communications

Wireless Connectivity Ultra-reliable low-latency communications

Devices & Circuit Technology THz communications materials & circuits

Distiributed ComputingMobile edge intelligence

Services and ApplicationsMultidisciplinary research accross verticals

Unmannedprocesses

Unlimitedconnectivity

Time critical& trustedapplications

Disruptivevalue networks

- 6G Enabled Wireless Smart Society &

Ecosystem (6Genesis); 251M€ in 2018-2026.

- Operated by UOulu, partners in the beginning:

Nokia, VTT, Aalto University, BusinessOulu, Oulu Univesity

of Applied Sciences.

- Flagship Director: Prof. Matti Latva-aho

www.6genesis.org

RESEARCH FOCUS AREAS:

✓ Welcome inquiries from researcher visitors, Post-docs, and

potential Masters/PhD students to work with us

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6ubRoZCeVw

Conclusions: Back to the “Jungle Book” inspired by Rudyard Kipling “Mowgli” stories

MowgliSher KhanNaga Bhaloo

BagheeraBhaloo

Operators

and

Vendors

Operators

and

Vendors

©Sudhir Dixit

37

Thank you!

61

Sudhir Dixit