New Asian Empire

8/14/2019 New Asian Empire

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Section 1New Asian Empire


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Preview

Starting Points Map:Asian Empires

Main Idea / Reading Focus

The Ottoman Empire

Faces of History:Suleyman

Map: The Ottoman Empire

The Safavid Empire

Map: The Safavid Empire

The Ottoman and Safavid Empires
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Reading Focus

How did the Ottomans build a powerful empire, and what were

their cultural achievements?

How was the Safavid Empire founded and enlarged, and what

cultural elements did it combine?

Main Idea

The Ottoman and Safavid empires flourished under powerful

rulers who expanded the territory and cultural influence of their

empires.

The Ottoman and Safavid Empires


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Their power grew quickly, and by the mid-1300s the Ottomans

controlled much of Anatolia.

Mongol conquests of the 1200s ripped apart the Seljuk Turk empire.

Small, independent Turkish states formed in the region.In the late 1200s, a great chieftain arose from one of the states and

went on to found the powerful Ottoman Empire.

Early 1300s, Anatolia bordered bydeclining Christian Byzantine

Empire to west, Muslim empires to

east; to north, Russia

Turks of Anatolia mainly Muslim,

nomadic, militaristic society

Growth of the Empire

The Ottoman Empire

Nomadic people, ghazis, warriorsfor the Islam faith

Ghazi leader Osman I had built

strong state in Anatolia by 1300

Osman, descendants came to be

known as Ottomans to Westerners

Ottomans


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Military key to Ottoman success

Ottomans enslaved Christian

boys from conquered areas

Boys converted to Islam, trained

as elite soldiers, Janissaries;loyal only to sultan

Practice called blood tax by many

Christians

Ottomans also adopted

gunpowder weapons Now possible to take cities

defended by heavy walls

Military Might

Osmans son, Orhan I, became

second Ottoman ruler; declared

himselfsultan, Arabic for ruler

Under Orhan, later sultans,

Ottoman forces swept intoBalkans, attacked Byzantine

Empire

1361, took Adrianople, second

most important Byzantine city;

renamed Edirne, made it capital

By early 1400s, Ottomans

controlled much of Balkan

Peninsula

Expanding Empire

Sultans


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Invasion and Decline

Despite strong military, Ottomans experiencedsetback

Central Asian conqueror Timur attacked

Because of leg injury, known as Timur the Lame; in Europe,

Tamerlane

In 1402 army crushed Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara

Timur soon withdrew

Ottoman empire left in shambles

Ruler dead

Bloody power struggle followed, weakened empire


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Expansion period

Following period of decline, spectacular phase of expansion began

Mid-1400s, reign ofMehmed II, strong military leader

Mehmed II determined to take Constantinople, Byzantine capital

Mehmed the Conqueror

1453, Ottomans led major land, sea assault against Constantinople Used massive cannons to batter citys walls; city fell after two month siege

Byzantine Empire no longer existed; Mehmed became known as the

Conqueror; claimed center of eastern Christianity for Islam

Bosporus Strait

Ottomans had captured lands around Constantinople, but not city itself

Constantinople controlled Bosporus Strait, trade route between Asia, Europe

Control of waterway provided great wealth, divided Ottoman Empire

Fall of Constantinople


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Rebuilding the City

Mehmed had palaces, mosques built

Turned Hagia Sophia, Orthodox Christian cathedral, into mosque

Moved people from across empire to repopulate city

Soon city again major trade center with people of many cultures

Pillaging the City

Mehmed made Constantinople his capital, named Istanbul

Allowed soldiers to pillage city for three days

Many residents killed or enslaved

Then rebuilt Constantinople into Muslim city


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Expansion continued

Met new threat in Persiathe

Safavid Empire

In 1514 Ottoman forces crushedSafavids at Battle of Chaldiran

Next swept through Syrian, into

Egypt in North Africa

Soon after captured Mecca,

Medina, holy cities of Islam Empire reached height under

Suleyman I, known in West as

Suleyman the Magnificent

Expansion and Threats

During Suleymans forty-six year

reign, Ottoman forces pushed

through Hungary up to Vienna

Navy gained control of eastern

Mediterranean, North Africancoast

Impressive domestic

achievements

Reformed tax system, overhauled

government bureaucracy,improved court system, legal code

Suleyman the Lawgiver

Height of the Empire


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Rule of Sultans

Ottoman sultan ruled over vast, diverse empire; had immense power, issuedall laws, made all major decisions

Numerous officials advised sultanconsidered his slaves; had to be loyal to

sultan, practice Islam, follow Ottoman customs

Religious Freedom

Non-Muslims had to pay heavy taxes, endure restrictions; did not have toserve in militaryMuslims had to join military, but did not pay taxes

Religious freedom allowed; some groups required to form millets, or religious

communities; each millet followed own laws, chose own leaders

Classes

Privileged ruling class one of two classessecond class, everyone else

Included people of many cultures, languages, religions

Ottomans governed diverse subjects with tolerance

Society and Culture


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Great Buildings

Mixing of peoples created rich

Ottoman culture, reached peak

under Suleyman

Magnificent mosques, palaces,

many with Byzantine influence

Empires Decline After Suleymans reign, empire

declined

One cause was method ofdealing with heirs

New sultans killed brothers to

eliminate rivals until 1600s

Mosque of Suleyman

Sinan, master designer of

Mosque of Suleyman, Istanbul

Graceful solution of problem of

combining round dome,

rectangular building

Inexperienced Sultans Heirs locked in royal palace;

released to become sultan but

had no experience Despite periodic reform efforts,

series of weak sultans resulted

Empire lasted to early 1900s

Rich Culture


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Analyze

Why is Suleymans reign considered the

height of the Ottoman Empire?

Answer(s): because Suleyman expanded the

empire, built bridges and mosques, and reformed

the administration and laws of the empire


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East of the Ottomans, Persian Muslims called the Safavids began building an

empire around 1500. The Safavids soon came into conflict with the Ottomansand other Muslims. The conflict related to Islams split into rival Sunni and

Shia sects. The Safavids were Shia; most other Muslims were Sunnis.

14-year old Esmail,

founder of SafavidEmpire

Father died fighting

Sunni Muslims

1501, took up sword,

joined by fatherssupporters, led army

in Persian conquests

Growth of the Empire

Gained control of

what is now Iran, partof Iraq

Took Persian title of

shah, king of

Safavid Empire

Made Shiism officialreligion

Advisers concerned

Official Religion

Sunnis majority in

empire

Blending of Shia

religion, Persian

tradition gave Safavid

state unique identity

Laid foundation fornational culture of

present day Iran

Persian Tradition

The Safavid Empire


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Shiism sharply distinguished Safavid state from Sunni neighbors,

notably Ottomans to west, Uzbeks to northeast Esmail dreamed of converting all Sunnis to Shiism

Battled Uzbeks with some success; suffered crushing defeat by

Ottomans in Battle of Chaldiran, 1514

Safavid army no match for Ottomans superior gunpowder weapons

1524, Esmail died; later shahs

struggled to keep empire together

1588, greatest Safavid leader,

Abbas became shah Reformed government,

strengthened military, acquired

modern gunpowder weapons

Abbas

Copied Ottoman model, had slave

youths captured in Russia trained

to be soldiers

Under Abbas, Safavids defeatedUzbeks, gained back land lost to

Ottomans

Ottoman Model

Esmail and Shiism


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Golden Age

Abbas achievements produced golden age in Safavid culture

Brought in Chinese potters to improve quality of glazed tile, ceramics

Safavids created public spaces with graceful arches, lush gardens

Colorful tiles, domes decorated mosques

During 1600s capital of Esfahan one of worlds magnificent cities

Major Muslim Civilization

Culture helped economy; Abbas encouraged traditional products

Hand-woven Persian carpets became important industry, export

Trade goods brought wealth, helped establish Safavid Empire as

major Muslim civilization

Safavid Empire lasted until 1722

Culture and Economy


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Compare and Contrast

How were the achievements of Esmail and

Abbas similar, and how were theydifferent?

Answer(s): Both leaders focused on military.

'Abbas had more success in battle because heacquired gunpowder weapons.

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