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New AP Chemistry Cirriculum. What’s In What’s Out. The 6 Big Ideas. Atomic Structure Bonding and Properties Reactions (including Electrochemistry) Kinetics Thermodynamics Chemical Equilibrium. Big Idea 1 Atomic Structure. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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New AP Chemistry Cirriculum
What’s InWhat’s Out
The 6 Big Ideas1. Atomic Structure2. Bonding and Properties3. Reactions (including Electrochemistry)4. Kinetics5. Thermodynamics6. Chemical Equilibrium
Big Idea 1Atomic Structure
• The chemical elements are fundamental building materials of matter, and all matter can be understood in terms of arrangements of atoms. These atoms retain their identity in chemical reactions
• Includes atomic theory, mole-mass calculations, electronic configuration, periodicity
• Lab-wise: gravimetric analysis, titrations, Beer’s law
Big Idea 1 (Cont.)Atomic Structure
Exclusions:• Memorization of exceptions to Aufbau
principle, i.e., Cr and Cu, Mo and Ag• Assignment of quantum numbers to electrons
What’s Out: Content• Quantum Numbers
Big Idea 1 (Cont.)Atomic Structure
New or emphasized:• LO 1.5, 1.6, 1.7: Photoelectron Spectroscopy• LO 1.7, 1.8: Coulomb’s Law – attractive force due to
opposite charges vs distance• LO 1.13: Refining models• LO 1.14: Mass spectrometry for isotopes• LO 1.15: Vibration (IR) vs Electronic transition (UV-Vis)
Big Idea 2Bonding and Properties
• Chemical and physical properties of materials can be explained by the structure and the arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules and the forces between them
• Includes solids, liquids, gases, solutions, inter-particulate forces, electronegativity, Lewis structures, VSEPR theory, bonding, properties
• Lab-wise: LO 2.7, 2.10: separation techniques especially chromatography and distillation; and LO 2.22: type of bonding
Big Idea 2 (Cont.)Bonding and Properties
Exclusions:• Phase Diagram (prior knowledge)• Colligative properties (prior knowledge)• Molality, percent by mass and by volume (prior
knowledge)• Weaker H-bonding with H not bonded to N, O, or F• Specific types of crystal structures, e.g. ABC, ABA, etc.
Big Idea 2 (Cont.)Bonding and Properties
Exclusions (Cont.):• The use of formal charge to explain exception to octet rule
– but the use of formal charge calculation is still in• Learning how to defend the Lewis model, e.g. with odd
number of electrons• Hybridization beyond sp3
• Filling molecular orbital diagrams• Specific varieties of crystal lattices for ionic compound
What’s Out: Content• Hybridization beyond sp, sp2, and sp3
What’s Out: Content• Phase Diagram
Big Idea 2 (Cont.)Bonding and Properties
New or emphasized:• LO 2.19, 2.21, 2.26: Macroscopic properties such as
viscosity, surface tension, capillary action, vapor pressure, boiling point, volumes of mixing for liquids, hardness
• LO 2.14: Coulombic forces as IMFs in biological systems and in hydrogen PE vs. nuclear distance
• LO 2.25, 2.26: Alloys• LO 2.30: Semi-conductors using Si
Big Idea 3Chemical Reactions
• Changes in matter involve the rearrangement and/or reorganization of atoms and/or the transfer of electrons
• Equation writing, stoichiometric calculations, Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory, oxidation numbers, redox reactions, energies involved, electrochemistry
• Lab-wise: LO 3.5, 3.6: synthesis and decomposition reactions; LO 3.9: redox reactions; acid-base reactions
Big Idea 3 (Cont.)Chemical Reactions
Exclusions:• Lewis acid-base concepts (prior knowledge) but
complex ions and related solubility are included• Language of reducing agent and oxidizing agent• Labeling an electrode as positive or negative• Calculations using the Nernst equation is excluded
but qualitative reasoning about effects of concentration on cell potential is in
What’s Out: Content• Lewis definition of acids and bases
Also no more 5 choice multiple choice, only 4 choices!
Big Idea 3 (Cont.)Chemical Reactions
New or emphasized:• LO 3.1: Pictorial representation at the particulate level• LO 3.10: Classify physical change, chemical change, or
ambiguous change based on macroscopic observation and microscopic theory regarding bonding and interactions of particles
• LO 3.11: Graphical depiction of energy diagrams
Big Idea 4Kinetics
• Rates of chemical reactions are determined by details of the molecular collisions
• Includes factors affecting reaction rates, rate laws (both differential and integrated), collision theory, reaction mechanism, catalysis
• Lab-wise: LO 4.1: Exploration of factors affecting rate of reaction; Beer’s Law
Big Idea 4 (Cont.)Kinetics
Exclusions:• Arrhenius equation in calculations is out, but
conceptual aspects of the equation and graphical interpretation are still in
• Collection of data pertaining to experimental detection of a reaction intermediate
Big Idea 4 (Cont.)Kinetics
New or emphasized:• LO 4.7, 4.8: Catalysts function either by lowering
activation energy and keeping the same mechanism, or by altering the mechanism by forming an intermediate
• LO 4.9: Catalysis includes Acid-base catalysis, surface catalysis, enzyme catalysis
Big Idea 5Thermodynamics
• The laws of thermodynamics describe the essential role of energy and explain and predict the direction of changes in matter
• Includes kinetic theory, specific heat, heating curve, calorimetry and enthalpy changes, intermolecular forces, entropy, Gibb’s free energy, relation between ΔG and K
• Lab-wise: LO 5.7: calorimetry
Big Idea 5 (Cont.)Thermodynamics
Exclusions:• None
New or emphasized:• LO 5.1 Create or use graphical representations to connect the
dependence of potential energy to distance between atoms, and factors such as bond order and polarity that influence the interaction strength
• LO 5.2: Drawing of arrows to indicate particle velocities to relate temperature and motion
Big Idea 5 (Cont.)Thermodynamics
New or emphasized (Cont.):• LO 5.3: Heat transfer to establish equilibrium• LO 5.6: Heat and PV work in gas expansion and
contraction• LO 5.9, 5.10, 5.11: IMF in small and large molecules,
polymers, enzymes, biological molecules• LO 5.13, 5.14: The phrase “thermodynamically favored” in
place of “spontaneous”
Big Idea 5 (Cont.)Thermodynamics
New or emphasized (Cont.):• LO 5.15, 5.16, 5.17: External energy source or
coupling to make non-TF reactions occur, e.g. electrochemistry, light requirement in photosynthesis, ionization
Big Idea 6Chemical Equilibrium
• Any bond or intermolecular attraction that can be formed can be broken. These two processes are in a dynamic competition, sensitive to initial conditions and external perturbations
• Includes equilibrium, Le Chatelier’s principle, acid-base equilibria, pH, pOH, Kw, Ka, Kb, titration, buffers, Ksp, ΔG and K
• Lab-wise: LO 6.13: acid-base titration; LO 6.18: preparing a buffer
Big Idea 6 (Cont.)Chemical Equilibrium
Exclusions:• Numerical computation of concentrations of species
in titration of polyprotic acids• Computing the change in pH resulting from addition
of acid or base to a buffer• Production (derivation) of Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation from equilibrium constant expression
Big Idea 6 (Cont.)Chemical Equilibrium
Exclusions (Cont.):• Memorization of solubility rules beyond Na, K, NH4,
and nitrates salts• Calculating solubility of salts as a function of pH• Calculating solubility of salts in pH-sensitive solutions
Big Idea 6 (Cont.)Chemical Equilibrium
New or emphasized:• LO 6.11 Generate or use a particulate representation of
an acid (strong, weak, polyprotic) and a strong base to explain the major species at equilibrium
• LO 6.24 Analyze the enthalpic and entropic changes during dissolution of a salt, using particulate level interactions and representations
• LO 6.25: “Exergonic/endergonic”distinction in biological systems involving relationship of K and ΔG
Additional Content Deletion
• Organic Chemistry Nomenclature• Nuclear Chemistry• Complex Ion / Coordination Chemistry
Science Practices
• 7 Science Practices, p.185-189• Enable students to establish lines of evidence
and to develop and refine testable explanations and predictions
• Require students to think and conduct scientific investigations like working scientists
Science PracticesThe Student Can …
• SP1: Use representations and models to communicate scientific phenomena and solve scientific problems
• SP2: Use mathematics appropriately• SP3: Engage in scientific questioning to extend
thinking or to guide investigations• SP4: Plan and implement data collection strategies for
a scientific question
Science PracticesThe Student Can …
• SP5: Perform data analysis and evaluation of evidence
• SP6: Work with scientific explanation and theories• SP7: Connect and relate knowledge across various
scales, concepts, and representations in and across domains
Activity: Science Practices
• Example on Handbook p.7• Answer questions on p.8 in your group
Science Practices Not Emphasized in Textbooks
• 1.3: The student can refine representations and models of natural or man-made phenomena and systems in the domain
• 1.4:The student can use representations and models to analyze situations or solve problems qualitatively and quantitatively
• 2.1:The student can justify the selection of a mathematical routine to solve problems
• 3.1-3.3:The student can pose, refine, and evaluate scientific questions
Science Practices Not Emphasized in Textbooks
• 4.1:The student can justify the selection of the kind of data needed to answer a particular scientific question
• 4.2:The student can design a plan for collecting data to answer a particular scientific question
• 5.3:The student can evaluate the evidence provided by data sets in relation to a particular scientific question
• 6.5:The student can evaluate alternative scientific explanations • 7.1:The student can connect phenomena and models across
spatial and temporal scales
What’s Out: Content• Nuclear reactions
• Flame Colors
What’s Out: Content• Memorization of Conclusions
What’s Out: Question Type
What’s Out: Question Type
What’s Out: Content & Question Type
Correct statements about alpha particles include which of the following?
I. They have a mass number of 4 and a charge of +2.
II. They are more penetrating than beta particles.
III. They are helium nuclei.
(A) I only (B) III only (C)I and II
(D) I and III (E) II and III