New 19 Century Australian Wheat Varieties - Brockwell Bake · 2014. 7. 4. · rusts in wheat listed 56 varieties as grown in 1868 (Dunsdorfs 1956, p. 147), while Cobb’s nomenclature

Wheat

19th Century

Varieties

Australian

Wheat Varieties Grownin 19 th Century

Australia—A handlist of varieties—

compiled byDirk H.R. Spennemann

WAGGA WAGGA2001

Wheat varieties in 19th century Australia

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© Dirk H.R. Spennemann 2001All rights reserved. The contents of this study are copyright in all countries subscribingto the Berne Convention. No parts of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording orby any information storage and retrieval system, without the written permission of theauthor, except where permitted by law.

CIP

Spennemann, Dirk H. R., 1958-Wheat Varieties Grown in 19th Century Australia. A handlist ofvarieties / by Dirk H.R. Spennemann.—Wagga Wagga, N.S.W. : The Farrer Centre, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, CharlesSturt University, 20011 v.; ill.ISBNDDC 633.112 1. Grain.—Varieties.—Australia. 2. Plant Breeding.—Australia. 3. Agriculture—Aus-tralia—HistoryI.Title. II. Charles Sturt University, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, The Farrer Cen-tre

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ContentsContents................................................ iii

Introduction............................................ 1Import of varieties.............................................................. 2Nomenclature...................................................................... 3Seed suppliers ..................................................................... 4This compilation ................................................................. 5

Varieties................................................. 7

Bibliography........................................ 135Archival Sources........................................................... 136Published Sources......................................................... 136

Wheat in 19th century Australia

iv

Introduction


2

H ISTORIC SOURCES OFTEN MAKE Ref-erence to wheat varieties grown in the localarea. Most of these varieties, however, areno longer in use, given the advances of thewheat breeding programmes since the 1890s. A number of varieties wereknown under different names, varying from locality to locality adding tonomenclatorial confusion. This present compilation of wheat varietiesand their synonyms arose out of the needs to be able to understand thenature and relationship of the various wheat varieties which appear in19th century rural newspapers and other sources. The compilation wascreated during research into the biography of Nathan Augustus Cobb(1859-1932), an American nematologist and plant pathologist working forthe New South Wales Department of Agriculture from 1890 to 1905. Aschairman of the Wheat Nomenclature Committee of the IntercolonialConferences of Rust in Wheat Nathan Cobb was instrumental in bringingthe nomenclature of Australian wheats under control.

Import of varieties

From the commencement of European settlement in Australia, wheatgrowers and seed merchants continually imported wheat varieties fromoverseas and tested their success in the Australian climate. Initially, thesewere predominantly obtained from the UK and other western Europeancountries. Fairly early on however, wheat varieties were sourced fromother areas as the opportunity arose, such as from the Cape of GoodHope en route to Australia, and from Chile (1823, Captain Poaditch).White Lammas varieties were popular at the beginning of the 19th cen-tury, but were replaced by Purple Straw varieties from the 1850s on-wards. The newspapers of the day commented on the advantages anddisadvantages of the wheat varieties. Very popular were soft wheat vari-eties, preferred by the millers and preferred by the public because of thewhite flour they gave. Immigrants, such as E.Kiddle, continued to advo-

Introduction

3

cate the use of true English varieties in their pamphlets (cf. Kiddle 1861)adding to the confusion of the wheat growers.

Following the disastrous wheat harvest of 1888/89, due to an out-break of rust in wheat, an Intercolonial Conference was called in Mel-bourne to address the issue and to plan for a concerted intercolonial ef-fort. This conference called both an examination of the disease and itscauses, and for the trialling of wheat varieties that might be more resistantto rust and hence suitable for production of a commercial scale. As a re-sult, the 1890s saw an unprecedented number of varieties imported fromall over the world and tested in Australian conditions. These experimentswere carried out in all colonies, with New South Wales and Victoria at theforefront. By 1895 the NSW Department of Agriculture could report thatthe samples of seed wheat varieties distributed by its experimental farmat Wagga Wagga were “the result of five years of careful study and selec-tion. They are the best of over 1,000 samples obtained from Australia,New Zealand, United States, Great Britain, Russia, India, Japan, China,South Africa, Italy, Spain, France, Germany, Hungary, Turkey, Algiers,Mexico, Chili and Canada” (Agricultural Gazette of NSW 6[2], 1895, lastpage of February issue).

Nomenclature

In the 1880s and early 1890s the nomenclature of Australian seed wheatwas very colourful, but extremely haphazard. Names proliferated asgrowers and distributors continued to import varieties and then gave thesame variety their own names. A South Australian Royal Commission onrusts in wheat listed 56 varieties as grown in 1868 (Dunsdorfs 1956, p.147), while Cobb’s nomenclature work in 1891 alone assessed 546 vari-eties.

The primary method of improvement of wheat was the filed selec-tion of ears wit desireable qualities. For example, Talavera de Bellevuewas selected 1815 by Le Couteur on Jersey; Shireff of Haddingtonshire inScotland, made selections from 1819 to 1872 and marketed themthroughout the United Kingdom (Hilgendorf 1920). After selection, eachselector tended to give the variety a new name, even if the selection dif-fered only marginally from the parent crop. For example, Telford’s,Mac’s White, Turvey and Dollar were all Victorian farmer’s selectionsfrom Purple Straw (Anon. 1991).

Growers and distributors of seed wheat gave their varieties fancifulnames claiming rust resistance, such as ‘Thomas Rust Resistant’; ‘Inglis


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Rust Resistant’, or ‘Robin Rust Resistant’; claiming large yields, such as‘Fillbag’, ‘Inglis Success’, ‘Australian Wonder’, ‘Golden Prolific’, or‘New Red Wonder’; or claiming climate resistance, such as ‘Landretti’sHard Winter’. Some varieties, were labelled drawing on technologicalterms, suggesting a hardness of the straw which was deemed to be ameans of preventing rust infection: such as ‘Ironclad’. Prof. A.E. Blountof the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station named his hybrid wheatsafter minerals occurring in Colorado: Amethst, Gneiss, Hornblende,Quartz and so forth.

On occasion there was so much admixture that it was unclear whichgrains deserved the name under which the seed wheat was sold. Unlessthey had trialed the variety from the same distributor before, the averagebuyer would have had little or no idea as to the exact properties of theseed wheat they were sowing on their fields. In addition to the nomencla-torial chaos, the seed wheat was not true to name, ie contained variousamounts of admixtures of other seed varieties,

In addition to the named varieties there are a number of crosses madeby William Farrer and tested by F.B. Guthrie and collaborators for theirmilling quality. These have not been included if these crosses had notbeen formally named (cf. Guthrie & Gurney 1897) or had not beenwidely used.

Seed suppliers

Until the formation of Departments of Agriculture in most colonies (inthe 1880s and early 1890s), seed wheat could be only obtained from pri-vate seed merchants. Major seed suppliers were George F. Berthoud of‘Riverside’, Corowa, NSW; and Richard Marshall and George Inglis, bothSouth Australia. In addition, overseas suppliers such as Pringle’s (USA);Vilmorin (France) and Carter’s (UK) furnished seed wheats. Some of thesuppliers, such as Berthoud, were happy to provide sample wheats infree trial packets (at the cost of postage; Anon.1890).

From the 1890s onwards, seed wheat could also be obtained fromgovernment experimental farms, both as small trial seed packets and,later, on a commercial scale. Fo example, many took up the NSW De-partment’s offers, with 2,700 packets of Wagga-grown seed wheat dis-tributed in 1893, and again over 2,000 packages of seed requested and dis-tributed in the season 1894-95 (Agricultural Gazette of NSW 4, 1893,598-599; Cobb 1895a, p. 1106). These samples had all been screened,graded and treated for smut before being sent out, were all true to name,

Introduction

5

pure seed and contained “no small, shrivelled, split, cracked or otherwisedamaged grain” (Cobb 1895a). The Department made the following mainvarieties available in 5lb packets: Blount’s Lambrigg, Leak’s, Ward’s Pro-lific, Steinwedel, Belatourka, Egyptian Mummy, Farmer’s Friend,Smith’s Nonpareil, and Talavera (Border Post 21 April 1893, p. 8). Inaddition a number of other wheat varieties were made available in oneounce packets only.

This compilation

Even though this compilation contains over 1000 entries of varieties andtheir synonyms it cannot claim to be complete. Rather, it is producedhere to provide others with a tool for further research. In view of the ini-tial reason d’être, the list does not include varieties created after 1906.For a list of mainly post World War I varieties the reader is directed tothe compilation by Macindoe and Walkden Brown (1968).


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Varieties


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� A �4-rowed Sheriff.—Synonym → For-rowed Sheriff.

A1.—Defiance Group (Cobb 1897).

Adamant .—Fife Group; thresheseasily (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).

Advance—tested for rust resistanceat Hawkesbury Agricultural Collegein 1893 (Thompson 1894).

African Bearded.—Synonym →Early Baart

African Wonder.—Privately intro-duced African wheat variety.

A f r i c a n .—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); Early BaartGroup; bald ears, very short (≤2’6")plants with broadish leaves, mediumamount of flag and medium strengthstraw; the heads have little tendencyto shell (Shelton 1894); threshesrather hard; the grain, as tested inQueensland, had a good millingquality (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897,McAlpine 1894; Shelton 1894).—History: in 1892/93 tested in Victo-ria for rust resistance at Burnley(McAlpine 1894); in 1894 testedfor rust resistance in Queensland atSpringsure, Clermont, Hughenden,Herberton, Allora and Roma(Shelton 1894).

Agate.—Fine wheats type (Triticumsativum), Tuscan Group; ear bald,rosy, grain white or yellowish;threshes rather hard (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).—History: tested forrust resistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892); grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1891 (Cowra

Seed Register); one of the original64 recommended for assessment bythe wheat nomenclature committee(Cobb 1893) (not to be confusedwith the likewise named 1929 crossbetween ‘Major’ and ‘YandillaKing’).—Distribution: hybrid madein 1890 by and imported from Prof.Blount, Colorado; sold as seed wheatby the Wagga Experimental Farm in1898 (W.E.F. Sales Ledger).

Agate

Alabama Rye.—American wheatvariety, imported by W. Farrer forcrossing purposes (Guthrie & Gurney1897).

Alaska.—Synonym → Mummy.

Algerian Wheat.—Fine wheats type(Triticum turgidum).—ear red orbrown; Durum and Poulard Group;

Varieties

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ears bearded, simple, yellow andsmooth, with dark biscuit-colouredgrain; very tall (≥ 4’) plants withvery broad leaves, medium amountof flag and strong and coarse straw;the heads have little tendency toshell; late variety; threshes ratherhard; the cut surface of the grain washorny; the grain, very hard wheat('biting test'); as tested in Queens-land, had a good milling quality;deemed suitable for green fodder ifcut early; high weight per bushel(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1896b, Cobb1897, Cobb 1898b, McAlpine 1894,Shelton 1894, Sutton 1904).

Algerian

History: Reported as sown in SouthAustralia in 1868 (Dunsdorfs 1956);tested for rust resistance in 1891 atLambrigg, NSW (Cobb 1892); grownas experimental crop at Wagga Ex-perimental Farm in 1892/93;1893/94 (Cobb 1895); 1894(Coleman 1894); 1901 (McKeown1901); 1901/02 (McKeown 1902);1903 (McKeown 1904); tested in1893, 1894 and 1895 in the 'bitingtest' (Cobb 1896b); grain hardnesscomparison 1896 (Cobb 1896c);grading of wheats experimentWagga 1896 (Cobb 1897); grown atHawkesbury 1903 (Sutton 1904);Bathurst comparative wheat exper-iments Wagga Experimental Farm1900-1903 (McKeown 1905b); in

1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); in 1894 tested for rust resis-tance in Queensland at Allora andRoma (Shelton 1894); Sample sheafsent to NSW Dep. of Ag. Museum inJanuary 1897; distributed byG.Berthoud (Corowa, NSW).—Dis-tribution: sold as seed wheat by theWagga Experimental Farm in 1897and 1898 (W.E.F. Sales Ledger).

Algerian

Allora Spring.—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum), Allora SpringGroup.—ear bald, red or brown,smooth, grain plump and white oryellowish; plant with mediumamount of flag and straw of strong


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strength; the heads have little ten-dency to shell; grows fast and ripensearly, thus liable to late frosts; be-cause the variety is earlier maturingit was more drought resistant thanothers; medium weight per bushel;threshes very easily; medium wheat('biting test'); the grain, as tested inQueensland, had a fair milling qual-ity NSW flour reported to have anvariable, yellow to chalky colour,found to have 9% gluten and low(49%) water absorbing strength(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1896b, Cobb1897; Cobb 1898b, Cobb 1904,Guthrie 1900, Peacock 1900, Shel-ton 1894).

Allora Spring

History: selection (?) of Pugh’s RustResistant (from 1893); introducedfrom the USA (Cobb 1893); one ofthe original 64 recommended for as-sessment by the wheat nomenclaturecommittee (Cobb 1893); grown asexperimental crop at Wagga Experi-mental Farm in 1892/93; 1893/94(Cobb 1895); and 1894 (Coleman1894); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1893 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter); tested for rust resistance atHawkesbury Agricultural College in1894 (Thompson 1895); in 1894tested for rust resistance in Queens-land at Clermont, Hughenden, Her-berton, Allora and Roma (Shelton1894); recommended because oftheir rust escaping nature if late

sowing is inevitable by the (final)Rust in Wheat Conference, Mel-bourne 1896 (Anon. 1896); plantedfor seed Wagga Experimental Farm1898; Sample sheaf sent to NSWDep. of Ag. Museum in January1897; tested in 1893, 1894 and1895 in the 'biting test' (Cobb1896b); grain hardness comparison1896 (Cobb 1896c);

Allora Spring

grading of wheats experimentWagga 1896 (Cobb 1897); Bathurstgrowth and ripening experiments1900 (Peacock 1900); grown atCollabah Experimental Farm in1899 (Peacock 1900); grown on acommercial scale in NSW in 1899(Guthrie 1900); tested at Myrniong,Swan Hill and Waitchie (all Mallee,Vic.) in 1899/1900 (McAlpine1900a); wheat variety grown by 3.3% of 213 Queensland farmers ques-tioned in 1892 (Shelton 1894);wheat crop at Wagga Experimental

Varieties

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Farm 1897-98 (Farrer 1899); grownat Wagga Experimental Farm 1901(McKeown 1901); grown atHawkesbury 1903 (Sutton 1904);wheat tested at Saddleworth, SA(Coleman 1902).—Distribution: soldas seed wheat by the Wagga Exper-imental Farm in 1896, 1897 and1898 (W.E.F. Sales Ledger).—Syn-onyms: Kelly’s Rust Proof; Lowrie’sProlific; Ninety Days; Pringle's RustResistant; Queensland Ward’s Pro-lific; Sonora; Three Months; Ward’sProlific (because of semblance, butnot the same wheat).

Alpine.—Rust resistant selection ofPurple Straw made by R.Marshall,South Australia (~1900).

Amber Odessa—tested for rust resis-tance at Hawkesbury AgriculturalCollege in 1894 (Thompson 1895).

Ambrose Stand-Up.—bald ears,plant with medium amount of flagand straw of strong strength; theheads have little tendency to shell(Shelton 1894); the grain, as testedin Queensland, had a good millingquality (Shelton 1894)—History: in1894 tested for rust resistance inQueensland at Allora and Roma(Shelton 1894).—Distribution: seedssupplied to Queensland in 1892 byHume Black, UK (Shelton 1894).

American Nº 8.—Synonym → Pros-perity.

American Bronze—grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1893 (CowraSeed Register).

American Centennial—Synonym →Centennial.

American Pearl.—an Allora Springvariety; bald ears, plant with muchamount of flag and straw of mediumstrength; the heads have much ten-dency to shell; the grain, as tested inQueensland, had a good milling

quality (Shelton 1894).—History: in1894 tested for rust resistance inQueensland at Allora and Roma(Shelton 1894).

American Purple Straw.—TuscanGroup; threshes rather hard (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897).

American Wheat.—reported as sownin South Australia in 1868(Dunsdorfs 1956).

American White.—soft, weak straw(Sutton 1904).—seed obtained fromSouth Africa (Sutton 1904); grownat Hawkesbury 1903 (Sutton 1904).

American White (Blue Stem).—soft,weak straw (Sutton 1904).—seed ob-tained from South Africa (Sutton1904); grown at Hawkesbury 1903(Sutton 1904).

Amethyst.—Fife Group; bald ears,plant with slight amount of flag andstraw of medium strength; the headshave little tendency to shell;threshes easily; the grain, as testedin Queensland, had a good millingquality (Cobb 1896; Cobb 1897,Shelton 1894).—History: Wheatgrown by A.E. Blount (Colorado)and introduced by W.Farrer (CrossLost Nation x Sonora); tested forrust resistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892); grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1890 (CowraSeed Register); in 1894 tested forrust resistance in Queensland atRoma (Shelton 1894).

Amidonnier Blanc—Synonym forWhite Emmer.

Anderson’s Rust Proof.—Synonym→ Anderson’s Rust Resistant.

Anderson’s Rust Resistant.—FifeGroup; threshes rather easily (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897).—History: grownin NSW in 1889 (Cobb 1890); Al-bury Pastoral Society test 1891;


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tested for rust resistance in 1891 atLambrigg, NSW (Cobb 1892).

Andriola Amber.—Lazistan Group;threshes rather hard (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).—History: grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1890(Cowra Seed Register).

A n d r o s .—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); Bearded VelvetGroup; ears bearded, yellow and vel-vety, with pale biscuit-colouredgrain; the cut surface of the grainwas mealy; short (2’6" to 3’) plantswith moderately broad leaves andstrong straw; threshes hard (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897, McAlpine1894).—History: grown as experi-mental crop at Wagga ExperimentalFarm in 1892/93 (Cobb 1895); in1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); distributed by G.Berthoud(Corowa, NSW).

Anglo-Australian

Anglo-Australian.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum), ears slen-der, bearded, rosy; Rieti or LadogaGroup; ears bearded, brown andsmooth, with dark yellowish browngrain; plant with and medium height(3’ to 3’6") plants with broadish andup leaves, much amount of flag andmedium strength (Vic) or strongstrength (Qld) straw; the heads havemuch tendency to shell; threshes

easily; the cut surface of the grainwas mealy; medium wheat ('bitingtest'); the grain, as tested in Queens-land, had a good milling quality(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1896b, Cobb1897, Cobb 1904, McAlpine 1894,Shelton 1894).

Anglo-Australian

History: wheat grown by the Englishseed firm James Carter & Co and in-troduced to Australia. Popular be-cause of its relative stem rust resis-tance; tested for rust resistance in1891 at Lambrigg, NSW (Cobb1892); one of the original 64 rec-ommended for assessment by thewheat nomenclature committee(Cobb 1893); recommended seed

Varieties

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wheat in NSW (ounce packet) (Cobb1893); grown as experimental cropat Wagga Experimental Farm in1892/93; and 1893/94 (Cobb 1895);in 1892/93 tested in Victoria forrust resistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); in 1894 tested for rust resis-tance in Queensland at Allora andRoma (Shelton 1894); grain hard-ness comparison 1896 (Cobb1896c); tested in 1893, 1894 and1895 in the 'biting test' (Cobb1896b); apparently rust resisting andrecommended for further trails bythe 1892 Adelaide Rust in Wheatconference for growing on a smallscale (Anon 1892); grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1892 (CowraSeed Register); tested for rust resis-tance at Hawkesbury AgriculturalCollege in 1893 (Thompson 1894);1894 (Thompson 1895).—Distri-bution: Carter’s, UK.—Synonyms:Carter’s I; Anglo-Canadian.

Anglo–Canadian .—Synonym →Anglo-Australian.

Apperley Zealand—Synonyms forBerthoud Nº 5

Archer’s Prolific.—Early BaartGroup; threshes hard (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Argentine Breadwheat . — H i s -tory:grown at Cowra ExperimentalFarm in 1905 (Cowra Seed Register).

Argentine Russian.—History:grownat Cowra Experimental Farm in1905 (Cowra Seed Register).

Arltuna Red Bearded. — H i s -tory:grown at Cowra ExperimentalFarm in 1893 (Cowra Seed Register);Swedish wheat variety

Atalanta .—Durum and PoulardGroup; threshes rather hard (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897).—History: Indianwheat variety imported in NSW fortesting in 1896/96; durum wheat

grown to a small extent in SouthAustralia.—Synonyms: Atalanti; At-lanta; Atlanti.

Atalanti.—Synonym → Atalanta.

Atlanta.—Synonym → Atalanta.

Atlanti.—Synonym → Atalanta.

Austin.—Synonym → Marshall’s Nº3.

Austral.—Synonym → Marshall’s Nº3 (synonym popular in South Aus-tralia).

Austral Poulard.—Synonym → Aus-tralian Poulard.

Australian Amber.—Lazistan Group;threshes easily (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897).

Australian Bearded, Port Ger-main.—Australian Bearded Group;threshes hard (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897).—History: recommended seedwheat in NSW (5lb bags) (Cobb1893).

Australian Club.—Synonym → Cali-fornia Club.

Australian Glory.—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); Purple StrawGroup; ears bald, yellow, with darkbiscuit-coloured grain; mediumheight (3’ to 3’6") plants with mod-erately broad leaves, mediumamount of flag and medium (Vic) orstrong (Qld) strength straw; theheads have medium tendency toshell; threshes rather hard; the cutsurface of the grain was mealy; thegrain, as tested in Queensland, had anot good milling quality (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897, McAlpine 1894,Shelton 1894).—History: tested forrust resistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892); in 1892/93tested in Victoria for rust resistanceat Burnley (McAlpine 1894); in1894 tested for rust resistance inQueensland at Allora and Roma


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(Shelton 1894); regarded as rust es-caping if sown early by the 1892Adelaide Rust in Wheat conferencefor growing on a large scale (Anon1892); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1893 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter); tested for rust resistance atHawkesbury Agricultural College in1893 (Thompson 1894).—S y n -onyms : Dominion; According toFarrer (1892) synonym with RedTuscan.

Australian Poulard.—Durum andPoulard Group; threshes rather hard(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).—His-tory:Triticum turgidum variety,originally from Egypt, imorted toAustralia through Vilmorin (Paris);tested for rust resistance in 1891 atLambrigg, NSW (Cobb 1892); testedfor flour strength in 1900, found tohave 13% gluten and low (45%) wa-ter absorbing strength (Guthrie1900).—Synonyms: Austral Poulard.

Australian Rust Resistant.—Defi-ance Group; threshes rather hard(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).

Australian Talavera B.—grown atWagga Experimental Farm 1901/02(McKeown 1902).

Australian Talavera.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum), LammasGroup; straw yellow or brownish; earbald, open, tapering, white or yel-lowish; smooth grain white or yel-lowish; chaff not hooked; benefitsfrom being sown early; ripens mid-season; threshes rather hard;medium weight per bushel; mediumwheat ('biting test'); NSW flour re-ported to have an excellent to yel-low colour, found to have 12%gluten and medium (50%) water ab-sorbing strength (Guthrie 1900)(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1896b, Cobb1897; Cobb 1898b, Peacock 1900,Cobb 1904).

Australian Talavara

History: Selection from Talavera deBellevue; grown on a commercialscale in NSW in 1899 (Guthrie1900); one of the original 64 rec-ommended for assessment by thewheat nomenclature committee(Cobb 1893); Sample sheaf sent toNSW Dep. of Ag. Museum in Jan-uary 1897; planted for seed WaggaExperimental Farm 1898; grown asexperimental crop at Wagga Experi-mental Farm in 1892/93; and1893/94 (Cobb 1895); 1894(Coleman 1894); grown at WaggaE x p e r i m e n t a l F a r m 1 9 0 1(McKeown 1901) ; 1901/02(McKeown 1902); grown at Cowra

Varieties

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Experimental Farm in 1893 (CowraSeed Register); tested in 1893, 1894and 1895 in the 'biting test' (Cobb1896b); grading of wheats experi-ment Wagga 1896 (Cobb 1897);grain hardness comparison 1896(Cobb 1896c); grown at CollabahExperimental Farm in 1899, cut forhay (Peacock 1900); manuring ex-periments Wagga ExperimentalFarm 1904 (McKeown 1905a);wheats at Bathurst ExperimentalFarm 1903-4 (Peacock 1904);wheats grown at Bathurst Experi-mental Farm 1904 (Peacock 1904);Bathurst growth and ripening exper-iments 1900 (Peacock 1900); grownat Hawkesbury 1903 (Sutton 1904);seed wheat for sale (Anon. 1905);white tapering, slightly tip-awnedear, with large, white soft grain;popular in NSW until 1906.—Dis-tribution: sold as seed wheat by theWagga Experimental Farm in 1896,1897 and 1898 (W.E.F. SalesLedger).—Synonyms: Bellevue Ta-lavera.

Australian Talavera

Australian Talavera (new).—com-parative wheat experiments WaggaExperimental Farm 1901-1904(McKeown 1905b).

Australian Talavera (old).—com-parative wheat experiments Wagga

Experimental Farm 1899-1903(McKeown 1905b).

Australian White .—grown atHawkesbury 1903 (Sutton 1904);seed obtained from South Africa(Sutton 1904).

Australian White Lammas.—Selec-tion from English White Lammas,made by William Farrer (about1900); White ear, large, red, softgrain; susceptible to stem rust.

Australian Wonder.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum); Ward’sProlific Group; ears bald, brown andsmooth, with biscuit-coloured grain;medium height (3’ to 3’6") plantswith narrow and up leaves, slightamount of flag and medium strengthstraw; the heads have little tendencyto shell; threshes rather easily; thecut surface of the grain was mealy-horny; the grain, as tested inQueensland, had a medium millingquality (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897,McAlpine 1894, Shelton 1894).—History: recommended seed wheat inNSW (ounce packet) (Cobb 1893);in 1892/93 tested in Victoria forrust resistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); apparently rust escaping andrecommended for further trails bythe 1892 Adelaide Rust in Wheatconference for growing on a smallscale (Anon 1892); in 1894 testedfor rust resistance in Queensland atSpringsure, Clermont, Hughenden,Herberton, Allora and Roma(Shelton 1894); recommended asrust resistant by the (final) Rust inWheat Conference, Melbourne 1896(Anon. 1896); distributed by Robin,SA.

Autumn Red-headed.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum); earsbearded, brown and smooth, withyellowish brown grain; tall (3’6" to4’) plants with moderately broad


16

leaves and strong straw; the cut sur-face of the grain was mealy(McAlpine 1894).—History: i n1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); distributed by Vilmorin(Paris).

Autumn Saumur.—Noe Group;medium, reddish and soft grain;threshes easily; white ear with red

soft grain; fair to mill (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897, Guthrie & Gurney1896) .—History: introduced byWiliam Farrer from Vilmorin(Paris); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1893 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter).

Azima Nº 1—Crimean wheat varietyimported in NSW for testing in1896/96.

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� B �Baard.—Synonym → Early Baart.

Baart.—Synonym → Early Baart.

Bailey .—threshes easily (Cobb1897).

Balbariebia—wheat variety fromChile imported by Poarditch in1827 (Campbell 1936).

Bald Early.—Cross of (Steinwedel xPurple Straw) x Steinwedel, made byHugh Pye (Dookie College, Vic) in1893; an awnless type of improvedSteinwedel; strong, purplish straw,whhite, oblong, awnless ear, whitesoft grain of weak flour quality.

Bald Egyptian—tested for rust resis-tance at Hawkesbury AgriculturalCollege in 1894 (Thompson 1895).

Bald Medeah .—Synonym →Beardless Medeah.

Bald Odessa.—Allora Spring Group(Cobb 1897); Red Provence Group(Cobb 1897); plump, white andsoftish grain, easy to mill (Guthrie& Gurney 1896); grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1891 (CowraSeed Register).—Distribution: Vil-morin (Paris).—Synonyms: OdessaSans Barbes.

Bald Siberian—Russian Durumwheat variety imported in NSW for

testing in 1896/96.—Synonyms :Somak.

Ballaraat Spring.—bearded ears,plant with slight amount of flag andstraw of weak strength; the headshave medium tendency to shell; thegrain, as tested in Queensland, had anot good milling quality (Shelton1894).—History: in 1894 tested forrust resistance in Queensland atRoma (Shelton 1894).

Banater .—Durum and PoulardGroup; threshes rather hard (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897).—History: grownas experimental crop at Wagga Ex-perimental Farm in 1892/93 (Cobb1895); tested for rust resistance in1891 at Lambrigg, NSW (Cobb1892); tested for rust resistance atHawkesbury Agricultural College in1893 (Thompson 1894).—Distribu-t ion : sold as seed wheat by theWagga Experimental Farm in 1898(W.E.F. Sales Ledger).

Bancroft Improved.—grown as ex-perimental crop at Wagga Experi-mental Farm in 1892/93 (Cobb1895).

Bancroft .—Durum and PoulardGroup; very short (≤2’6") plantswith broadish leaves and very strongand coarse straw; ears bearded, yel-low and smooth, with biscuit-


18

coloured grain; threshes rather hard;the cut surface of the grain washorny (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897,McAlpine 1894).—History: Indianvariety, selected in the 1880s by Dr.Bancroft, Qld Government Botanistgrown in Qld in the 1890s becauseof its earliness in ripening.in1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); distributed by G.Berthoud(Corowa, NSW); tested for rust re-sistance in 1891 at Lambrigg, NSW(Cobb 1892).

Bancroft’s Black Bearded Indian.—medium-sized leaves (Cobb 1901a).

Bancroft’s Indian.—Synonym →Indian Delta.

Banham’s Browick.—Red ProvenceGroup; threshes rather hard (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897).

Barbe Ratef—Synonym for FrenchEarly Bearded.

Barbu à Gros Grain.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum), LazistanGroup; ear bearded, white or yellow-ish, grain red or amber threshes eas-ily (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).—His-tory: French wheat variety intro-duced in the 1880s (Cobb 1893);grown as experimental crop atWagga Experimental Farm in1892/93 (Cobb 1895); one of theoriginal 64 recommended for as-sessment by the wheat nomenclaturecommittee (Cobb 1893); grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1893(Cowra Seed Register).—Distribu-t ion : sold as seed wheat by theWagga Experimental Farm in 1898(W.E.F. Sales Ledger).—Synonyms:Mammoth-grain Bearded.

Barletta.—bearded (Sutton 1904).—History: seed obtained from SouthAfrica (Sutton 1904); grown atHawkesbury 1903 (Sutton 1904);

grown at Cowra Experimental Farmin 1904 (Cowra Seed Register); im-ported from Rio Grande del Sol

Barbu a gros grain

Barletta No. 2.—bearded (Sutton1904).—History: seed obtained fromSouth Africa (Sutton 1904); grownat Hawkesbury 1903 (Sutton 1904).

Baroota Wonder.—Selection from(→ ) Ward’s Prolific, made by G.Crittenden (farmer), Terowie (SA)in 1895.—Synonyms : Scaddan’sGlory.

Bartlett’s Crossbred.—Selectionfrom an unknown variety made by aMr. Bartlett (farmer) in South Aus-

Varieties

19

tralia. Grown in small quantitiesuntil the end of the 19th century.

Barwick.—Cobb test Wagga (Cobb1893).—History: tested for rust re-sistance in 1891 at Lambrigg, NSW(Cobb 1892).

Basal t .—White Velvet Group;threshes easily (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897).—History: tested for rust re-sistance in 1891 at Lambrigg, NSW(Cobb 1892); grown at Cowra Ex-perimental Farm in 1891 (CowraSeed Register).—Distribution: hybridmade in 1890 by and imported fromProf. Blount, Colorado.

Batt lef ield .—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum), Tuscan Group;ear bald, uniform, white or yellow-ish, smooth; chaff rosy; grain red oramber; slight amount of flag andstraw of medium strength; strawyellow or brownish Tuscan Group;heads have little tendency to shell;ripens midseason; threshes hard;medium wheat ('biting test'); thegrain, as tested in Queensland, had agood milling quality (Cobb 1896;Cobb 1896b, Cobb 1897, Cobb1904; Shelton 1894).

Battlefield

History: originated in South Aus-tralia in the 1880s, one of the origi-nal 64 recommended for assessmentby the wheat nomenclature commit-tee (Cobb 1893); grown as experi-

mental crop at Wagga ExperimentalFarm in 1893/94 (Cobb 1895); in1894 tested for rust resistance inQueensland at Roma (Shelton1894); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1893 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter); tested for rust resistance atHawkesbury Agricultural College in1893 (Thompson 1894); tested in1893, 1894 and 1895 in the 'bitingtest' (Cobb 1896b); recommended bythe 1894 Rust in wheat conferencefor trial because of its potential forrust resistance; grain hardness com-parison 1896 (Cobb 1896c).—Dis-tribution: in 1894 seeds for this va-riety were sold by Richard Marshall,SA; J.M. Inglis, SA.

Battlefield

Bayah—Farrer cross of the follow-ing parentage: (Improved Fife x


20

Lambrigg Australian Talavera) xJonathan)).; grown at Cowra Experi-mental Farm in 1905 (Cowra SeedRegister).

Beal.—Beal Group; threshes easily(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).

Bearded American.—fair sized,translucent gain of medium hard-ness; fair to mill (Guthrie & Gurney1897).—History: grown by WiliamFarrer in 1896 and tested for flourquality by Guthrie & Gurney (1897).

Bearded Champagne—grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1893(Cowra Seed Register).

Bearded Champion.—Winter Nig-ger Group; threshes rather easily(Cobb 1896; Cobb 1897).

Bearded Club.—Durum and PoulardGroup; threshes rather easily (Cobb1896; Cobb 1897).

Bearded Egyptian—tested for rustresistance in Queensland in 1891.

Bearded Herisson.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum), BeardedHerisson Group.—ears bearded, rosy;red grain, purple-straw, clubbed head,plant with medium amount of flagand straw of strong strength; theheads have little tendency to shell;threshes easily; medium wheat('biting test'); the grain, as tested inQueensland, had a strong millingquality (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1896b,Cobb 1897, Cobb 1904, Shelton1894).—History: introduced fromVilmorin (Paris) in the 1890s; testedfor rust resistance in 1891 at Lam-brigg, NSW (Cobb 1892); grown asexperimental crop at Wagga Exper-imental Farm in 1892/93; and1893/94 (Cobb 1895); in 1894tested for rust resistance in Queens-land at Roma (Shelton 1894); testedin 1893, 1894 and 1895 in the 'bit-ing test' (Cobb 1896b); grain hard-

ness comparison 1896 (Cobb1896c).—Synonyms: Herison Barbu.

Bearded Herrison

Bearded Monarch.—Rieti orLadoga Group; threshes rather easily(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).

Bearded Quartzlee.—grading ofwheats experiment Wagga 1896(Cobb 1897).

Bearded Red Antuera— F r e n c hwheat variety; milling tests 1904.

Bearded Red Autumn.—Rieti orLadoga Group; threshes rather easily(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897); grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1893(Cowra Seed Register).

Bearded Red Spring—grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1893(Cowra Seed Register).—Synonyms:Ble de Mais; May wheat

Bearded Rieti.—A bearded Italianwheat with red horny grain, moder-atly rust resistant.

Bearded Sicilian.—reported asgrown in Queensland in 1889 (Anon1890:17).

Bearded Velvet Chaff.—threshesrather easily (Cobb 1896).

Bearded Velvet.—Bearded VelvetGroup (Cobb 1897).

Bearded Wheat.—reported as sownin South Australia in 1868(Dunsdorfs 1956).

Varieties

21

Bearded White Sheriff—grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1890(Cowra Seed Register).

Beardless Medeah.—Beardless du-rum cross (Medeah x Purple Straw)made by Hugh Pye (Dookie, Vic) in1897.—Synonyms: Bald Medeah.

Bega.—Fine wheats type (Triticumsativum); Defiance Group; short(2’6" to 3’) plants with broadish andlong leaves, medium amount of flagand medium (Vic) or strong (Qld)strength straw; bald ears, yellow andsmooth, with dark biscuit-colouredgrain; plant with and straw of strongstrength; the heads have mediumtendency to shell; threshes ratherhard; the cut surface of the grain washorny-mealy; the grain, as tested inQueensland, had a good millingquality.—History: tested for rust re-sistance in 1891 at Lambrigg, NSW(Cobb 1892); in 1892/93 tested inVictoria for rust resistance at Burn-ley (McAlpine 1894); in 1894tested for rust resistance in Queens-land at Allora and Roma (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897, McAlpine 1894,Shelton 1894); tested for rust resis-tance at Hawkesbury AgriculturalCollege in 1893 (Thompson 1894);grown at Cowra Experimental Farmin 1893 (Cowra Seed Register); rec-ommended seed wheat in NSW(ounce packet) (Cobb 1893); testedat Wagga Experimental Farm in1894 (Coleman 1894).

Behir Nº 2.—reported as grown inQueensland in 1889 (Anon1890:17).

Belatourka.—Synonym → Belo-tourka

Belgium’s Pride.—Synonym →Marshall’s Nº 3.

Bellevue Talavera.—Synonym →Talavera de Bellevue.

Beloglino.—Bluestone Experiments1905 (Farrer & Sutton 1905).

Belotourka

Belotourka.—Flinty wheats type,(Triticum durum), Durum andPoulard Group; ears bearded, stiffbeards; ordinary chaff, ears yellowor light brown and smooth, with bis-cuit-coloured grain; very tall (≥4’)plants with large broadish leaves,medium amount of flag and strongand coarse (Vic) or weak (Qld)straw; the heads have little tendencyto shell; threshes rather easily; thecut surface of the grain was horny;very hard wheat ('biting test'); thegrain, as tested in Queensland, had amedium milling quality (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1896b, Cobb 1897, Cobb1901a, Cobb 1904, McAlpine 1894,Shelton 1894, Sutton 1904).—His-tory: a midseason to late durum va-riety introduced to Quensland fromsouthern Europe in the late 1880s.;reported as grown in Queensland in1889 (Anon 1890:17); tested forrust resistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892); one of the origi-nal 64 recommended for assessmentby the wheat nomenclature commit-tee (Cobb 1893); in 1892/93 testedin Victoria for rust resistance atBurnley (McAlpine 1894); recom-mended seed wheat in NSW (5lbbags) (Cobb 1893); Sample sheafsent to NSW Dep. of Ag. Museum in


22

January 1897; grown as experimen-tal crop at Wagga ExperimentalFarm in 1892/93; 1893/94 (Cobb1895); and 1894 (Coleman 1894);in 1894 tested for rust resistance inQueensland at Springsure, Clermont,Hughenden, Herberton, Allora andRoma (Shelton 1894); described andillustrated by Shelton (1893) asgrown in Queensland in 1892/3;popular wheat variety grown by 8.0% of 213 Queensland farmers ques-tioned in 1892 (Shelton 1894); rec-ommended as rust resistant by the1892 Adelaide Rust in Wheat con-ference for growing on a large scale(Anon 1892); grown at Cowra Ex-perimental Farm in 1893 (CowraSeed Register); tested at HawkesburyAgricultural College in 1892( T h o m p s o n 1 8 9 2 ) ; 1 8 9 3( T h o m p s o n 1 8 9 4 ) ; 1 8 9 4(Thompson 1895); wheat crop atWagga Experimental Farm 1897-98(Farrer 1899); tested at Waitchie(Mallee, Vic.) in 1899/1900(McAlpine 1900a); manuring exper-iments Wagga Experimental Farm1904 (both as ‘Belotourka’ and as‘Kubanka’; McKeown 1905a);tested in 1893, 1894 and 1895 inthe 'biting test' (Cobb 1896b); grainhardness comparison 1896 (Cobb1896c); seed wheat for sale (Anon.1905); grown at Hawkesbury 1903(both as ‘Belotourka’ and as‘Kubanka’; Sutton 1904).—Distri-bution: in 1894 seeds for this vari-ety were sold by George Inglis, SA;distributed by G.Berthoud (Corowa,NSW); sold as seed wheat by theWagga Experimental Farm in 1897and 1898 (W.E.F. Sales Ledger).

Bellevue Talavera—Synonym forAustralian Talavera.

Beloglina —Russian Durum wheatvariety imported in NSW for testingin 1896/96.

Berrigan Champion.—Synonym →Dart’s Imperial.

Berseler’s Club.—Square HeadGroup; threshes hard (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

B e r t h o u d .—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum), ear bald, whiteor yellowish, smooth, grain white oryellowish; plants with moderatelybroad leaves; benefits from beingsown early; medium wheat ('bitingtest') (Cobb 1896b, McAlpine 1894,Peacock 1900).—History: Selectionf rom Zea land , made byG.F.Berthoud (his selection Nº 5),then farmer in Corowa, NSW; grownas experimental crop at Wagga Ex-perimental Farm in 1892/93;1893/94 (Cobb 1895); and 1894(Coleman 1894); in 1892/93 testedin Victoria for rust resistance atBurnley (McAlpine 1894); tested in1893, 1894 and 1895 in the 'bitingtest' (Cobb 1896b); performed wellat Wagga Eperimental Farm in thehot summer 1898/99; Bathurstgrowth and ripening experiments1900 (Peacock 1900); grown atCollabah Experimental Farm in1899, cut for hay (Peacock 1900);grown at Wagga Experimental Farm1901 (McKeown 1901); 1901/02(McKeown 1902); seed wheat forsale (Anon. 1905).—Distribution:distributed by G.Berthoud (Corowa,NSW); sold as seed wheat by theWagga Experimental Farm in 1896,1897 and 1898 (W.E.F. SalesLedger).

Berthoud’s Nº 73.—Synonym →Murray River.

Berthoud's Nº 5—grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1893 (CowraSeed Register).—Synonyms: Apper-ley Zealand

Varieties

23

Berthoud

Berthoud’s Nº 127.—Synonym →Corowa Wheat.

Beryl.—Defiance Group; threshesrather easily (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897);—History: grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1891 (CowraSeed Register);—Distribution:h ybridmade in 1890 by and imported fromProf. Blount, Colorado

Bestehorn’s Dividend.—Square HeadGroup; threshes easily (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).—History: tested forrust resistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892).

Biceps.—straw coarse but strong(Sutton 1904).—grown at Hawkes-bury 1903 (Sutton 1904); recom-mended as suitable for hay and grain(Sutton 1904).

Big 8.—Selection made by a farmerin South Australia.

Big Purple.—tested at Nhill (Mallee,Vic.) in 1899/1900 (McAlpine1900a);

Birdproof.—Synonym → Carter’sBirdproof.

Black Don—Russian Durum wheatimported by Farrer in 1896.

Black Emmer—Synonym for BlueHeron

Black-bearded Indian.—:grown inNSW in 1889 (Cobb 1890).

Bladette Commune.—long, dullgrain of rather low hardness; fair tomill (Guthrie & Gurney 1897).—History: French wheat tested inNSW in the early 1890s.—Distribu-tion: obtained from H.L. de Vil-morin (Paris).—Synonyms: Com-mon Bladette.

Bladette Paylaureuse.—Synonym →Bladette Puylaurens

Bladette Puylaurens.—Noe Group;threshes rather easily; medium, dulland soft grain; fair to mill (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897, Guthrie & Gurney1896).—History: grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1893 (CowraSeed Register).—Distribution: ob-tained from H.L. de Vilmorin(Paris);—Synonyms: Bladette Pay-laureuse.

Ble a epi carre.—Synonym → Sicil-ian Square Headed.

Blé Carré.—Synonym → SicilianSquare Headed.

Blé Carré. de Sicile (rouge).—Syn-onym → Sicilian Square Headed.

Ble de Lazistan—Synonym forLazistan.

Ble de Mai(s)—Synonym forBearded Red Spring.


24

Ble de Mars Rouge de Californie—Synonym for Velvet Pearl (acc toVilmorin)

Ble de Riz—grown at Cowra Exper-imental Farm in 1893 (Cowra SeedRegister).

Blockhead.—plump, white and softgrain; fair to mill (Guthrie & Gurney1896).

Blount.—Fine wheats type (Triticumsativum), ear bald, rosy, grain whiteor yellowish; Purple Straw Group;threshes rather hard (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).—History: one of theoriginal 64 recommended for as-sessment by the wheat nomenclaturecommittee (Cobb 1893); grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1890(Cowra Seed Register).—Synonyms:The Blount.

Blount's Durum—grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1891 (CowraSeed Register).

Blount’s Fife.—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); bald ears, withdark biscuit-coloured grain; plantwith slight amount of flag and strawof strong strength; the heads havelittle tendency to shell; tall (3’6" to4’) plants with moderately broad,medium-sized leaves and mediumstrength straw; Noe Group; threshesrather easily; the cut surface of thegrain was mealy-horny; the grain, astested in Queensland, had a mediummilling quality (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897, Cobb 1901a, McAlpine 1894,Shelton 1894).—History: tested forrust resistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892); Cross of SaxonFife x Improved Fife made by A.E.Blount (Colorado) and introduced toAustralia in the late 1890s; appar-ently rust resisting and recom-mended for further trails by the1892 Adelaide Rust in Wheat con-

ference for growing on a small scale(Anon 1892); in 1892/93 tested inVictoria for rust resistance at Burn-ley (McAlpine 1894); recommendedseed wheat in NSW (5lb bags) (Cobb1893); in 1894 tested for rust resis-tance in Queensland at Springsure,Clermont, Hughenden, Herberton,Allora and Roma (Shelton 1894);tested for rust resistance at Hawkes-bury Agricultural College in 1893( T h o m p s o n 1 8 9 4 ) ; 1 8 9 4(Thompson 1895).

Blount’s Fife X Blount’s Lam-brigg.—a Farrer Cross; Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum); ears bald,with dark biscuit-coloured grain;medium height (3’ to 3’6") plantswith moderately broad leaves andmedium strength straw; the cut sur-face of the grain was horny-mealy(McAlpine 1894).—History: i n1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894).

Blount’s Fife x Ward’s Prolific.—aFarrer Cross; Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); ears bald, withdark biscuit-coloured grain; mediumheight (3’ to 3’6") plants with mod-erately narrow and up leaves andstrong straw; the cut surface of thegrain was mealy-horny (McAlpine1894).—History: in 1892/93 testedin Victoria for rust resistance atBurnley (McAlpine 1894).

Blount’s Hybrid nº 38.—Hybrid cre-ated by A.E. Blount, Colorado andimported to Australia by W. Farrer.Synonym for Blount’s Lambrigg.

Blount’s Lambrigg.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum), DefianceGroup.—ear bald, not clubbed, uni-form, white or yellowish, smooth,grain small and flat to plump,translucent white or yellowish grain;shells easily; threshes rather easily;

Varieties

25

medium height to tall plants withmoderately broad leaves, muchamount of flag and fine and strongyellow or brownish straw; late vari-ety; benefits from being sown early;low weight per bushel; the headshave little tendency to shell; the cutsurface of the grain was mealy thegrain, medium wheat ('biting test');as tested in Queensland, had amedium to good milling quality; inNSW regarded as easy - fair to mill(Cobb 1896; Cobb 1896b, Cobb1897; Cobb 1898b, Cobb 1901a,Cobb 1904, Guthrie & Gurney 1896,Guthrie & Gurney 1897, McAlpine1894, Peacock 1900, Shelton1894), Sutton 1904).

Blount’s Lambrigg

History: A crosbred made by A.E.Blount (Colorado) and called‘Gypsum" Also Blount’s Hybrid nº38; introduced to Australia in 1886by William Farrer; reported asgrown in Queensland in 1889 (Anon1890:17); grown in NSW in 1889(Cobb 1890); tested for rust resis-tance in 1891 at Lambrigg, NSW(Cobb 1892); one of the original 64recommended for assessment by thewheat nomenclature committee(Cobb 1893); recommended seedwheat in NSW (5lb bags) (Cobb1893); described and illustrated byShelton (1893) as grown in Queens-land in 1892/3; recommended as rust

resistant by the 1892 Adelaide Rustin Wheat conference for growing ona large scale but not for coastal dis-tricts (Anon 1892); grown as exper-imental crop at Wagga Experimen-tal Farm in 1892/93; and 1893/94(Cobb 1895); in 1892/93 tested inVictoria for rust resistance at Burn-ley (McAlpine 1894); grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1891(Cowra Seed Register); tested in1893, 1894 and 1895 in the 'bitingtest' (Cobb 1896b); in 1894 testedfor rust resistance in Queensland atAllora and Roma (Shelton 1894);grain hardness comparison 1896(Cobb 1896c); tested at Wagga Ex-perimental Farm in 1894 (Coleman1894); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1891 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter); tested for rust resistance atChilders, Gippland, and Port Fairie(Vic.) in 1891; tested at HawkesburyAgricultural College in 1892( T h o m p s o n 1 8 9 2 ) ; 1 8 9 3( T h o m p s o n 1 8 9 4 ) ; 1 8 9 4(Thompson 1895); wheat harvestedin 1897/8 on Wagga Exp. Farm;recommended as rust resistant forcooler districts by the (final) Rust inWheat Conference, Melbourne 1896(Anon. 1896); grading of wheatsexperiment Wagga 1896 (Cobb1897); grown by Wiliam Farrer in1896 and tested for flour quality byGuthrie & Gurney (1897); Bathurstgrowth and ripening experiments1900 (Peacock 1900); sample sheafsent to NSW Dep. of Ag. Museum inJanuary 1897; grown at Hawkesbury1903 (Sutton 1904); wheat crop atWagga Experimental Farm 1897-98(Farrer 1899).—Distribution: in1894 seeds for this variety were soldby George Inglis, SA; sold as seedwheat by the Wagga ExperimentalFarm in 1897 and 1898 (W.E.F.


26

Sales Ledger).—Synonyms: ColoradoHybrid; Colorado Special; Gypsum.

Blount’s Lambrigg Nº 2.—grown inNSW in 1889 (Cobb 1890).

Blount’s Lambrigg X Belotourka.—a Farrer Cross; Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); ears bearded,yellow and smooth, with dark bis-cuit-coloured grain; medium height(3’ to 3’6") plants with moderatelybroad leaves and strong straw; thecut surface of the grain was horny(McAlpine 1894).—History: i n1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894).

Blount’s Lambrigg

Blount’s Lambrigg X Horn-blende.—a Farrer Cross; Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum); ears bald,yellow and smooth, with dark bis-cuit-coloured grain; short (2’6" to3’) plants with broadish leaves andmedium strength straw; the cut sur-

face of the grain was horny(McAlpine 1894).—History: i n1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894).

Blount’s Lambrigg X Saxon Fife.—bald ears, plant with medium amountof flag and straw of mediumstrength; the heads have little ten-dency to shell; the grain, as tested inQueensland, had a medium millingquality (Shelton 1894).—History: in1894 tested for rust resistance inQueensland at Roma (Shelton1894).

Blount’s No. 10.—bald ears, plantwith medium amount of flag andstraw of strong strength; the headshave little tendency to shell; thegrain, as tested in Queensland, had agood milling quality (Shelton1894).—History: in 1894 tested forrust resistance in Queensland at Al-lora and Roma (Shelton 1894).

Blount’s Rust Resistant. — N o eGroup; threshes rather easily (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897).

Bluedrop.—reported to shell easily(Gavin 1910).—History: grown in1878 at Milthorpe, NSW (Gavin1910).

Blue Heron.—Amidonnier Group(Cobb 1897).—History: grown asexperimental crop at Wagga Experi-mental Farm in 1892/93 (Cobb1895); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1904 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter).—Synonyms: Black (Winter)Emmer.

Blue Stem.—Synonym → Dart’sImperial; Synonym → Hayne’s BlueStem.

Blue Wheat.—Synonym → WhiteLammas.

Varieties

27

Blue Heron (Black Winter Emmer)

Bluey.—Synonym → Dart’s Impe-rial.

Bobbins Rust-Proof.—bald ears,plant with slight amount of flag andstraw of strong strength; the headshave little tendency to shell; thegrain, as tested in Queensland, had agood milling quality (Shelton1894).—History: in 1894 tested forrust resistance in Queensland atRoma (Shelton 1894).

Blue Stem

Bobs.—Fairly hardy wheat, rust re-sister, quick grower, good cropper,fine milling; also, good hay wheat; agreat favourite. (Anon. 1905); shellsvery easily (Coleman 1902).—His-tory: According to W.Farrer a crossbetween Blount’s Lambrigg andSkinless Nepaul Barley; more likelya natural selection from Blount’sLambrigg; introduced in 900, grewto soem promenance in NSW, by1910 no longer grown; comparativewheat experiments Wagga Experi-mental Farm 1902-1904 (McKeown1905b); grown at Wagga Experi-mental Farm 1903 (McKeown1904); manuring experimentsWagga Experimental Farm 1904(McKeown 1905a); wheats atBathurst Experimental Farm 1903-4(Peacock 1904); recommended assuitable for hay and grain (Sutton1904); wheats grown at Bathurst


28

Experimental Farm 1904 (Peacock1904); wheat grown at Glen InnisExperimental Farm 1904 (Gennys1905); grown at Hawkesbury 1903(Sutton 1904); wheat tested at Sad-dleworth, SA (Coleman 1902);grown at Cowra Experimental Farmin 1905 (Cowra Seed Register).

Bokhara Desert.—Rusian wheattested in the late 1880s in NSW(Farrer 1898b).—History: millingtests 1904.

Bolton’s Blue Stem.—Synonym →Hayne’s Blue Stem.

Bolton’s Bluestem.—Synonym →Hayne’s Blue Stem.

Bomen.—Farrer cross of the follow-ing parentage: (Red Potocka x(Powers Fife x (Powers Fife x(Jonathan x Zaff)))); available forcommercial distribution in 1911.

Bordeaux . — History: grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1901(Cowra Seed Register).—Synonyms:Red Bordeuax

Bordeaux Red Chaff.—History:grown at Cowra Experimental Farmin 1893 (Cowra Seed Register).

Bordeaux White Chaff.—History:grown at Cowra Experimental Farmin 1893 (Cowra Seed Register).

Bordier.—Lammas Group; threshesrather easily (Cobb 1896, Cobb1 8 9 7 ) . — History: import fromFrance; grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1893 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter); grown in New Zealand in the1910s (Hilgendorf 1920);

Boutcher’s Velvet.—bald ears, plantwith much amount of flag and strawof medium strength; the heads havelittle tendency to shell; the grain, astested in Queensland, had a goodmilling quality (Shelton 1894).—History: in 1894 tested for rust re-

sistance in Queensland at Roma(Shelton 1894).

Braemar Velvet.—English wheatvariety, grown in Tasmania from1850.

Branched wheat.—Synonym →Miracle.

Brigg’s Rust Resistant.—White Vel-vet Group; threshes rather hard(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).—History:grown at Cowra Experimental Farmin 1893 (Cowra Seed Register).

Broderick.—bald ears, plant withmedium amount of flag and straw ofmedium strength; the heads have lit-tle tendency to shell; the grain, astested in Queensland, had a goodmilling quality (Shelton 1894).—History: in 1894 tested for rust re-sistance in Queensland at Allora andRoma (Shelton 1894); tested forrust resistance at Hawkesbury Agri-cultural College in 1893 (Thompson1894).

Brodie’s .—strong to very strongreddish straw, reddish compact awn-less ear wih red grain.—reported assown in South Australia in 1868(Dunsdorfs 1956) late wheat varietyprobably from England.

Brodie’s Prolific.—benefits frombeing sown early; difficult to thresh(Coleman 1902, Peacock 1900).—History: reported as sown in SouthAustralia in 1868 (Dunsdorfs 1956);wheat tested at Saddleworth, SA(Coleman 1902); grown on a com-mercial scale in South Australia in1899 (Guthrie 1900); South Aus-tralian flour reported to have an ex-cellent colour, found to have 13%gluten and low (48%) water absorb-ing strength (Guthrie 1900);Bathurst growth and ripening exper-iments 1900 (Peacock 1900).

Varieties

29

Brogan’s Red and White.—Rieti orLadoga Group; threshes rather hard(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).

Browick.—English variety with redgrain, grown to a small extent inNSW in the 1890s.—Bluestone Ex-periments 1905 (Farrer & Sutton1905).

Browick Red.—Synonym for Brow-ick.

Brown Axel.—reported as sown inSouth Australia in 1868 (Dunsdorfs1956).

Brown Lammas.—reported as sownin South Australia in 1868(Dunsdorfs 1956).

Brown Winslow.—reported as sownin South Australia in 1868(Dunsdorfs 1956).

Brown-eared Mummy . — F i n ewheats type (Triticum turgidum) ,Durum and Poulard Group; ear red orbrown; plant with much amount offlag and straw of medium strength;the heads have little tendency toshell; threshes very hard; very hardwheat ('biting test'); the grain, astested in Queensland, had a goodmilling quality (Cobb 1896, Cobb1896b, Cobb 1897, Shelton1894).—History: grown as experi-mental crop at Wagga ExperimentalFarm in 1892/93; and 1893/94(Cobb 1895); in 1894 tested for rustresistance in Queensland at Roma(Shelton 1894); tested in 1894 and1895 in the 'biting test' (Cobb1896b); grain hardness comparison1896 (Cobb 1896c); one of theoriginal 64 recommended for as-sessment by the wheat nomenclaturecommittee (Cobb 1893).—Distribu-t ion : sold as seed wheat by theWagga Experimental Farm in 1897(W.E.F. Sales Ledger).

Brown’s Rust Proof.—bald ears,plant with slight amount of flag andstraw of strong strength; the headshave little tendency to shell; thegrain, as tested in Queensland, had agood milling quality (Shelton1894).—History: in 1894 tested forrust resistance in Queensland atRoma (Shelton 1894); 1894).—Dis-tribution: in 1894 seeds for this va-riety were sold by Richard Marshall,SA.

Buckby’s Rust Resistant. — N o eGroup; threshes rather easily (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897).

Buckley’s Rust-Proof.—bald ears,plant with slight amount of flag andstraw of strong strength; the headshave little tendency to shell; thegrain, as tested in Queensland, had amedium milling quality (Shelton1894).—History: in 1894 tested forrust resistance in Queensland at Al-lora and Roma (Shelton 1894);grown at Cowra Experimental Farmin 1893 (Cowra Seed Register);—Distribution: in 1894 seeds for thisvariety were sold by Richard Mar-shall, SA.

Budd’s Early.—Allora SpringGroup, with tall and strong straw,brown, tapering, drooping tip-awnedears and a medium-sized, white grainof weak flour quality, mid-seasonripening wheat, susceptible to stemrust; medium hardness; fair to mill(Cobb 1897, Guthrie & Gurney1897).—History: Selection fromWard’s Prolific, made by Mr. Budd,farmer, South Australia, in the1890s; recommended because oftheir rust escaping nature if latesowing is inevitable by the (final)Rust in Wheat Conference, Mel-bourne 1896 (Anon. 1896); grownat Cowra Experimental Farm in1896 (Cowra Seed Register); grading


30

of wheats experiment Wagga 1896(Cobb 1897); grown by Wiliam Far-rer in 1896 and tested for flour qual-ity by Guthrie & Gurney (1897);tested at Waitchie (Mallee, Vic.) in1899/1900 (McAlpine 1900a).—Distribution: sold as seed wheat bythe Wagga Experimental Farm in1898 (W.E.F. Sales Ledger).—Syn-onyms: Budd’s Prolific; Budd’s Rustresistant; Early Budd; Sailor’s For-tune; Sailor’s Wonder.

Budd’s Prolific.—Synonym → Bud-d’s Early.

Budd’s Rust resistant.—Synonym →Budd’s Early.

Bunstall—grown at Cowra Experi-mental Farm in 1893 (Cowra SeedRegister).

Bunyip.—Farrer cross of the follow-ing parentage: (Rymer x Zaffra).

Buxar.—small, plump, white grainof low hardness; fair to mill (Guthrie& Gurney 1897).—History: grownby Wiliam Farrer in 1896 and testedfor flour quality by Guthrie & Gur-ney (1897).

31

� C �Calaby’s Purple Straw.—reported assown in South Australia in 1868(Dunsdorfs 1956).

Calaby’s Wheat.—reported as sownin South Australia in 1868(Dunsdorfs 1956).

California Club.—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum), Noe Group; earsbald, yellow and smooth, with yel-low grain; plants medium height (3’to 3’6") plants with medium-sized,broadish leaves with slight flag (asSummer Club) or medium flag (asCalifornia Club) and straw ofmedium to strong strength; theheads have little tendency to shell;threshes easily; the cut surface ofthe grain was horny-mealy; thegrain, as tested in Queensland, had agood milling quality (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897, Cobb 1901a, McAlpine1894, Shelton 1894).—Historyˆ:originated by Cyrus G. Pringle(Vermont) in the late 1870s; appar-ently rust resisting and recom-mended for further trails by the1892 Adelaide Rust in Wheat con-ference for growing on a small scale(Anon 1892); recommended seedwheat in NSW (ounce packet) (Cobb1893); in 1892/93 tested in Victoriafor rust resistance at Burnley(McAlpine 1894).in 1894 tested forrust resistance in Queensland at Al-lora and Roma (Shelton 1894).grown at Cowra Experimental Farm

in 1905 (Cowra Seed Register);grown at Cowra Experimental Farmin 1906 (Cowra Seed Register);tested for rust resistance at Hawkes-bury Agricultural College in 1893(Thompson 1894); and in 1894(Thompson 1895); tested at WaggaExperimental Farm in 1894(Coleman 1894).—Synonyms: Aus-tralian Club; Chili; Club; Clubhead;Little Club; Summer Club; Surprise.

California Club

California Purple.—grown atHawkesbury 1903 (Sutton 1904).


32

California Spring.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum), ear bald,red or brown, smooth, grain white oryellowish.; medium wheat ('bitingtest'; Cobb 1896b).—History: Vari-ety of Allora Spring, grown inQueensland in the 1890s because ofearly ripening; one of the original64 recommended for assessment bythe wheat nomenclature committee(Cobb 1893); tested in 1893 in the'biting test' (Cobb 1896b); grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1893(Cowra Seed Register); grown as ex-perimental crop at Wagga Experi-mental Farm in 1892/93; and1893/94 (Cobb 1895).

Californian Chili.—Tuscan Group;threshes rather hard (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Californian Genesee.—Early BaartGroup; threshes rather hard (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897).

Californian Spring.—Synonym →California Spring.

Californian Tuscan.—reported assown in South Australia in 1868(Dunsdorfs 1956).

Californian Velvet.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum); ears bald,yellow and smooth, with dark bis-cuit-coloured grain; medium height(3’ to 3’6") plants with broadishleaves and medium to weak straw;the cut surface of the grain wasmealy (McAlpine 1894).—History:in 1892/93 tested in Victoria forrust resistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894).—Distribution: distributed byMoore, Tas.

Cameron’s Brown Straw.—Syn-onym → Velvet Pearl.

Canada Club.—Fife Group; thresheseasily (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).

Canadian Velvet Chaff.—WhiteVelvet Group; threshes easily (Cobb1896; Cobb 1897).—H i s t o r y :American wheat variety; tested atWagga Experimental Farm in 1894(Coleman 1894).

Canning Downs

Canning Downs Rust Resistant.—Fine wheats type (T r i t i c u msativum), ear bearded, white or yel-lowish, medium-sized white or yel-lowish and softish grain; very short(≤2’6") plants with broadish leaves,medium amount of flag and medium(Qld) or strong (Vic) strong straw;grows fast and ripens early, thus li-able to late frosts; high weight perbushel; the heads have little ten-dency to shell; threshes hard; the cutsurface of the grain was horny-mealy; hard wheat ('biting test'); thegrain, as tested in Queensland, had agood milling quality; deemed fair tomill in NSW (Cobb 1896, Cobb1896b, Cobb 1898b, Cobb 1904,Guthrie & Gurney 1896, McAlpine1894, Peacock 1900, Shelton1894).—History: Indian wheat vari-ety introduced to Queensland in the1880s; described and illustrated byShelton (1893) as grown in Queens-land in 1892/3; grown at Cowra Ex-perimental Farm in 1890 (CowraSeed Register); one of the original64 recommended for assessment by

Varieties

33

the wheat nomenclature committee(Cobb 1893); wheat harvested in1897/8 on Wagga Exp. Farm.grownas experimental crop at Wagga Ex-perimental Farm in 1892/93;1893/94 (Cobb 1895); and 1894(Coleman 1894); in 1892/93 testedin Victoria for rust resistance atBurnley (McAlpine 1894);

Canning Downs

in 1894 tested for rust resistance inQueensland at Springsure, Clermont,Hughenden, Herberton, Allora andRoma (Shelton 1894); grading ofwheats experiment Wagga 1896(Cobb 1897); grain hardnesscomparison 1896 (Cobb 1896c);tested in 1893, 1894 and 1895 inthe 'biting test' (Cobb 1896b);recommended because of their rust

escaping nature if late sowing isinevitable by the (final) Rust inWheat Conference, Melbourne 1896(Anon. 1896); Bathurst growth andr ipening exper iments 1900(Peacock 1900); wheat crop atWagga Experimental Farm 1897-98(Farrer 1899).—Distribution: sold asseed wheat by the WaggaExperimental Farm in 1897 and1898 (W.E.F. Sales Ledger).

Cape.—Fine wheats type (Triticumsativum), ear bald, white or yellow-ish, smooth, grain red or amber;plant with medium amount of flagand straw of strong strength; theheads have little tendency to shell;hard wheat ('biting test'); the grain,as tested in Queensland, had amedium milling quality (Cobb1896b, Shelton 1894).—History:wheat of South African origin;tested for rust resistance in 1891 atLambrigg, NSW (Cobb 1892); oneof the original 64 recommended forassessment by the wheat nomencla-ture committee (Cobb 1893); grownat Cowra Experimental Farm in1893 (Cowra Seed Register); grownas experimental crop at Wagga Ex-perimental Farm in 1893/94 (Cobb1895); tested in 1893 in the 'bitingtest' (Cobb 1896b); in 1894 testedfor rust resistance in Queensland atAllora and Roma (Shelton 1894);grain hardness comparison 1896(Cobb 1896c).

Carmichael’s Eclipse.—Selectionfrom (→) Ward’s Prolific made byCarmichael Bros (Crystal Brook,SA) about 1900; grown on a com-mercial scale in South Australia in1899 (Guthrie 1900); South Aus-tralian flour reported to have an ex-cellent colour, found to have 11.5%gluten and low (47.5%) water ab-sorbing strength (Guthrie 1900).—Synonyms: Eclipse.


34

Cape

Carnelian—grown at Cowra Exper-imental Farm in 1891 (Cowra SeedRegister);—Distribution: hybridmade in 1890 by and imported fromProf. Blount, Colorado.

Carre des Sicile Rouge—Synonymfor Sicilian Squareheaded Red

Carosella .—Synonym → Whi teNaples.

Carter’s.—reported as sown in SouthAustralia in 1868 (Dunsdorfs 1956).

Carter’s 43.—Velvet Pearl Group;threshes rather easily (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Carter’s 81.—Indian Group;threshes rather easily (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Carter’s 87.—White Velvet Group;threshes rather hard (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Carter’s 103.—Lammas Group;threshes rather easily (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Carter’s 107.—Golden Drop Group;threshes rather easily (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Carter’s A.—Square Head Group;threshes rather easily (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).—History: tested forrust resistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892).—Distribution:distributed by Carter (UK).

Carter’s B.—Tuscan Group (1896,Cobb 1897); Fife Group (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).—History: tested forrust resistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892).—Distribution:distributed by Carter (UK).

Carter’s Birdproof.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum); ears bald,yellow and smooth, with biscuit-coloured grain; short (2’6" to 3’)plants with broad leaves and strongstraw; the cut surface of the grainwas horny (McAlpine 1894).—His-tory: in 1892/93 tested in Victoriafor rust resistance at Burnley(McAlpine 1894); tested for rust re-sistance at Hawkesbury AgriculturalCollege in 1893 (Thompson1894).—Distribution: distributed byCarter (UK).

Carter’s C.—threshes easily (Cobb1896).—History: tested for rust re-sistance in 1891 at Lambrigg, NSW(Cobb 1892).—Distribution: dis-tributed by Carter (UK).

Carter's Crossbred—tested for rustresistance at Longerong (Vic) in1891.

Carter’s D.—White Velvet Group;White Velvet Group (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Carter’s E.—Tuscan Group; thresheshard (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).—

Varieties

35

History: tested for rust resistance in1891 at Lambrigg, NSW (Cobb1892).—Distribution: distributed byCarter (UK).

Carter’s F.—Synonym → Earliest ofAll.

Carter’s G.—Square Head Group;threshes hard (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897).—History: tested for rust re-sistance in 1891 at Lambrigg, NSW(Cobb 1892).—Distribution: dis-tributed by Carter (UK).

Carter’s H.—Golden Drop Group;threshes rather easily (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).—History: tested forrust resistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892).—Distribution:distributed by Carter (UK).

Carter’s I.—Synonym → Anglo-Australian.

Carter’s J.—History: tested for rustresistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892).—Distribution:distributed by Carter (UK).

Carter’s K.—Golden Drop Group(1896, Cobb 1897); threshes ratherhard (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).—History: tested for rust resistance in1891 at Lambrigg, NSW (Cobb1892).—Distribution: distributed byCarter (UK).

Carter’s New Hybrid.—Golden DropGroup (1896, Cobb 1897); threshesrather hard (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897).

Carter’s Pearl.—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); ears bald, yellowand smooth, with pale biscuit-coloured grain; short (2’6" to 3’)(plants with broad leaves andmedium strength straw; the cut sur-face of the grain was mealy-horny(McAlpine 1894).—History : in1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); tested for rust resistance at

Hawkesbury Agricultural College in1893 (Thompson 1894); grown atHawkesbury 1903 from seed ob-tained from South Africa, resemblesNew Zealnd White Tuscan and Lam-brig White Lammas (Sutton 1904);distributed by Carter (UK).—Syn-onyms: Pearl

Carter’s Queen.—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); ears bald, yellowand velvety, with biscuit-colouredgrain; medium height (3’ to 3’6")plants with broad leaves and mediumstrength straw; the cut surface of thegrain was mealy (McAlpine1894).—History: in 1892/93 testedin Victoria for rust resistance atBurnley (McAlpine 1894); dis-tributed by Carter (UK).—S y n -onyms: Queen

Cedar.—Farrer cross of the follow-ing parentage: ((((Jonathan x Zaf-fra) x Powers Fife) x Powers Fife)).

Centennial .—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum) with a blackbeard; ears bearded, yellow andsmooth, with straw grain; very tall(≥ 4’) plants with broad leaves andvery coarse and strong straw; the cutsurface of the grain was mealy(McAlpine 1894).—History: testedfor rust resistance at Longerong(Vic) in 1891; in 1892/93 tested inVictoria for rust resistance at Burn-ley (McAlpine 1894).—Distribu-tion: distributed by Robin, SA.—Synonyms: American Centennial;Petanielle Blanche.

C e r e s .—Selection made byR.Marshall, farmer (SA), about 1900rustr esistant.

Chalcedony .—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); ears bald, withstraw grain; tall (3’6" to 4’) plantswith broadish leaves and mediumstrength straw; the cut surface of thegrain was mealy (McAlpine


36

1894).—History: in 1892/93 testedin Victoria for rust resistance atBurnley (McAlpine 1894); grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1890(Cowra Seed Register).—Distribu-t ion : a variety produced by AEBlount (Colorado, USA) and intro-duced to Australia by William Far-rer; tested for rust resistance in1891 at Lambrigg, NSW (Cobb1892).

Centennial

Champion.—grown in NSW in 1889(Cobb 1890).

Champion Hybrid.—threshes ratherhard (Cobb 1896).—History: re-ported as grown in Queensland in1889 (Anon 1890:17); tested forrust resistance at Port Fairie (Vic.)in 1891.

C h a m p l a i n .—Rieti or LadogaGroup; threshes easily (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Champlain’s Hybrid.—An Ameri-can Import in the late 1880s; EarlyBaart Group (Cobb 1897); Finewheats type (Triticum sativum); earsbearded, with pale biscuit-colouredgrain; medium height (3’ to 3’6")plants with broadish leaves andmedium strength straw; the cut sur-face of the grain was mealy-horny(McAlpine 1894).—History: i n1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894).

Chant’s Prolific.—Synonym →Dart’s Imperial.

Chatsbury—tested for rust resis-tance at Hawkesbury AgriculturalCollege in 1893 (Thompson 1894);1894 (Thompson 1895).

Chico Club.—Californian wheat va-riety; tested at Wagga ExperimentalFarm in 1894 (Coleman 1894);grown at Cowra Experimental Farmin 1895 (Cowra Seed Register).

C h i d d a m .—Lammas Group;threshes rather easily (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Chiddam blanc de Mars—Synonym→ Chiddam’s White Spring.

Chiddam’s White Spring.—thresheseasily (Cobb 1896).—History: grownat Cowra Experimental Farm in1893 (Cowra Seed Register).—Dis-tribution: Vilmorin (Paris).

Varieties

37

Chili.—Synonym → California Club.

Chilli.—Fine wheats type (Triticumsativum), ear bald, white or yellow-ish, smooth, grain white or yellow-ish; plants with broad leaves; the cutsurface of the grain was mealy (Cobb1897, McAlpine 1894).—History: in1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894).

China Spring.—Noe Group; thresheseasily (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).

China Tea.—Lazistan Group (Cobb1897); threshes easily.

Chippendale—tested for rust resis-tance at Hawkesbury AgriculturalCollege in 1893 (Thompson 1894);1894 (Thompson 1895).

Chirka—milling tests 1904.

Chrysol i te .—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); Lammas Group;ears bald, yellow and smooth, withstraw grain; short (2’6" to 3’) plantswith broad leaves and mediumstrength straw; threshes rather hard;the cut surface of the grain washorny-mealy (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897, McAlpine 1894).—History:in 1892/93 tested in Victoria forrust resistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); tested for rust resistance in1891 at Lambrigg, NSW (Cobb1892); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1891 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter); hybrid made in 1890 by andimported from Prof. Blount, Col-orado.

Chul Bidai—milling tests 1904.

Clarendon.—Farrer cross of thefollowing parentage: ((((Eden xJondhala) x Jonathan) x Gluyas) xBobs)); cross made in 1905, avail-able for commercial distribution1914?

Clark’s Rust Proof.—Synonym →Clark’s Rust Resistant

Clark’s Rust Resistant.—DefianceGroup; medium, white and mediumhard grain, threshes rather hard; fairto mill (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897,Guthrie & Gurney 1896).—History:apparently rust resisting and recom-mended for further trails by the1892 Adelaide Rust in Wheat con-ference for growing on a small scale(Anon 1892); recommended seedwheat in NSW (ounce packet) (Cobb1893).—Synonyms : Clark’s RustProof.

C l a w s o n .—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum), Red ProvenceGroup; ear bald, red or brown,smooth, grain white or yellowish;tall (3’6" to 4’) plants with moder-ately broad leaves and mediumstrength straw threshes rather easily;the cut surface of the grain wasmealy-horny (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897, McAlpine 1894).—History:introduced from the USA (Cobb1893); tested for rust resistance in1891 at Lambrigg, NSW (Cobb1892); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1891 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter); one of the original 64 recom-mended for assessment by the wheatnomenclature committee (Cobb1893); in 1892/93 tested in Victoriafor rust resistance at Burnley(McAlpine 1894);grown as experi-mental crop at Wagga ExperimentalFarm in 1892/93 (Cobb 1895);tested at Wagga Experimental Farmin 1894 (Coleman 1894).

Cleanstraw.—Farrer cross used as aparent in many other crosses, neverreleased as own variety.

Cleveland.—Farrer cross of thefollowing parentage: ((Hornblende xBlount’s Lambrigg selction) x Pur-ple Straw Tuscan)).; Bluestone Ex-


38

periments 1905 (Farrer & Sutton1905); wheat grown at Glen InnisExperimental Farm 1904 (Gennys1905); wheats at Bathurst Experi-mental Farm 1903-4 (Peacock1904); wheats grown at BathurstExperimental Farm 1904 (Peacock1904); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1905 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter).

Club.—Synonym → California Club.

Clubbed Indian.—Allora SpringGroup; grows fast and ripens early,thus liable to late frosts (Cobb 1897,Peacock 1900).—History: Bathurstgrowth and ripening experiments1900 (Peacock 1900).

Clubhead.—Synonym → CaliforniaClub; Synonym → Rattling Jack.

Colorado Hybrid.—Synonym →Blount’s Lambrigg.

Colorado Special.—Synonym →Blount’s Lambrigg.

Comeback.—Farrer cross of thefollowing parentage: ((Vanessa xIndian G) x Improved Fife).; grownat Cowra Experimental Farm in1905 (Cowra Seed Register).

Common Bladette.—Synonym →Bladette Commune.

Common Snowdrop.—Fine wheatstype (Triticum sativum); ears bald,yellow and smooth, with straw grain;medium height (3’ to 3’6") plantswith moderately broad leaves andmedium strength straw; the cut sur-face of the grain was horny(McAlpine 1894).—History: i n1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); distributed by H. Smith,NSW.

Cone Rivet.—See Cone.

Cone .—Bearded Velvet Group;threshes easily (Cobb 1896, Cobb

1897).—History: grown as experi-mental crop at Wagga ExperimentalFarm in 1892/93 (Cobb 1895).—Synonyms: Rivett or Cone.

Cook’s.—bald ears, plant with lightamount of flag and straw of strongstrength; the heads have little ten-dency to shell; the grain, as tested inQueensland, had a good millingquality (Shelton 1894).—History: in1894 tested for rust resistance inQueensland at Allora (Shelton1894); tested for rust resistance atHawkesbury Agricultural College in1893 (Thompson 1894).

Cooke's Wheat—Synonym forCook’s

Cornstalk.—Farrer cross used as aparent in many other crosses, neverreleased as own variety.

Corowa Wheat.—tested for rust re-sistance in 1891 at Lambrigg, NSW(Cobb 1892); grown at Cowra Ex-perimental Farm in 1891 (CowraSeed Register).—Distribution: grownand distributed by G.F. Berthoud(Corowa, NSW).—S y n o n y m s :Berthoud’s Nº 127.

Count Waldersdorf.—Fife Group;threshes rather hard (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897).

Crate.—Lazistan Group; threshesvery easily (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897).

Crepi.—Noe Group; a late maturingold French vulgare wheat withmedium, dull and soft grain red grainthreshes easily fair to mill (Cobb1896, Cobb 1897, Guthrie & Gurney1896).—History: grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1892 (CowraSeed Register).—Distribution: im-ported by W. Farrer from Vilmorin(Paris) in 1891.

Varieties

39

Creping Red Straw.—reported assown in South Australia in 1868(Dunsdorfs 1956).

Cretan.—(Triticum durum); Durumand Poulard Group; Macaroni wheatears bearded, yellow and smooth,with pale biscuit-coloured grain; tall(3’6" to 4’) plants with moderatelybroad leaves and strong straw; thecut surface of the grain was horny;threshes rather hard (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1897, McAlpine 1894).—History: Introduced from southernEurope in the 1880; tested for rustresistance in 1891 at Lambrigg,NSW (Cobb 1892); in 1892/93tested in Victoria for rust resistanceat Burnley (McAlpine 1894); grownat Hawkesbury 1903 (Sutton 1904);manuring experiments Wagga Ex-perimental Farm 1904 (McKeown1905a); seed wheat for sale (Anon.1905); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1891 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter); introduced to Dookie 1890;grown at Cowra Experimental Farmin 1904 (Cowra Seed Register).

Cromptons New Red Straw.—re-ported as sown in South Australia in1868 (Dunsdorfs 1956).

Cross’ Wheat.—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); ears bald, yellowand smooth, with pale biscuit-coloured grain; very short (≤2’6")plants with broadish leaves andmedium strength straw; the cut sur-face of the grain was horny-mealy(McAlpine 1894).—History: i n1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); distributed by Cross, Dunolly.

Cumberland.—Reported as rust-re-sisting, quick grower, good yielder,and well liked; also suitable for hay.(Anon. 1905).—Farrer cross of thefollowing parentage: (Blounts Lam-brigg x Pasteur).; grown at Wagga

Experimental Farm 1901/02(McKeown 1902); 1903 (McKeown1904); manuring experimentsWagga Experimental Farm 1904(McKeown 1905a); comparativewheat experiments Wagga Experi-mental Farm 1901-1904 (McKeown1905b); grown at Hawkesbury 1903(Sutton 1904); wheats at BathurstExper imenta l Farm 1903-4(Peacock 1904); wheats grown atBathurst Experimental Farm 1904(Peacock 1904); wheat grown atGlen Innis Experimental Farm 1904(Gennys 1905).

Currell.—Ward’s Prolific Group;threshes easily (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897).—History:grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1893 (CowraSeed Register).

Cythere White


40

Cythere White.—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum), Early BaartGroup; ear bearded, white or yellow-ish, long, translucent red or amberand medium hard grain; plant withmedium amount of flag and straw ofstrong strength; the heads havemedium tendency to shell; threshesrather hard; the grain, as tested inQueensland, had a medium millingquality; demed as fair to mill inNSW (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897,Guthrie & Gurney 1896, Shelton

1894).—History: one of the original64 recommended for assessment bythe wheat nomenclature committee(Cobb 1893); in 1894 tested for rustresistance in Queensland at Spring-sure, Clermont, Hughenden, Herber-ton, Allora and Roma (Shelton1894); grown at Cowra Experimen-tal Farm in 1893 (Cowra Seed Regis-ter).

41

� D �D’Arblay’s Hungarian.—Synonym→ Darblay’s Hungarian.

Dallas.—Fine wheats type (Triticumsativum), Lammas Group; ear bald,tapering, white or yellowish,smooth, grain white or yellowish;tall (3’6" to 4’) plants with broadishleaves and very stiff straw; strawyellow or brownish; ripens midsea-son; threshes rather hard the cut sur-face of the grain was mealy; mediumwheat ('biting test') (Cobb 1896,Cobb 1896b, Cobb 1897, Cobb1904, McAlpine 1894.

Dallas

History: one of the original 64recommended for assessment by thewheat nomenclature committee(Cobb 1893); in 1892/93 tested inVictoria for rust resistance atBurnley (McAlpine 1894); grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1893(Cowra Seed Register); grown as ex-perimental crop at Wagga Experi-mental Farm in 1893/94 (Cobb

1895); tested in 1893, 1894 and1895 in the 'biting test' (Cobb1896b); grain hardness comparison1896 (Cobb 1896c).

Darblay’s Hungarian.—Fine wheatstype (Tri t icum sat ivum), earbearded, white or yellowish, grainred or amber Lazistan Group; plantwith medium amount of flag andstraw of strong strength; the headshave medium tendency to shell;threshes rather easily soft wheat('biting test'); the grain, as tested inQueensland, had a good millingquality (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1896b,Cobb 1904, Shelton 1894).

Darblay’s Hungarian

History: introduced from Budapest;grown as experimental crop atWagga Experimental Farm in1892/93; and 1893/94 (Cobb 1895);in 1894 tested for rust resistance inQueensland at Allora (Shelton1894); one of the original 64 rec-


42

ommended for assessment by thewheat nomenclature committee(Cobb 1893); grown at Cowra Ex-perimental Farm in 1893 and in1900 (Cowra Seed Register); testedfor rust resistance at HawkesburyAgricultural College in 1894(Thompson 1895); tested in 1893,1894 and 1895 in the 'biting test'(Cobb 1896b); grain hardness com-parison 1896 (Cobb 1896c).—Syn-onyms: D’Arblay’s Hungarian.

Darham Nº 1—Synonym for Talav-era Darham Nº 1

Dart’s Imperial.—Tuscan Group;threshes rather hard benefits frombeing sown early (as Chant’s Prolificand as Dart’s Imperial); fair sized,translucent grain of medium hard-ness; very easy to mill (Guthrie &Gurney 1897); South Australianflour reported to have an excellentcolour, found to have 11.5% glutenand low (48%) water absorbingstrength (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897,Guthrie 1900, Peacock 1900).—History: Selection from Purple Strawmade by farmer T.Dart (Lucindale,SA) before 1890 (as Blue Stemlisted); grown on a commercial scalein South Australia in 1899 (Guthrie1900); wheat tested at Saddleworth,SA (Coleman 1902); grown atCowra Experimental Farm in 1901(Cowra Seed Register); grown byWiliam Farrer in 1896 and testedfor flour quality by Guthrie & Gur-ney (1897); grown at Wagga Exper-imental Farm 1901 (McKeown1901); 1901/02 (McKeown 1902);1903 (McKeown 1904); manuringexperiments Wagga ExperimentalFarm 1904 (McKeown 1905a);comparative wheat experimentsWagga Experimental Farm 1900-1904 (McKeown 1905b); grown atHawkesbury 1903 (Sutton 1904);Bathurst growth and ripening exper-

iments 1900 (as Chant’s Prolificand as Dart’s Imperial)(Peacock1900); Synonyms: Bluey; BerriganChampion; Blue Stem; Chant’s Pro-lific; Mountain Blue; Perry’sSquarehead; Sutton’s Prolific; Sut-tor’s Prolific.

Dart’s Wonder—grown at CowraExperimental Farm in 1893 (CowraSeed Register).

De Oude—grown at Cowra Experi-mental Farm in 1893 (Cowra SeedRegister).

D e f i a n c e .—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum); Defiance Group;plants medium height (3’ to 3’6")(Cobb 1897, McAlpine 1894).—History: American wheat varietycreated by Cyril G. Pringle(Champlain Valley, California, USA)in 1871 as a result of cross GoldenDrop x White Hamburg; introducedto NSW in the 1880s; described andillustrated by Shelton (1893) asgrown in Queensland in 1892/3;very popular wheat variety grownby 35.2 % of 213 Queensland farm-ers questioned in 1892 (Shelton1894); tested for rust resistance inQueensland in 1891; tested for rustresistance at Childers, Gippland, andPort Fairie (Vic.) in 1891; tested forrust resistance at Hawkesbury Agri-cultural College in 1893 (Thompson1894); in 1892/93 tested in Victoriafor rust resistance at Burnley(McAlpine 1894); wheat variety;tested at Wagga Experimental Farmin 1894 (Coleman 1894).—Distri-bution: sold as seed wheat by theWagga Experimental Farm in 1898(W.E.F. Sales Ledger).

Defiance Red.—reported as grownin Queensland in 1889 (Anon1890:17).

Varieties

43

Defiance

Deitz.—Lazistan Group; threshesrather hard (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897).

Delawara Wheat.—reported as sownin South Australia in 1868(Dunsdorfs 1956).

Democrat .—Early Baart Group;threshes easily (Cobb 1896, Cobb1897).

Diche Mediterranean.—Rieti orLadoga Group; threshes rather easily(Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).

District.—Tuscan Group; threshesvery hard (Cobb 1896, Cobb 1897).

Dollar.—Victorian farmer’s selec-tion from Purple Straw (Anon1991).

Dominion—Synonym for AustralianGlory

Dr. Bancroft.—Synonym → IndianDelta.

Dutoits

Du Toits.—Fine wheats type(Triticum sativum), Early BaartGroup (Cobb 1897); ear bearded,rosy; ears bearded, yellow, occ. rosyand smooth, with biscuit-colouredgrain; short (2’6"-3’) plants withbroadish leaves and medium strengthstraw the cut surface of the grainwas horny; medium wheat ('bitingtest'); threshes rather hard (Cobb1896; 1896b, 1897, 1904,McAlpine 1894).—History: i n


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1892/93 tested in Victoria for rustresistance at Burnley (McAlpine1894); tested for rust resistance atChilders, Gippland, and Port Fairie(Vic.) in 1891; grown as experimen-tal crop at Wagga ExperimentalFarm in 1893/94 (Cobb 1895);grown at Hawkesbury 1903 (Sutton1904); tested in 1893, 1894 and1895

Documents

New 19 Century Australian Wheat Varieties - Brockwell Bake · 2014. 7. 4. · rusts in wheat listed 56 varieties as grown in 1868 (Dunsdorfs 1956, p. 147), while Cobb’s nomenclature