lo 'l'|rc l,'irsl ll'tthl ll'at

"l"htwt'1 ol'Yortllt" Kitlltitrirrt"l'yrr;rrrrorrglrl oprlirrrislic sohrr,t.irr llrc itkrrrllrat lltc wltr wits tttitkitrg lrcrtvt'rr ir ur(,r('wlrok.sorrrt.rurtl t,lrt,crl'rrl lllrrr.t',;xr;rrrlitlirrg il rrow witlr r,lcirrr irrrrl Lrrrglrirrg lrrrls.

Al tlre llt'girrrrirrg lltt:rc wlrs r grcll flrrx of srx:iirl i<lculisrrr.'l'lrc llupwits lo lrc st:vert:ly prrrrislrcrl for ovcrnrnrringlrlrTiiltifE"lgiurn, ancll'lttrollc wlts to llc rcclcctttc<l fr<lrrr sclfislrrrcss, cuurring, and arbitraryl'orcc, As C. l'1. M<lrrtuglrc rcrncnrbcrcci, "AIl thc air was ringing withrorrsirrg assrrnrnccs. li'rancc to bc savcd, Belgium righted, freedom andcivilizaliorr rcw<.rn, a sour, soiled, crooked old world to be rid of bulliesitrul c:rrxrks arrcl rcclaimed for straightness, decency, good-nature.Wlrlt r clrancc!" At the training camps

rcill, cottstitutional lazy fellows would buy little cram-books of drill out oftlrcir pay and sweat them up at night so as to get on the faster. Men warnedfor a guard next day would agree among themselves to get up an hourbcforc the pre-dawn winter Rev6ill6 to practice among themselves thebcatrtifulsymbolic ritual of mounting guard in the hope of approaching thefar<1ff, longed-for ideal of smartness, the passport to France

Mrrrrtagtrc's words appear in his book significantly titled Disenchant-rtrcrtl-published four years after the war. Those who had once beent:rrclrantcd were now either dead, maimed, insane, or cynical. "The gen-crouli youth of the war . . . was pretty well gone. . . .The authentic flame, , , was as dead as the half-million of good fellows whom it had fired fourycars ago, whose credulous hearts the maggots were now eating under sonrilny shining and streaming square miles of wet Flanders and Picardy."

It had all begun in fune r9r4, when Archduke Francis Ferdinand,hcir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, was assassinated in Sarajevo,llosrria-Herzogovina, by , Serbian patriot fed up with Austrian domi-rration of his country. Austria-Hungary used the occasion to pick a long-tlcsircd quarrel with Serbia and to issue an ultimatum that could onlyg:rocluce war. At this point the system of European alliances, negotiatedovcr many decades, had to be honored: Russia came to the aid of Serbia,whcrcupon Germany jumped in on the side of Austria-Hungary. Francetlrcn honored her treaty with Russia, Britain hers with Franie. By Octo-bcr r9r4, Turkey had joined the side of Germany and Austria-Hungary(tlrc "Central Powers"). By the end of the year the notorious trenchsystcm was emplaced in Belgium and France, running 4oo miles from itsttrlrthern anchor at the North Sea to its southern end at the Swiss borderwhilc in the east, another front developed along th. R;;;;;ft;rt^liArrstria-Hungary. Italy can-re in on the side of the Allies in r9r 5, openingit front against Austria. And in April 1917, the United States, e*as-pcratcd by German sinking of its ihipr,'joined the Allies, although itIook many months for an American army to be assembled, rrppli.d,

"Nerf,r .\n,h ltttttx,t,ttt\, ,4!i;il'tt" 3f

lr;tiltctl, slri;lPc'rl lo l,lrrro;lc, urrrl irrstullccl irr tlrc lirrc.'l'hc Anrcricansitrrivc<l so lltlc irr tlrc war tlrat altlrouglr tlrcy forrght impressively andwcrc gcncrally crc<litccl with supplying thc needed weight to win thewar, tlrcy strffcrccl only about one-tenth the casualties of the British, andtllorc Artlcrican soldiers died from infuenza than from gas and bulletsancl shclls.

Stalemate and attrition are terms inseparable from the memory of theFirst World War. Because massed, quick-firing artillery and machineguns employed by the thousands gave the defense an unprecedentedadvantage, both the Allies and the Central Powers fou.,d themselvesvirtual prisoners of their trenches for months on end. Indeed, from thewinter of ryr4 until the spring of r9r8, the trench system seemed fixed,moving now and then a few hundred yards forward or back, on greatoccasions moving as much as a few miles. Theoretically it would havebeen possible to walk from the North Sea beaches all the way to the Alpsentirely below ground, but actually the trench system was not absoluteiycontinuous. It was broken here and there, with mere shell holes or forti-fied strong points serving as connecting links. A little more than half theAllied line was occrpied by the French. The rest was British, consistingof about 8oo battalions of some r,ooo men each. The two main concen-trations of Allied strength were the Yp_r,es Salient in Flanders and theSomme area in Picardy. These are the places most often recalled in theseselections.

Ideally, there were three parallel lines of trenches facing the enemy,with the front-line trench fifty yards to a mile or so from its hostiiecounterpart across the way. Several yards behind the front-line trenchwas the support trench, and several yards behind that the reserve. Thesewere "firing" trenches, connected by communication trenches runningperpendicular. "Saps," shallower trenches, ran out into No Man's Land,giving access to forward observation and listening posts, as well as gre-nade ("bomb") throwing positions and machi"e gu" nests. cominfupto the trenches from the rear, you might walk in a communicationtrench a mile or more long. It often began in a town and graduallydeepened, and by the time it reached the reserve trench it would bLeight feet deep. Into the sides of the trenches were dug "funk holes,"where one or two men would crouch when shelling became particulariyhe:tur. There were also deep dugouts, reached by crude stairways, used asofficers' quarters and command posts. The floor of a well-constructedtrench was covered with wooden duckboards because the bottom of atrench was usually wet and the walls, always crumbling, had to be rein-forced by sandbags, corrugated iron, or bundles of reeds. A trench wasprotected on the enemy side by copious entanglements of barbed wire,placed far enough out to prevent the enemy's crawling up to grenade-throwing range. The normal way of using the trench.r *r, for a unit to

1iru Alp,,ta,. &r&egillp A"&7a,* hsseu /il;+n^

h,W . N"rl-rYt

"Never Such Innocence Agairr"

Although many of its usages now seem archaic to the point of quaint-ness, the First World War (called the Great War or simply The Waruntil the outbreak of the Second necessitated a name-charlge) remainsthe prototype of modern wors; For one thing, it killed and wounded agreat'many people, over )7 million of them, in fact, more than threetimes the population of the state of Pennsylvania. It was also the first tomake significant use of machine guns, and by the tens of thousands, aswell as to feature barf,ed wire, steel helmets, tanks and famethrowers,poison gas and gas masks, and fighter planes'and aerial bombardment(r,4t3 people were killed in Zeppelin raids over England), and it was thefirst war to use the telephone to convey reports from the front lines tothe rear and orders from the rear to the front, making possible the very"modern" assuinption-i.e., skeptical and adversarial-that the staffdoesn't know what's going on. This war also established unevadableconscription as the national means for waging war with mass armies,thus providing civilians with a novel insight, formerly limited to themilitary, into the experience of socially sanctioned murder. The result .

was a literature of shock and outrage, a product of horror impfi*giiig onoptimism and innocence.

"Never such innocence again," writes Philip Larkin. He is thinking ofthe rush to the British recruiting stations in August 19r4. England hadnot been in a maior war for.a century, and people were unaware of thepotential effects of industrialism on an a"-cjivity conceived largely interms of cavalry, chivalry, and "honor." Most British and French ex-pected the war to be over by Christmas 1914, and the men in thetraining camps were anxious to do their bit with enthusiasm and "pep."The novelty of escaping offices and classrooms for tents in the field and aboyish life of athleticism and good fellowship was a heady experience,and as Rupert Brooke stressed in his farnous sonnet "Peace," at theoutset the war seemed to offer an invigorating fight from a tired, cynicalsociety. "l adore war," wrote the young poet fulian Grenfell. "It's like abig picnic. . . . I've never been so well or hrppy." He went on to writeabout "ioy of battle," but in r9r5 he was killed at Ypres. In her poem

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40 R. A. Scott Macfie

HT]GH MACDIARMID

7Bg2-7978

irr"p*11rid, pen-name of the scottish nationalist, Marxist, and Anglo-phobe Christopher M. Grieve, took up Housman's challenge.

ANoruBn EprrnpH oN aN Anuy oF MencuNARrES

It is a God-dr*ned lie to say that these '

Saved, or knew, anything worth any man,s pride.They were professional murderers and they tookTheir blood money and impious risks and died.

- In spite of all their kind some elements of worthWith difficulty persist here and there on earth.

R. A. SCOTT MACFIE1868-?

Macfre was in his mid-forties when he served in France with the Liver-poo!Scottish Regiment, winning the Military Medal and rising to therank of Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant.

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This k No Case of petty R,?ht or Wrong r47

EDINTARD THOMAS

1B7B- 1917

Born in London and educated at oxford, Thomas was an unhappy re_viewer and miscellaneous writer ,"tI grfu;;;;';; r' reading of the earrypoems of Robert Frost whose u"r ir piir"nTri p*ti",, rhetoric hefound "revolutionary,'i and in hrb i*n po"*, he triei to equar their carmsurfaces. Only stx of his por-i *rr" published tiire he was killed onthe Western Front.

IN MrrvroRrAM (Easrnn,( r9r 5)The fowers left thick at nightfall in the woodThis Eastertide call into *Ind tf,. *.r,Now far from home, who, with tf,." sweethearts, shouldHave gathered them and will do ,.u., agrir.

!v' v"vr

Tnrs Is No Case or perry Rrcnr on WnoNc

This is no case of petty right or wrongThat politicians oi philosJphers

_Qy igdge. I hate_not Germans, nor grow hotWith Iove of Englishmel, to pl.rr. newspapers.p9s1de my hate for one fri pririotMy hatred of the Kaiser is love true:_I kil9 of god he is, banging, gong.But I have not to choosJb"ir.L fh" tro,Or.between iustice and injustice- DinnedWith war and argument I read no moreThan in the storm smoking rlo"g the windAthwart the wood. fuLw,tgb.r, *uldrons roa;;

144 I Eric Hiscock

From one the weather shall rise clear and gay;Out of the other an England beautiful -

And like her mother that died yesterday.Little I know or care if, being dull,I shall miss something that historiansCan rake out of the ashes when perchanceThe phoenix broods serene above their ken.But with the best and meanest EnglishmenI am one in crying, God save England, lestWe lose what .,er.r slaves and cattle blessed.The ages made her that made us from dust:She is all we know and live by, and we trustShe is good and must endure, loving her so:And as we love ourselves we hate her foe.

A Pnrvarn

This ploughman dead in battle slept out of doorsMany a frozen night, and merrilyAnswered staid drinkers, good bedmen, and all bores:"At Mrs. Greenland's Hawthorn Bush,', said he,"I slept." None knew which bush. Above the town,Beyond "The Drover," a hundred spot the downIn Wiltshire. And where now at last he sleepsMore sound in France-that, too, he secret keeps.

ERIC HISCOCK

1900-tg}6

Hiscock was a schoolboy in oxford and an assistant in the BodleianLibrary there when, underage, he managed to ioin the Royal Fusiliers,a_nd by the spring of tgtS he was fghting near ypres. Aftir the war hebecame a iournalist on tlte Evening standard, where he specialized inbook news. More than a half-centuryafter the war, in tg76,-he published

Th€xilm,

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avid for conquest than ever. Brook, /ackson and myself all had somehomosexual tendencies (despite /acko's infatuation with hi, Cioydo"belle) and in the days and nights of stress we masturbated, but kisses onunshaved faces were rare, and then only in moments of acute dr,g.,When we were sent off on the prisoner-getting raid from the ..Bellevle,,trench in-the Ypres salient Brook kissed me a fond farewell .nd hof.dwe'd get back safely. |ackson, seeing such endearments taking plr". L,the duckboards covering the ghastly evil-smelling mud that wal o.r, t.*-p-orary High street, would grimace and say: "Blimey, you blokes. I can,tthink why you don't get married," but his arms *ouid encircle both of uswith all the energy of an Arsenal half-back who had watched his friendon the outsideleft score a goal that might take the team to wembley.

Trench warfare bred a ,monasticism not unlike which was lived atEton (ol lny other Public school) and in oxford and cambridge *rr.r.susceptible undergradyates yearned for favours from choirboyl singingHear My Proyer with all the passion of a spring morning thrusir gr..Ii"gan early worm. Many a soldier died and *r, *ourned by his fell"ow meiwith even more intensity than by some bereft wife at ho*e in n"gh"j.But the Lieutenant clarkes were a wholly different cup of tea.;fhevwere destroyers, devoid of the feelings that, probably, icept th. b;;;boys of Arthur's Round-Table togethir. No wonde, such p.ople

"f;;come to a dramatic end. Not unlike the parson I knew whq foreve,pursuing the sordid impossible, ended up wiih his penis cut off and stuckon his nose in some dank alley within the environi of his own oari

VTLFRED OVEN

1893-1918

Owen was a lieutenant in the Manchester Regtment whose literary ca-reer was encouraged by siegfried sassoon. A week before the Armiitice,this sensitive, shy, affectionate creature, already the winner of the Mit;-tary cross, was leading his men in an attack on the western Front whenhe was machine-gunned to death.

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Robert C. Hoffman

Shall they return to beating of great bells , r,{ *fnP*In wild trainloads? I 1.-

A few, a few, too few for drums and yells, I ..1""May creep back, silent, to village wells, \

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T C. HOFFMAN

7Bg7-DBs

Hoffman fought in France as a nineteen-year-old infantry sergeant in the

U.S. zSth Division. Wounded several times, he sutvived to become a

champion weightlifter and physical-cultute entrepreneur, an executive

of thi York (Pennsylvania) Bar Bell Co., and the publisher of the maga-

zine Strength and Health, as well as the author of books like Big Arms:

How To D.relop Them and How To Be Strong, Healthy, and Happy.

In t94o he wrote I Remember the Last War to caution against Ameri-

can involvement in another one.

From I RevrervtBER THE Last Wan

The ward of the hospital I was in was a huge affair with row after row of

iron beds filled with wounded. I believe there must have been five hun-

dred wounded in the huge room in which I was placed. It is doubtful ifthis building was originafly a hospital; it had been pressed into service for

that purpor-.. fn. ,ong 'tMrdeltn" was popular at this time and a boy

abori fourteen came diily to sing for us. He thought that he was doing

his bit to cheer us uP. At the age of puberty which he was passing

through, any boy will have far from an attractive voice-an occasional

n.r, 6rrr, aiternating with a high falsetto, and all degrees of tones in

between. But this young fellow had a particularly terrible voice aside

from going through the period of changing voices-a piercing, penetrat-

ing, ,Ispiig voice which would have done credit to an east side fish-

monger.