Neutrino Astronomy Neutrino Astronomy at the South Poleat the South Pole

David BoersmaDavid BoersmaUW MadisonUW Madison

Lake Louise Winter InstituteLake Louise Winter InstituteChicago, 23 February 2006Chicago, 23 February 2006

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 22

IceCube CollaborationIceCube Collaboration

• Universität Wuppertal, Germany• MPI Heidelberg• Uppsala university, Sweden• Stockholm university, Sweden• Imperial College, London, UK• Oxford university, UK• Utrecht University, Netherlands

• Universität Wuppertal, Germany• MPI Heidelberg• Uppsala university, Sweden• Stockholm university, Sweden• Imperial College, London, UK• Oxford university, UK• Utrecht University, Netherlands

• Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium• Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium• Université de Gent, Belgium • Université de Mons-Hainaut, Belgium• Universität Mainz, Germany• Humboldt Universität, Germany• DESY-Zeuthen, Germany• Universität Dortmund, Germany

• Universite Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium• Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium• Université de Gent, Belgium • Université de Mons-Hainaut, Belgium• Universität Mainz, Germany• Humboldt Universität, Germany• DESY-Zeuthen, Germany• Universität Dortmund, Germany

• Alabama University, USA• University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA• Bartol Research Institute, Delaware, USA• Pennsylvania State University, USA• UC Berkeley, USA• UC Irvine, USA• Clark-Atlanta University, USA• University of Maryland, USA• IAS, Princeton, USA• University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA• University of Wisconsin, River Falls, USA• LBNL, Berkeley, USA• University of Kansas, USA• Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, USA

• Alabama University, USA• University of Alaska, Anchorage, USA• Bartol Research Institute, Delaware, USA• Pennsylvania State University, USA• UC Berkeley, USA• UC Irvine, USA• Clark-Atlanta University, USA• University of Maryland, USA• IAS, Princeton, USA• University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA• University of Wisconsin, River Falls, USA• LBNL, Berkeley, USA• University of Kansas, USA• Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, USA

USA (14)USA (14)Europe (15)Europe (15) JapanJapan

New ZealandNew ZealandANTARCTICA

• Chiba University, Japan• University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

• Chiba University, Japan• University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 33

Amundsen-Amundsen-Scott South Scott South Pole StationPole Station

Population:Austral Summer: ~240 peopleAustral Winter: ~60 people

South PoleDome

Summer camp

AMANDA

road to work

1500 m

2000 m

[not to scale]

IceCube

ANTARTICAANTARTICA

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 44

Cosmic Ray SpectrumCosmic Ray Spectrum

?

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 55

High Energy neutrinosHigh Energy neutrinos

Neglecting absorption (uncertain) Targets: p or ambient

Beam-dump model:0 -astronomy ± -astronomy

00

pp

ee ee

e e

Berezinsky et al, 1985Gaisser, Stanev, 1985

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 66

Neutrino Neutrino DetectionDetection

μ

νμ

νμμ

X X’

W

Angle(νμ,μ) ≈ 1° (at E=1TeV)

Detected energy deposit by muon gives lower limit for energy of neutrino

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 77

Neutrino Neutrino DetectionDetection

νe,τ

N X

W

e,τ

νμ,e,τ

N X

Z

νμ,e,τ

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 88

AMANDAAMANDA

AMANDA-II (2000 – 200x)AMANDA-II (2000 – 200x)• 677 OMs on 19 strings677 OMs on 19 strings• Ø 200m, 500m tall200m, 500m tall• Trigger rate 80 HzTrigger rate 80 Hz• Since 2003: TWR Since 2003: TWR

AMANDA-B10 (1997-1999)• 302 OMs on 10 strings• Ø 120m, 500m tall• DAQ: TDC/ADC (surface)

AMANDA-A (1996)

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 99

AMANDA research topicsAMANDA research topics Steady sources of neutrinosSteady sources of neutrinos

Point sources (e.g. AGNs)Point sources (e.g. AGNs) Diffuse flux (with muons)Diffuse flux (with muons) Diffuse flux (with cascades)Diffuse flux (with cascades) Atmosphere (cosmic rays)Atmosphere (cosmic rays) Gravitationally trapped WIMPsGravitationally trapped WIMPs

Exotics: e.g. magnetic monopolesExotics: e.g. magnetic monopoles Search for sources with time variabilitySearch for sources with time variability

GRBsGRBs Supernova explosionsSupernova explosions Flarers from e.g. AGNs, magnetarsFlarers from e.g. AGNs, magnetars

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 1010

Point source searchPoint source searchCombined data from 2000-2003 (livetime 807 days) 3329 (upward going) neutrino events Highest excess: 3.4 sigma (chance probability:

92%) Crab nebula: 10 events, <Nbg>=5.4 (chance

probability with 33 source candidates: 64%)

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 1111

Atmospheric Muons & Atmospheric Muons & NeutrinosNeutrinos

E deposited Nch

Get Eν and Eμ through unfolding

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 1212

WIMPs from the SunWIMPs from the Sun

ν

l

χ + χ → ν + ν (+…)

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 1313

Limits on muon flux from Earth center

Limits on muon flux from Sun

WIMP search in WIMP search in AMANDAAMANDA

Submitted for publication Published in Astrpart. Phys.

Disfavored by direct search (CDMS II)

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 1414

Let’s build a bigger one: IceCubeLet’s build a bigger one: IceCube

In-Ice Array:Number of strings: 80 (9)Optical Sensors: 4800 (540)Depth: 1450-2450mInstr. Volume: 0.9 km3

Angular Resolution: 0.6°

Surface Array (IceTop):

160 (32) tanks (2 per in-ice string)

2 DOMs per tank

Total 320 DOMs (64)

Construction: 2004-2010(status February 2006)

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 1515

main board

LED flasher board

PMT base

25 cm PMT33 cm Benthosphere

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 1616

High Energy muonsHigh Energy muons

Eμ = 6 PeV

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 1717

ContainedContainedHigh Energy High Energy

ShowerShower

E = 375 TeV

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 1818

High Energy TauHigh Energy Tau(double bang)(double bang)

E ≈ 10 PeV

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 1919

Ice is a quiet detection Ice is a quiet detection mediummedium

September 2005 InIce Noise Rates

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

String 21 DOM Position

Rate

(H

z)

Phenol

Bat

Bucatini

ConchiglieSchneider

Weisse

ErikSegersaell Gnu

OxygenDubbel

Porter

Avocado

(compare: expected ~60kHz per OM in ANTARES)

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 2020

First First IceTop-IceCube IceTop-IceCube

coincidence coincidence eventevent

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 2121

Conclusions & OutlookConclusions & Outlook

AMANDA showed the feasibility of AMANDA showed the feasibility of High Energy Neutrino astronomy High Energy Neutrino astronomy with ice as the detection medium.with ice as the detection medium.

IceCube will be the coolest neutrino IceCube will be the coolest neutrino telescope on Earth.telescope on Earth.

Maybe extended with acoustic Maybe extended with acoustic detectors (extension to EHE)detectors (extension to EHE)

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 2222

Extra MaterialExtra Material

Specs AMANDA (resolution etc.)Specs AMANDA (resolution etc.) IceTopIceTopGRBGRBDeploymentDeploymentFlasherFlasher

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 2323

time recorded on OM

AMANDA-II

μ trackspointing error : 1.5º -

2.5º σ[log10(Eμ/TeV)]: 0.3 - 0.4

coverage: 2πCascades (particle showers)

pointing error: 30º - 40º σ[log10(Ec/TeV)]: 0.1 - 0.2

coverage: 4πcosmic rays (+SPASE)

combined pointing err :< 0.5º

σ[log10(Ep/TeV)]: 0.06 - 0.1Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 524, 169

(2004)energy deposited in OM

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 2424

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 2525

IceTop

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 2626

27.1, 10:08: Reached maximum depth of 2517 m28.1, 7:00: preparations for string

installation start9:15: Started installation of the first DOM

22:36: last DOM installed 12 min/DOM22:48: Start drop

29.1, 1:31: String secured at depth of 2450.80 20:40: First communication to DOM

IceCube’s First String: January 28, 2005

23 February 200623 February 2006 David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006David Boersma @ Lake Louise Winter Institute 2006 2727

All 60 DOMs