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Neurotransmission
3 Na+
Outside
Inside
Na+
K+
Cl–
Outside
Inside
ATP
+ H2OADP
+ Pi
2 K+
Na/K ATPase(pdb ID 3A3Y)
+40
0
–40
–80
Membranepotential(mV)
2 milliseconds
Na+
Na+Node ofRanvier
Myelin sheath K+
K+
H3CN
O CH3
CH3H3C
O
Acetylcholine N
NH CH3
ON
CH3
H3C
H3C
OH
CH3
NicotineMuscarine
NH3C
CH3
CH3
OC
CH3
OOHC
CH3
O NH3C
CH3
CH3
HO
++H2O
acetylcholine acetic acid choline
Acetylcholinesterase
CH3O
CH3
P
CH3
F
O
O H NHN O
O
NHHN O
OCH3O
CH3
P
CH3
O
O
F
NHHN O
OOP
CH3
O
O
CH3
CH3
HO
Tabun
(GA)
Sarin
(GB)
+
Soman
(GD)
O
P OH3C
F
CH3H3C
OH
CH3H3CF
P OH3C
F
P
F
OH3C
O
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
O
P ON
C
CH3
H3C
H3C
N
O
P OH3C
S
CH3
VX
N CH3
CH3
H3C
CH3
N
O
O
OH
CH3
Atropine
NN
OH
CH3
2-PyridinealdoximeMethochloride(2-PAM Chloride)
Cl
N
CH3
O N
O
CH3
CH3Br
PyridostigmineBromide
O
PO
S
CH3
O
H3C
NO2
Parathion
N
CH3H
O
OH3C
HO
NH3C CH3
HO
O
O
CH3Tubocurarine
H3CN
O CH3
CH3H3C
O
Acetylcholine
H3CN
OO
NCH3
CH3H3C
O
CH3O
CH3
Succinyl choline
HN
NH
HO
H2N O
O
O
OHOH
HO
OH
Tetrodotoxin
N
NH
HN
NH
HO
HO
H2N
O NH2
O
NH2
Saxitoxin
O
HO
H3C
O
H
N
H3CO
H3C
O
NH
H3C
H3C
Batrachotoxin
Toxins
Toxin
Estimated LD50
(µg/kg of body weight)
Exposure method
Source Action
Botulinum toxin
0.001 Injection or ingestion
Clostridium botulinum Protease: Inhibition of acetylcholine exocytosis
Botulinum toxin
0.003 Inhalation
Tetanus toxin 0.002 Injection Clostridium tetani Protease: Inhibition of neurotransmitter exocytosis
Diphtheria toxin
0.1 Corynebacterium diphtheriae
ADP-ribosylation of eEF-2
Ricin 3. Inhalation Castor beans (Ricinus communis)
23S rRNA inactivation
Ricin 20,000. Ingestion
Batrachotoxin 2. Ingestion Phyllobates aurotaenia
(arrow poison frog) Sodium channel activator
Tetrodotoxin 8. Ingestion Tetraodontidae species (e.g., puffer fish)
Sodium channel blocker
VX 15. Inhalation Acetyl cholinesterase inhibition
Sarin 100. Inhalation Acetyl cholinesterase inhibition
NaCN 10,000. Ingestion Cytochrome oxidase inhibition
Anesthetics
HO HO
Ethanol Octanol
Cl Cl
H
Cl
O N2O
Chloroform DiethyletherNitrousoxide
Cyclopropane
BrF
Cl
FF
H
Halothane
OF
FF
F
F
F
Sevoflurane
OF
FF
FFF
F
Desflurane
OF
FF
Cl
F
F
Isoflurane
Ligand-gated ion channel GLIC from Gloeobacter violaceus bound to desflurane (pdb ID 3P4W)
OH3N
O
!-Amino butyric acid (GABA)
N
N O
CH3
HO
O CH3
CH2
Methohexital
CH3
N
N
OH3C
Cl
Diazapam
N
N
N
O
O
CH3
CH3O
N
N
N
Ro15-4513
OH3N
O
GlutamateOO
OO
O
O
NH2H3C
N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid(NMDA)
O
NH
CH3
Cl
Ketamine
OHCH3
H3C CH3
CH3
Propofol
O
CH3HO
CH3
H3C
H
H
H3C
!9-Tetrahydrocannabinol
CO
O
HO
OH
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG)
CNH
O
OH
Anandamide
Opioids
H3NN
NN
NO
O
H O
H O
H O
H O
H
H
H H
H
H
H
OH
S
CH3
Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met (Met-enkephalin)
H3NN
NN
NO
O
H O
H O
H O
H O
H
H
H H
H
H
H
OH
CH3H3C
Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu (Leu-enkephalin)
!-endorphin: YGGFMTSEKSQTPLVTLFKNAIIKNAYKKGE
N CH3
OH
O
OH
H
Morphine
N CH3
O
O
O
H
CH3O
CH3
O Heroin
N CH3
OCH3
H
Levomethorphan
H3CN
O N
Fentanyl
