Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
NEUROBIOLOGY
&
BEHAVIOUR AHL Option E
IB Biology
Miss Werba
AHL – OPTION E – NEUROBIOLOGY & BEHAVIOUR E.5 – THE HUMAN BRAIN
1. LABEL, on a diagram of the brain, the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, hypothalamus, pituitary gland
and cerebral hemispheres.
2. OUTLINE the functions of each of the parts of the brain listed in E.5.1.
3. EXPLAIN how animal experiments, lesions and FMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) scanning
can be used in the identification of the brain part involved in specific functions.
4. EXPLAIN sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart rate, movements of the iris and flow
of blood to the gut.
5. EXPLAIN the pupil reflex.
6. DISCUSS the concept of brain death and the use of the pupil reflex in testing for this.
7. OUTLINE how pain is perceived and how endorphins can act as painkillers.
E.6 – FURTHER STUDIES OF BEHAVIOUR
1. DESCRIBE the social organization of honey bee colonies and one other non-human example.
2. OUTLINE how natural selection may act at the level of the colony in the case of social organisms.
3. DISCUSS the evolution of altruistic behaviour using two non-human examples.
4. OUTLINE two examples of how foraging behaviour optimizes food intake, including bluegill fish
foraging for Daphnia.
5. EXPLAIN how mate selection can lead to exaggerated traits.
6. STATE that animals show rhythmical variations in activity.
7. OUTLINE two examples illustrating the adaptive value of rhythmical behaviour patterns.
-- EE..55 ––
TTHHEE HHUUMMAANN
BBRRAAIINN
E.5.1
E.5.2
Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum):
• ___________________ thought
• ___________________
• ___________________
• Problem solving
• ___________________
Hypothalamus:
• Maintains ___________________ via ___________________ of the ___________________ and
___________________ systems
• Regulates ___________________ of ___________________ ___________________
Pituitary gland:
• ___________________ and ___________________ ___________________ regulating many body
functions
• eg. _____________ (for ____________________________)
Medulla oblongata:
• Controls ______________________ and ______________________ activities
• eg. ______________________, ______________________, vomiting, _________________________,
______________________
Cerebellum:
• __________________________________________________________________ and
______________________
E.5.3
How can fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) be used in the identification of the
brain part involved in specific functions?
• ‘_____________________________________’ experiments are performed using ________________
• Allow us to see ________________________________________ of the brain are
_____________________________________ during particular tasks.
• ______________________ ______________________ to
particular regions is detected and overlayed on an MRI image.
• fMRI studies show the ______________________ of various
regions
• Also show ______________________ and
______________________ between groups of people
– eg. those with autism and those without
How can lesions be used in the identification of the brain part involved in specific
functions?
• Lesions are ______________________ ______________________ or ______________________.
• Lesions in the brain will ______________________ ______________________.
• By observing ______________________ in ______________________ or ______________________,
the normal function of the damaged area can be determined.
• This type of research lead to the discovery of ______________________ in the 1860s, the area of the
brain responsible for ______________________.
How can animal experiments be used in the identification of the brain part involved in
specific functions?
• ______________________, but has led to many scientific advances.
• Studies involve:
– ______________________ brain ______________________
– ______________________ of the brain to observe results
– ______________________ brain ______________________ to observe results
E.5.4
• The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is part of the _______________________________________.
• It is responsible for ______________________ ______________________.
• It acts through ______________________ ______________________ of muscles and glands.
• There are 2 parts to the ANS:
1. ______________________ NS
– “_________________________________”;
– release ______________________ or ______________________
2. ______________________ NS
– “_________________________________”;
– release ______________________
SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
HEART RATE
Increases heart rate body is _____________________
______________________ is
needed to get ________________
to muscles and remove carbon
dioxide
Decreases heart rate body is _____________________
______________________ is
needed
MOVEMENTS
OF THE IRIS
Contracts radial muscles
of the eye
(relaxes circular muscles) ___________________________
allows ______________________
to enter eye, providing a
______________________ of
perceived threats
Contracts circular muscles
of the eye
(relaxes radial muscles) ___________________________
allows ______________________
to enter, ______________
___________________________
from damage
BLOOD FLOW
TO THE GUT
Decreases
blood flow to the gut allows blood to flow to
______________________ (eg.
muscles) which need more
glucose and oxygen
digesting food is a _______
_______________ in emergencies
Increases
blood flow to the gut facilitates digestion
builds up ______________
_______________ and supplies
muscles & tissues with
___________________________
E.5.6
• Doctors can use the ______________________ to test for brain death in an
______________________ patient in need of ___________________________.
• If the ______________________ are ______________________ ______________________, it is an
indicator of brain death.
• This is because:
– It is controlled by the ______________________, so needs brain activity
– It is a ______________________________________, in need of no conscious decision making
– It is __________________________________________________________________, so
should be involuntary
• If simple reflexes don't work, it is unlikely that higher-order brain function will be possible.
E.5.5
• The pupil reflex is a ______________________ ______________________ originating at the
______________________ and under the control of the ______________________ nervous system
• Bright light hitting the retina can potentially ______________________ ______________________
and ______________________ the ______________________
• The ______________________ will ______________________ ______________________ to
______________________ the amount of light that reaches the retina.
DIM LIGHT
Relay neurons stimulate the
_____________________________ NS
___________________ muscles in
iris contract
The pupil ___________________
BRIGHT LIGHT
Relay neurons stimulate the
_____________________________ NS
___________________ muscles in
iris contract
The pupil ___________________
E.5.6
• The stimulus for pain could be ______________________, ______________________ or penetration
of the skin
• Receptors include ______________________ (pain receptors), stretch receptors, baroreceptors
(pressure), thermoreceptors, etc
• ____________________________________________ relay the impulses to the brain.
• These nerves connect with the sensory cortex and the brain _________________________________
• This should alert the brain to try to stop the action to prevent further damage.
• Body tries to ______________________ the ______________________ of the pain by producing
______________________ ______________________
– to allow the individual to ____________________________________________ and
improve ______________________ ______________________
• These pain killers are called ______________________.
• Endorphins ____________________________________________ at synapses involved in
____________________________________________, thus “blocking” the pain.
• Endorphins effectively ______________________ the ______________________ membrane of the
relay neuron, ______________________ the impulse from being passed on.
• These substances are ______________________ ______________________ so that their effects are
not long-lasting.
• ______________________ (like morphine and heroin) _____________________________________.
-- EE..66 ––
FFUURRTTHHEERR
SSTTUUDDIIEESS IINN
BBEEHHAAVVIIOOUURR
E.6.1
• Social behaviour:
• Examples:
– ______________________
– ______________________
Honey bees
• Honey bees live in ______________________ of ______________________ individuals
• Individuals in the colony interact closely and have __________________________________________
and ______________________.
• These are referred to as ______________________.
• Most individuals in the colony are ______________________ and there is ______________________.
• There are also ______________________, whose only function is to _____________ with the queen.
• Queen:
– There is ______________________ queen in each colony!
– Function = to ___________________________________________
– Only leaves the hive to mate and swarm
– Controls colony activities through ______________________ (scent)
– Mates with many males at one time and _________________________________________ to
be used throughout her life
– Lays thousands of _______________________________ in the cells of the honey comb
• Workers:
– All ______________________
– ______________________
– Perform a series of roles in order as they mature:
• young bee, nurse, ______________________, ______________________,
______________________
– Live for ______________________
– ______________________ the queen and drones
•
E.6.1
• Drones:
– All ______________________
– ______________________ (ie. only have one set of chromosomes)
– Their only function is to ______________________
– Mate with the queen in the air and die soon after
• When the colony gets ______________________, the queen will prepare to ____________________
• If this is the case, some of the larvae are fed a ___________________________________________
(royal jelly) they will develop into ______________________.
• Otherwise, they will develop into ______________________.
• The old queen will leave with half the colony and the ______________________will emerge.
• The ______________________will follow the new queen. She will be fertilised and store the sperm
to be used over the next few years.
E.6.1
E.6.2
• A colony of individuals with set roles displays ______________________ ______________________.
• Which means....???
• All individuals are ______________________ ______________________ ______________________.
• Advantageous traits in a ______________________ that ______________________ the
______________________ ______________________ of the ______________________ will be
selected for.
• These genes will be ______________________ through the ______________________.
E.6.1
Naked mole rats
• Mole rats live in ______________________ ______________________ of up to 80 individuals
• They are ______________________.
• Individuals in these colonies also set ______________________ and ______________________.
• There is ______________________ and a small number of __________________________________.
• The queen is the only female who is allowed to mate.
• Non-reproductive females act ______________________ to ______________________
______________________ of the ______________________ and her offspring.
• When the queen dies however, ______________________ between females becomes fierce as the
other females compete to take her place
• The ______________________ of the workers is ______________________ but maintained by the
queen using ______________________.
• The burrow itself could not be constructed or defended without social organisation.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
E.6.3
• Altruistic behaviour:
• Altruistic behaviour is the product of ______________________ ______________________.
• ______________________ ______________________ are ______________________ and therefore
______________________ to natural selection.
• Examples:
– __________________________________________________________________
– ______________________
– ______________________
Ants
• Demonstrate ______________________ through ________________________________________,
in a similar way to honey bees
• They ensure that closely related individuals are promoted, thus ensuring the survival of
______________________ ______________________
• Males are ______________________, females are ______________________
• Therefore all females are ____________________________________________
• By acting altruistically to ____________________________________________,
______________________ the young or ______________________ the queen,
individual workers __________________________________________________________________.
Vampire bats
• Demonstrate ______________________ ______________________
• They ensure their own survival and reproductive success by ______________________
______________________ ______________________.
• They need to feed on blood every 24-36hrs or they lose body weight quickly and can die.
• They have a ______________________ ______________________, where
______________________ bats share blood with each other.
• Individuals who do not reciprocate are ______________________ from the sharing group and are
therefore ______________________ ______________________ should they need blood later.
E.6.4
• Foraging behaviour:
• The ______________________ must ______________________ the ______________________.
• As long as the ______________________ of ______________________ outweighs the
______________________ and ______________________ ______________________, the foraging
strategy being used will benefit the ______________________ ______________________
______________________.
• Examples:
– ____________________________________________
– ________________________________________________________
Bluegill sunfish
• These fish live in ponds where they prey
on small invertebrates, including ______________________.
• When food is ______________________, the fish will
consume ______________________ of Daphnia.
• When food is ______________________, bluegills are more
selective with their prey, choosing ______________________ Daphnia.
• Consuming small numbers of large prey ____________________________________________ than
large numbers of small prey, so it represents a better _________________________________ ratio.
Crown of thorns starfish
• These starfish live __________________________________________,
the organisms that ________________________________________.
• They will remain in an area for as long as it is ______________________
to forage there, and then they ______________________.
• This gives them a __________________________________________ ratio.
• They are causing ____________________________________________ to coral reef systems, each
individual starfish ___________________________________________ per year.
E.6.6
•
• These behaviours are ____________, so they are subject to _________________________________.
• Rhythmical behaviour:
• Example:
– __________________________________________ patterns of ______________________
– ______________________ nesting according to _____________________________________
– ______________________ populations booming during ______________________
E.6.5
• Sexual selection or courtship behaviour:
• ______________________ often ______________________ their mate
• So ______________________ need to ______________________ females in order to mate
• Males may also need to ______________________ other males to ______________________
______________________
• Example:
– ______________________
Peacocks
• The _____________________________________ is an ______________________
______________________ to attract females of the species.
• They ______________________ ______________________ ______________________, but deliver it
at a ______________________ ______________________.
• Mate selection can ______________________ ______________________ between
______________________ ______________________.
Sample questions
Topic E.5:
1. EXPLAIN sympathetic and parasympathetic control of blood flow to the gut.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
2. DISCUSS the concept of brain death and how it can be diagnosed.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
3. OUTLINE how pain is perceived and the role of endorphins in this process.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(Total 3 marks)
4. EXPLAIN how fMRI scanning can be used in investigation of how the human brain functions.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
Topic E.6:
1. DISCUSS the evolution of altruistic behaviour in a non-human species. (5min)
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
2. (8min)
a) State the effect of the presence of the helpers on
i. mean chick mass. [1]
......................................................................................................................................
ii. the probability of survival of the breeding females until the next breeding season. [1]
......................................................................................................................................
b) Calculate the percentage decrease in mean egg volume found in the presence of helpers as
compared to the parents only. Show your working. [2]
......................................................................................................................................
c) With reference to the data, suggest why the activity of the helper affects the probability of
survival of the breeding female until the next breeding season. [2]
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(Total 6 marks)
