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8/9/2019 Neuro Handbook -AKU 2015 FINAL A
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NEUROANATOMY MODULE
2015
Student Handook
Gross, Functional & Clinical Neuroanatomy
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General Objectives for the Neurosciences Module
At the end of the module the students should be able to:
Identify:
gross features of spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum and cerebrum
microorganisms responsible for meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscess
Relate:
organization and development of spinal cord, brain stem, cerebellum, motor &
sensory cortices (cerebrum) with each other and their blood supply
structural organization of spinal cord, brain stem, diencephalons, basal
ganglia, cerebellum and cerebral cortex to sensory and motor systems
organization of blood supply with the functional demands of different regions
of CNS
deficits in blood supply of CNS with clinical feature
physiological basis of nerve conduction with synaptic transmission
the physiological basis of electroencephalography (EEG), nerve conduction
studies and electromyography (EMG) with:
i. neural membrane depolarization
ii. re-polarization
iii. action potential propagation
biochemistry of neurotransmitters, neuron-peptides, protein infectious agents(prions), receptors, membrane proteins, complex carbohydrates and lipids (in
particular, glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins metabolism and
sphingolipidoses) with their role in the nervous system
metabolic requirements of neurons with their functions
structural and functional organization of reticular activating system (RAS)
with maintenance of normal levels of consciousness, arousal and alertness.
structural organization and composition of human reflex arc with the role of
muscle spindle in initiating a reflex action
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pain pathway with its neurobiology
structural and functional organization of neuronal circuits of limbic system
with higher mental functions, cognition, memory and emotions
various disorders of memory with clinical implications (we only discussAlzhiemers)
the mechanism of injury, mode of transmission, host immune responses and
penetration of possible etiological agents into blood brain barrier to
development of meningitis, encephalitis and brain abscess
site of brain abscess to the possible underlying risk factor and etiologic agent
the mechanism of injury and repair in the nervous system due to hypoxia,
abnormal proteins and other physical insults
role of structural organization of ventricular system, blood brain barrier and
meninges in maintenance of intracranial pressure and CSF homeostasis
the organization of ALL cranial nerve nuclei in the brain stem with
neurological deficits caused due to their (IV, V, VII, IX, X, XI and XII)
involvement in disease.
the organization of cranial nerve nuclei III & VI including their
internuclear connection (MLF) with their neurological deficits
gross anatomy to the radiological anatomy as seen on Magnetic Resonance
Imaging and Computerized Tomography scans
structural and functional organization of sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system with their functions.
concept of intelligences with various factors influencing intelligence, their
clinical implications and measurements of intelligence
principles of associative and complex learning to human behavior
factors influencing decision making in vegetative, terminally ill and brain dead
patients with bioethical, economic and social considerations
Discuss
molecular mechanisms involved in protein folding and degradation
biochemical components involved in different stages of memory
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general characteristics (habitat, morphology, virulence factors, pathogenesis,
disease, laboratory diagnostic features) of Neisseria meningitidis, Hemophilus
influenza, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Herpes simplex virus
molecular basis of atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism (revisit)
use of the following pharmacological agents with their mechanism of action
and pharmacokinetics while identifying their important side effects:
i. Antidepressants ; MAOI (Phenelezine), TCAs (Amitriptyline), SSRIs
(Fluoxetine), Others like (Venlafaxine, Bupropion)
ii. Anxiolytics and hypnotics like Benzodiazepines (diazepam,
alprazolam, triazolam), Barbiturates (pentobarbital) and Anti
Serotonins (buspirone)
iii. Drugs for movement disorders like Dopamine Agonists (levodopa plus
carbidopa, bromocriptine, amantadine) , MAO Inhibitors (selegiline),
COMT Inhibitors (tolcapone) and Anticholinergics (benztropine)
iv. Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, ethosuximide, phenytoin, valproic
acid, gabapantine, phenobarbitone)
v. Mood Stabilizers (lithium)
vi.
Antipsychotics (chlorpromazine, haloperidol, risperidone)
vii. Anticholinesterase agents (neostigmine, pyridostigmine, rivastigmine,
edrophonium)
viii. NMDA-receptor antagonist (memantine)
ix. Neuromuscular blockers (tubocurarine, pancuronium, succinylcholine)
x. Antiplatelets (aspirin ;revisit, dipyridamole; revisit), Anticoagulants
(warfarin; revisit) and Thrombolytics (alteplase; revisit)
xi.
Antihypertensives (revisit)
xii. Anaesthetics (halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, nitrous
oxide, barbiturates (thiopental, methohexital), etomidate, ketamine,
propofol)
basic concepts and principles of screening test: interpret validity of screening
test
concepts of assessing validity of a study
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role of chance, bias & confounding in an epidemiological study and strategies
to deal with them
criteria to make causal inferences from epidemiologic studies, know the
guideline for judging an association to be causal, type of causal relationship
t-distribution, assumptions, hypothesis testing for one sample paired sample
data and two independent samples means.
chi-square distribution, assumptions and the hypothesis testing. Test of
independence for 2 x 2 and r x c tables.
nature and psychological consequences of intimate violence
psychosocial factors that contribute to gender differences in the expression and
acceptance of violent behavior
social and ethical issues related to epilepsy and its treatment
Compute and Interpret
confidence interval for one sample paired sample data and two independent
samples t-test based on small samples and its p-value.
expected cell count, degree of freedom and its p-value
Differentiate between:
upper and lower motor neurons on the basis of organization, structure and
function of the primary motor cortex, internal capsule, spinal tracts, motor
neurons, peripheral nerves and the neuromuscular junction
various preventive strategies against agents of meningitis and encephalitis
bacterial, viral, tuberculous/fungal meningitis on CSF analysis report
Classify:
brain tumors according to histogenesis
Skills:
obtain a history and perform neurological examination focusing on:
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higher mental function
cranial nerves
motor system
cerebellar system
sensory system
Psychomotor Skills:
obtain hands-on experience working on comprehensive electrophysiological
monitoring unit to study electrophysiological properties of the nerves
observe the changes in the EEG wave pattern and the effects of mental
activity, opening and closing of eyes in healthy subjects using power lab
machine
Integrate
multiple perspectives on the etiology and perpetuation of a
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Practical Neuroanatomy sessions
Lab session 1
The skull
Examine the cranial bones & Familiarise yourselves with their names
Name the paired bones forming the skull
What type of bone forms the skull?
Through which mode of ossification does Skull cap develop?
What types of joints are formed at SUTURES; between various skull bones?
Name the Unpaired bones forming the skull
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NORMA FRONTALIS
Examine the frontal bones
Locate the paired frontal sinuses
What is the functional importance of these sinuses?
Examine the maxillary bone
Identify the maxillary air sinus
Where does this sinus open?
Examine the nasal bones
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NORMA VERTICALIS
What is lambda?
What is Bregma?
What is anterior fontanelle? What is its functional / clinical significance?
Name the bones that form the posterior fontanelle.
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NORMA LATERALIS
PTERION
What is significance of PTERION?
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Name the only synovial joint in the skull?
NORMAL OCCIPITALIS
Identify external occipital protuberance
What are nuchal lines? Mark them on skull
Examine the cranial cavity; name the 3 cranial fossae.
State the boundaries / bones forming anterior cranial fossa
Name the part of the brain located in anterior cranial fossa
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Name the part of the brain located in anterior cranial fossa
Name the bones participating in the formation of floor of anterior cranial fossa
Name the bones participating in the formation of floor of anterior cranial fossa
State the boundaries / bones forming middle cranial fossa.
In the figure above; identify & label the different parts of the sphenoid bone
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Name the key foramina in the middle cranial fossa
Name the structure that passes through each of these
Label the optic canal; name the structure that passes through it?
State the boundaries / bones forming posterior cranial fossa
Name the part of the brain located here in posterior cranial fossa.
Identify & label the internal acoustic meatus & name the nerves that pass
through it
Name the structures passing through jugular foramen.
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Through which mode of ossification does Base of skull develop?
Which part of the skull is prone to fractures & why?
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The Acute Haematomas
Acute extradural
Fractures of skullBlow by a golf or cricket ball
Dura driven inwards
Rupture of vessels outside dura over skull
Lucid interval*
Changing level conciousness
Confusion / irritability
Pressure effects on motor cortexGradual paralysisclot spreadsFace, arm,leg, opposite side
Acute subdural
Head injuries
Thin extensive clotsubdural spaceCerebral oedema / contusion
Acute Intracerebral
Least commonRupture of intracerebral vesselCerebral compression
Laceration, contusion, oedema, necrosis
PRIMARY EFFECTS / CONSEQUENCES
Brain oedemaHaematomasCompression of brainHerniation / NecrosisDeterioration of conciousness
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HAEMATOMAS?
The brain injury carries more significance BECAUSE of Limited space
Protected environment / CSF
Brain neurons-do not regenerate
Loss of superior control for body functions
Arteriesare end arteries
Closely packed neurons
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The Living Anatomy of the Vertebral Column
In the figure below; Identify the features of this typical vertebra and bones of the
Thoracic Cage (Sternum and Ribs)/
Recap the main bony features of a typical vertebraExamine on skeleton and palpate the spinesof cervical,compare with
thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae in your subject
Can you comment on how shapes and direction of spines and tranverse
processes controls the direction and amount of movement in upper
cervical spine?
RECAP the VERTEBRAL LANDMARKS LISTED BELOW
Surface Anatomy: Landmarks and levels
(Inspection and Palpation)
1. External occipital protuberance / Nuchal lines
2. Spinous process of C7: vertebra prominens
3. Thoracic spines
5. Coccyx
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6. Superior and inferior angle (T7) / borders and spine of the scapula
7. Iliac crest: L4 vertebra
8. Dimple for posterior superior iliac spine: S2
9. Transverse processes of vertebrae
11. Sacroiliac joints
Spinous processes of L2-L4 & L5
Dimple for posterior superior iliac spine: S2
Transverse processes of vertebrae
Palpate the spine of 7thcervical vertebra
Why is it called vertebra prominens?
Count the number of each. Cervical vertebra
Examine the transverse processes of cervical, compare with thoracic, and lumbar
vertebrae
LOCALISE: transverse process of 1stcervical midway b/w / angle of mandible &
mastoid process (behind ear lobule)
List the features of cervical that make them different from thoracic, and lumbar
vertebrae
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EXAMINE THE PICTURE ABOVE & State which cervical vertebrae are calledAtypical cervical vertebrae ? and WHY; state 3 reasons
Names of the first and second cervical vertebra
Explain the type of articulation of atlas with skull Cervical vertebrae (Atlanto-
occipital joints)
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Examine how articular facets are arranged in the cervical vertebrae
Examine Orientation of facets of joints of cervical vertebrae and state the type and
degree of movement possible in cervical spine.
Identify the structure that travels through the hole on either sides / transverse
processes of cervical vertebrae?
Blockage / narrowing of vertebral artery can lead to vertebrobasilar
insufficiency / VBIleading to light-headedness /faintness. Remember
this when you are examining / assessing the spine in a patient.
Examine shapes and direction of spines and tranverse processes of cervical vertebrae
(C1 & C2)
What does the name ATLAS remind you?
Name the ligaments that stabilise the atlanto-occipital joint
(THUS SUPPORT HEAN ON NECK)
Mark the attachment of following ligaments in cervical spinal column:
Supraspinous
Interspinous
Ligamentum flavum
Anterior longitudinal and
Posterior longitudinal ligaments
Ligamentum nuchae
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*Movement occurs at two joints together -like a hinge joint
*Facilitate nodding (flexion) of head
Atlanto-occipital articulation
Examine cervical column and mark the attachment of following at
atlanto-occipital joint
Two Articular Capsules
The Anterior Atlantoccipital membrane
The Posterior Atlantoccipital membrane
Two Lateral Atlantoccipital ligaments
Locate / surface mark the Atlantoaxial joint
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Intervertebral discs have no nerve supply, but a patient with prolapsed /
herniated discexperiences so much pain; WHY?
What is tectorial membrane? State its role
What is its location; mark it on the vertebral column?
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Atlantoaxial articulation
-Joint b/w 1st / Atlas and 2nd axis
-Tooth-like dens / Odontoid of
axis / C2
-Articulates with body of atlas
(C1)
*facilitates pivoting of the head
Say No!
Ligaments supporting joint:
Two Alar
The Apical OdontoidThe Membrana Tectoria
IN FIGURE ABOVE: Examine the Ligaments Connecting Axis withOccipital Bone
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Clinical Conditions Vert column Trauma; Mechanical injuries Herniated discDONE PREVIOUSLY
Iinflammatory & other conditions
Degenerative diseases /Herniated disc
What is whip lash?
Whiplaash include injury to intervertebral joints, discs, and ligaments,cervical muscles, and nerve roots.
1-Spinal Cord TraumaA.
Results from fracture of 1 or more vertebraeB. Symptoms depend upon severity of trauma and
vertebrae involveda. cervical - can cause death or tetraplegiab. thoracic - lower limb paraplegiac. lumbar ( cauda equina) loss of lower limb
function without total paraplegia
2-Inflammation
"Spondyloitis, " an inflammation of the vertebrae. Ankylosingspondylitis - inflammation of articular processes
3-Degenerative disc disease
Spondylomalacia, - "malacia, " which means soft, forms a softening ofthe vertebrae.
Spondylolysis - "spondylo, " means vertebra, and "lysis," whichmeans dissolve, and so it means dissolution of a vertebra.
Ankylosis of the vertebra; often applied nonspecifically to any lesionof the spine of a degenerative nature.
*Bony replacement of ligaments around the disc spaces of thespine, associated with decreased mobility and eventual fusion;marginal osteophyte.
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Lab session-2
Anatomy of the spinal cord
Gross Anatomy & the functional anatomy of the Spinal cord / Sensory pathways
/
What is the level f termination of the spinal cord:
-In a child
-in an adult
Define filum terinale
Define cauda equina
What is lumbar punture?
What is the site of choice for performing lumbar puncture?
Name the contents of vertebral canal?
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Examine the prosection / model of the spinal cord and identify / locate in the images
below
Grey matter and white matter
Dorsal and ventral horn
Dorsal and ventral root
Spinal nerve
Dorsal root ganglion
Name the white matter funniculi in thoracic segment below
Identify Central canal in lumbar segment
What is the functional difference between dorsal and ventral roots?
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Where do ventral and dorsal roots unite to form a spinal nerve?
Label the parts of a spinal nerve in the figure below
Draw a cross section of spinal cord and label:
White mater funniculus & name the tracts located in each one
Between which of the two vertebra do each of the following spinal nerves leave thevertebral canal
C4 nerve
C8 nerve
L5 nerve
At which levels of the spinal cord levels are the following present:
Fasciculus garcilis
Fasciculus cuneatusLateral grey horns
What is the functional role of each of these?
In which funniculus of spinal cord does touch sensation travel?
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What types of sensory information are carried by posterior column pathway?
*The fibres of this system run
a-at the level of spinal cord
-in nucleus fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
b-At the level of the closed medulla
-in nucleus fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus internal arcuate to medial
leminiscus
c-At the level of open medulla
- Medial leminicus to thalmus
State the number of neurons involved in this posterior column pathway/
At what level does this pathway decussate to the opposite side?
Where does the pathway terminate?
Does the dorsal column run ipsilaterally or contalaterally within the cord?
On appropriate drawings / models locate the principal components of spinothalamic
pathway
What types of sensory information are carried by the spinothalamic pathway?
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On appropriate drawings locate the principal components of medial leminiscal
pathway / dorsal column
State the number of neurons involved in this pathway/
At what level does this pathway decussate to the opposite side?
Where does the pathway terminate?
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Effects of damage to / deterioration of dorsal column pathwaySensory Ataxia
Gait (walking) problemsrelated to loss of proprioception following
degeneration of dorsal columns and/or dorsal roots. caused by:Syphilis Tabes dorsalis Vitamin B-12 deficiencyPeripheral
neuropathy(e.g. as seen in diabetics and alcoholics)Multiple
sclerosis.
*Watches feet while walking, feet tend to slap down; shows a positive
Rombergs sign (person sways and is unsteady if asked to stand with
eyes closed)
Tabes Dorsalis
Irritation of Sensory Receptors
Symptom ofposterior column
As sensory receptors deteriorate, they may malfunction before they stop
functioning causing paresthesia or dysesthesia. E.g. in tabes dorsalis
shooting, excruciating, electrical-like or cramp-like pains occur, and in
peripheral neuropathyunpleasant, abnormal tingling, burning, tightness, &
pins & needles paresthesias occur.
Astereognosis
Another symptom ofposterior column damage. Without fine discriminative
touch person cannot identify objects or textures by touch. Can happen in
Multiple Sclerosisif dorsal column loses its myelin
Syringomyelia
Disease affecting spinal cord as a whole:
Enlarged CSF filled cavity within cervical spinal cord, most often associated
with Chiari malformation (cerebellum bulging through foramen magnum).
Cavity compresses and damages nearby tissue (like hydrocephalus of
cord) Cape anesthesia, loss of pain & temp sensation from hands,
weakness if ventral horns damaged If severe, operate on malformation
or shunt.
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Lab session-3
Anatomy of the Brain (CEREBRUM)
Identify the main sulci & Gyri of the brain
Name various poles of the brain in the image below
Why is it important to know the poles?
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What is meant by the term primary sensory (or motor) area of cortex?
Name the locations and functions of primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory
Observe the grooves on the surface of cerebral hemispheres
What is the functional importance of these?
Why can we not feel the weight of brain ?
Name the major components of diencephlon
Corpus callosum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia / CROSS-SECTION
Examine the medial surface of one cerebral hemisphere
Identify & label Thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callosum, and internal capsule in
the image below
*Both thalamus and hypothalamus can be subdivided into a series of functional cell groups or nuclei.
Some of the thalami nuclei receive input from the general and special senses and project to
corresponding sensory areas of cortex.
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Why brain injury carries more significance?
Limited space
Protected environment / CSF
Brain neurons-do not regenerate
Loss of superior control for body functions
Arteries are end arteries
Closely packed neurons
Neurologic Principles that govern the clinicalpresentations ----
UMN (upper motor neurons)
LMN (lower motor neurons)
End-arteries
Collateral circulation
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Lab-session-4
Blood Supply of the brain
Examine the arteries supplying the different regions of the brain
Review the arterial Circle of Willis
Why is it called Circle of willis?
SCHEMATIC IM AGE TO SHOW YOU RELATION & LOCATION OF CRICLE
OF WIL LI S & ITS ARTERIES
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In the diagram above; or on the models Review, Identify & Label
o Vertebral arteries
o The basilar artery
o
Pontine branches
o Posterior cerebral artery
o Anterior communicating artery
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So two major causes of a stroke:
=Blockage of a blood vessel (in the brain or neck) by
=a blood clot in the brain or neck (this is called a thrombosis)
=a blood clot from somewhere else that has moved and now
blocks a blood vessel in the brain or neck (this is called an
embolism)
=constriction or narrowing of an artery in the head or neck (this
is called a stenosis)
=Bleeding of a blood vessel (this is called hemorrhagic stroke)
1-Ischemic strokes
The majority of strokes are caused by a sudden blockage in the
blood vessels (arteries) supplying the brain, by a blood clot
(thrombus)??
The clot may actually form in an artery supplying blood to the
brain??
Clots can also form elsewhere in the body and then travel via
the blood vessels to the brain, where they lodge in an artery and
cut off the blood supply. This form of clot is called an
embolism??
Presentation, Symptoms and Signs of neurologic damage /
disease
Depend on
Location of damage / disease
Upper motor neurons effected or
Lower motor neurons effected
Duration / intensity of trauma or diseaese
2-Haemorrhagic strokes
Some strokes are caused by the sudden bursting
(haemorrhaging) of an artery in the brain, leading to bleeding
inside the brain much less common.
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Lab session -5
Basal Nuclei & extrapyramidal system
Name the Components of the extrapyramidal system
Where are the basal nuclei located?
Name three main extrapyramidal tracts originating from basal nuclei
Name three key symptoms usually associated with Parkinson's disease
What is dyskinesia?
Name two types of dyskinesias
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Lab session -6
Anatomy of the cerebellum
What is the function of cerebellum?
Can one live without a cerebellum?
Identify the major morphological features of the cerebellum using a diagram
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What are the functional roles of superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles?
Name three Functional Divisions of cerebellum
Mark as in or Out: Does information travel into or out of cerebellum via
inferior cerebellar peduncle
middle cerebellar peduncle
superior cerebellar peduncle
To which region of the brain stem does each of above cerebellar peduncleconnect?
Name three ascending tracts bringing proprioceptive information to
cerebellum
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How is grey & white matter organised in cerebellum?
What is the clinical significance of cerebellar tonsil?
Name the three major inputs / afferents to cerebellum
Name the three major outputs / efferents of cerebellum
So what does cerebellum do for us?
Damage to the cerebellum can lead to:
1)
loss of coordination of motor movement (asynergia),
2) the inability to judge distance and when to stop (dysmetria)
3) the inability to perform rapid alternating movements
(adiadochokinesia)
4) movement tremors (intention tremor),
5) staggering, wide based walking (ataxic gait),
6) tendency toward falling,
7) weak muscles (hypotonia),
8) slurred speech (ataxic dysarthria),
9) abnormal eye movements (nystagmus).
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Lab session 7
Anatomy of the Brain Stem, cranial and spinal nerves
Identify the major features of the brain stem
Identify the 4thventrilcle
Identify cerebral aqueduct
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Identify the twelve pairs of cranial nerves in the models provided
What function is controlled through cranial nerves; 3rd, 4th, and 6th?
What function is controlled through cranial nerves; 9th 10th, and 11th?
Name the nerves related to tongue.
Examine the area of distribution of 3rd, 4th, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11thand 12thcranial nerves
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List a few structures innervated by each of these nerves
Examine the branches of the facial nerve
Which cranial nerve supplies the muscle of facial expression?
Which cranial nerve supplies the muscle of mastication?
Define the upper motor neuron lesion
If motor component of facial nerve is damaged, what will be the consequence?
Understand the origin and distibution of the facial nerve?
What is the consequence of damage to the hypoglossal nerve?
Which functions are looked after by the superior & inferior colliculi
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Lab session-8
CSF & Ventricular system
Where is CSF produced?
Describe the circulation of CSF?
What is choroid plexus?
What are arachnoid granulations? What is their significance?
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Lab-9
Meninges & Dural venous sinuses
Name the three layers of meninges?
Name the layers of dura mater?
What is the primary function of dura?
What is the role of pia mater?
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Examine the venous sinuses inside the cranial cavity
Name the paired venous sinuses.
Name the unpaired venous sinuses
What is meant by confluence of sinuses?
List the important communications of CAVERNOUS SINUS
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Recommended Textbooks
Author Year Title
Richard S. Snell
(in library)
Any
edition
Clinical Neuroanatomy for Medical
Students
Richard Drake, A.
Wayne Vogl
Any
editionGray's Anatomy for Students:
McMinn Any
editionFunctional & Clinical Anatomy
Lange 25th
EditionOr any
available
Clinical Neuroanatomy
Carpenter
Any
editionCarpenter's Human Neuroanatomy
http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url?%5Fencoding=UTF8&search-type=ss&index=books-uk&field-author=Richard%20S.%20Snellhttp://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/search-handle-url?%5Fencoding=UTF8&search-type=ss&index=books-uk&field-author=Richard%20S.%20Snell8/9/2019 Neuro Handbook -AKU 2015 FINAL A
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Useful Websites & Other Resources and Reading guidelines.
http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=N
eck
http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Sp
ine
http://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-
cards/
http://www.biologycorner.com/quiz/qz_skull.html
http://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/PracPrac/2050_Lab11/skull.html
http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/a
nteriorbones/quiz.html
http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_01/d_01_cr/d_01_cr_ana/d_01_cr_ana.html
http://movementdisorders.ufhealth.org/research/3d-brain-atlas-for-dbs/
http://da.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/imageform
http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/PracPrac/2050_Lab11/skull.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_01/d_01_cr/d_01_cr_ana/d_01_cr_ana.htmlhttp://movementdisorders.ufhealth.org/research/3d-brain-atlas-for-dbs/http://da.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/imageformhttp://da.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/imageformhttp://movementdisorders.ufhealth.org/research/3d-brain-atlas-for-dbs/http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/d/d_01/d_01_cr/d_01_cr_ana/d_01_cr_ana.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/anteriorbones/quiz.htmlhttp://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/PracPrac/2050_Lab11/skull.htmlhttp://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://quizlet.com/15470575/skull-review-for-osteology-lab-practical-flash-cards/http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=185&topcategory=Spinehttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neckhttp://orthoinfo.aaos.org/fact/thr_report.cfm?Thread_ID=232&topcategory=Neck8/9/2019 Neuro Handbook -AKU 2015 FINAL A
50/50
50
Reading guidelines
Neuroanatomy Tutorial(University of Utah)is a fairly simple but highlyeffective site for learning gross structure of the brain. Its labeling system isparticularly useful.
Salamons Neuroanatomy and Neurovasculature Web-Atlas
Resource (UCLA)is also a great resource covering both anatomy and
vascularization of the brain.
The Brain from Top to Bottom (McGill University)hasa fantastic
overview of the brain. It is a good starting point.
The Digital Anatomist(University of Washington)is a site useful followingevery neuro LCF :has great gross and histological sections, vascular andpathway diagrams, and MRI animations. There is a self-test for almost everyslide, which is a great way to reinforce the structures and pathways.
http://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/NEURANCA.htmlhttp://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/NEURANCA.htmlhttp://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htmhttp://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htmhttp://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htmhttp://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/index_a.htmlhttp://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.htmlhttp://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.htmlhttp://www9.biostr.washington.edu/da.htmlhttp://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/index_a.htmlhttp://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htmhttp://www.radnet.ucla.edu/sections/DINR/index.htmhttp://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HISTHTML/NEURANAT/NEURANCA.html