The Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and
spinal cord Processes: Sensory information is integrated Decisions
are made Signals are generated and sent to muscles and glands to
carry out responses
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The Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerves that
extend from brain and spinal cord, linking body and CNS Afferent
division: Detects changes in the environment and conducts nerve
impulses from sensory receptors to CNS Efferent division: Transmits
nerve impulses away from the CNS
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Sensory Receptors Exteroceptors: Detect stimuli outside the
body Provide information about the external environment
Interoceptors: Detect stimuli from internal viscera Provide
information about the internal environment Proprioceptors: Provide
information regarding body position and movement Detect changes in
muscle tension, joint position, and equilibrium
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Vision Predominant sensory receptor: 70% of all the bodys
sensory receptors are located in the eyes 40% of the cerebral
cortex is thought to be involved in some aspect of processing
visual information Sport vision: Focuses on investigating visual
contributions to performance
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Basic Structures of the Eye
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Visual Fields of the Eyes and Associated Neural Pathways
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Focal vs. Ambient Vision Focal system: Functions to identify
objects located primarily in the center of the visual field Linked
to consciousness Operates under voluntary control Ambient system:
Thought to be responsible for spatial localization and orientation
Functions at a subconscious level Serves both central and
peripheral visual fields
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Your Perspective When you are out walking or bike riding in the
woods, what do you pay attention to and what other things are you
just vaguely aware of? How does this differ when you are walking
down a city street at night?
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Visual Abilities in Performance Eye dominance Spotting Fixating
Visual search
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Eye Dominance One eye processes information and transmits it to
the brain more quickly than the other Same-side dominant
Cross-dominant
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Visual Search Strategies Quiet eye Targeting skills: Archery,
rifle shooting, putting, free throws in basketball, etc.
Interceptive skills: Striking, catching, landing, avoiding a
collision Tactical skills: Quick, accurate situational decision
making Attention to relevant environmental cues Pattern
recognition
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Vision Tips for Practitioners Develop effective visual search
strategies: Instruction and feedback should direct learners to
areas where critical cues occur Appropriate learning experiences
should provide extensive practice opportunities Video trainingwith
challenges to anticipate an opponents actions Context of learning
situations should include a good deal of variability
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Proprioception The continuous flow of sensory information
received from receptors in muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear
regarding movement and body position. Types: Golgi tendon organs
Muscle spindles Joint kinesthetic receptors Vestibular
apparatus
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Proprioception and Performance Makes the motor control system
more efficient and flexible Provides information about initial body
and limb position, which serves as the basis of programming of
motor commands Evaluates movement for correctness: Compares
proprioceptive feedback to the intended goal Makes adjustments
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Transmission of Information via the Spinal Cord
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Sensory and Motor Pathways Sensory (ascending) pathways:
Spinothalamic and posterior or dorsal column pathway Conduct
impulses related to pain, temperature, touch, pressure, and
vibrations Motor (descending) pathways: Pyramidal and
extrapyramidal pathways Conduct impulses related to voluntary and
subconscious movements
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Spinal Reflexes An automatic, involuntary response to stimuli
Reflex arcsimplest pathway by which a reflex occurs Types:
Monosynaptic reflex Polysynaptic reflex
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Reflexes Monosynaptic reflex loop Withdrawal and crossed
extensor reflex arc
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Damage to the Spinal Cord Types of injury: Complete Incomplete:
Effects depend on the area of the spinal cord affected Level of
injury: In general, the higher up the spinal cord that injury
occurs, the greater the extent of the injury.
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Parts of the Brain Brain stem Diencephalon Cerebrum
Cerebellum
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Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Sensory areas Motor areas
Association areas Basal ganglia
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Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
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Cerebellum Monitors movement by comparing what was intended
with what is actually taking place Plays a key role in detecting
and correcting errors Works with motor cortex to produce smooth,
coordinated movements Plays a key role in maintaining posture and
balance
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Memory Systems
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Subsystems of Long-Term Memory Episodic memory: Information
about personal experiences and events Semantic memory: General,
factual knowledge Procedural memory: Skills, operations, and
actions
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Your Perspective Sometimes it is much easier to remember events
from our childhood than to remember what we had for breakfast the
day before yesterday. Why do you think that is? Why do you think
certain smells or songs have such a strong effect on our ability to
remember people and events?
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Forgetting Decay theory Interference theory: Proactive
interference Retroactive interference
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Proactive and Retroactive Interference
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Memory Tips for Practitioners Keep instructions and feedback
short and simple Provide ample opportunities for physical rehearsal
Relate a skill being learned to previously learned skills Use
meaningful labels and analogies to strengthen associations Group
several movements together