Network Models

2-1 LAYERED TASKS2-1 LAYERED TASKS

Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

•There are 3 different activities at the sender site and 3 at the receiver site. •Must be done in the order of the layers.•Each layer at the sending site uses the services of the layer right below it.

2-2 THE OSI MODEL2-2 THE OSI MODEL

1.1. Established in 1947, the International Standards Established in 1947, the International Standards Organization (Organization (ISOISO) is a multinational body ) is a multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement on international dedicated to worldwide agreement on international standards. standards.

2.2. An ISO standard that covers all aspects of An ISO standard that covers all aspects of network communications is the Open Systems network communications is the Open Systems Interconnection (Interconnection (OSIOSI) model. It was first ) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s. introduced in the late 1970s.

3.3. ISO is the organization. OSI is the model.ISO is the organization. OSI is the model.4.4. Topics covered:Topics covered:

1.1. Layered ArchitectureLayered Architecture2.2. Peer-to-Peer ProcessesPeer-to-Peer Processes3.3. EncapsulationEncapsulation

Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2-2 THE OSI MODEL2-2 THE OSI MODEL

Advantages of Layering Easier application development Network can change without all programs being

modified Breaks complex tasks into subtasks Each layer handles a specific subset of tasks

Communication occurs between different layers on the same node or stack

(INTERFACES) – vertical communications between similar layers on different nodes or stacks

(PEER-TO-PEER PROCESSES) – horizontal communications

Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

Network support layers

User support layers

Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

Figure 2.5 Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible for movements ofindividual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

•The interface and the type of the physical transmission medium•Raw bits -> signals•Bit duration•How the devices are connected to the media (point-to-point, or multipoint)•How devices are connected to each other(mesh, star, ring, bus, or hybrid)•The direction of transmission( simplex, half-duplex, or full-duplex).

Figure 2.6 Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.

•Makes the raw transmission facility (physical layer), reliable. Error-free to the upper layer (network).•Divides the stream of bits into frames (data units)•Adds a header to define the send and/or receiver of the frame•Flow control mechanism to avoid overwhelming the receiver (receiver slower than sender). Detect and retransmit damaged or lost frames. Recognize duplicate frames.

Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

•Communication at the data link layer occurs between two adjacent nodes.

•For a to f, 3 partial deliveries are made. a to b, b to e, and e to f. Different headers.

Figure 2.8 Network layer

The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to the

destination host.•Ensures that each packet gets from origin to final destination.•If two systems are connected to the same link, there is usually no need for a network layer. If different links, need. •Network layer adds logical addresses of the sender and receiver•Routing: routers/switchers route or switch the packets to their final destination.

Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

When packet gets B, B makes a decision based on the final F. B is a router, it uses its routing table to find that the next hop is router E, so send to E.

Figure 2.10 Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a entire message from one process to another.

•Ensures the whole message arrives intact and in order, overseeing both error control and flow control at the source-to-destination level. •Service-point addressing: specific process (like email, msn, etc)•A message is divided into segments, containing a sequence number

Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

Figure 2.12 Session layer

•Establishes, maintains, and synchronized the interaction among communicating systems.•Synchronization: allows a process to add checkpoints, or synchronization points, to a stream of data. •Responsible for enforcing the rules of dialog (e.g., Does a connection permit half-duplex or full-duplex communication?), synchronizing the flow of data, and reestablishing a connection in the event a failure occurs.

Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.

• Provides for data formats, translations, and code conversions.• Concerned with syntax and semantics of data being transmitted.• Encodes messages in a format that is suitable for electronic transmission.• Data compression and encryption done at this layer.• Receives message from application layer, formats it, and passes it to the session layer.

Figure 2.14 Application layer

The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

1.1. The layers in the The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suiteTCP/IP protocol suite do not do not exactly match those in the OSI model. The original exactly match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as having four layers: layers: host-to-networkhost-to-network, , internetinternet, , transporttransport, and , and applicationapplication. .

2.2. However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: layers: physicalphysical, , data linkdata link, , networknetwork, , transporttransport, and , and applicationapplication..

3.3. Topics covered:Topics covered:1. Physical and Data Link Layers2. Network Layer3. Transport Layer4. Application Layer

Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

Information unit of each layer

2-5 ADDRESSING2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the TCP/IP protocols: employing the TCP/IP protocols: physicalphysical, , logicallogical, , portport, , and and specificspecific..

Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

1. A node with physical address 10 sends a frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN).

2. The computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.

3. In most data link protocols, the destination address (87) comes before the source address (10).

Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon.

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.