9/9/2014 Net metering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Net meteringFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Net metering is a service to an electric consumer under which electric energy generated by that electricconsumer from an eligible on-site generating facility and delivered to the local distribution facilities maybe used to offset electric energy provided by the electric utility to the electric consumer during theapplicable billing period.[1]

Net metering policies can vary significantly by country and by state or province: if net metering isavailable, if and how long you can keep your banked credits, and how much the credits are worth(retail/wholesale). Most net metering laws involve monthly roll over of kWh credits, a small monthlyconnection fee,[2] require monthly payment of deficits (i.e. normal electric bill), and annual settlement ofany residual credit. Unlike a feed-in tariff (FIT) or time of use metering (TOU), net metering can beimplemented solely as an accounting procedure, and requires no special metering, or even any priorarrangement or notification.[3]

Net metering is a policy designed to foster private investment in renewable energy. In the United States,as part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, all public electric utilities are required to make available uponrequest net metering to their customers.[4]

Contents

1 History2 Controversy3 Comparison4 Time of use metering5 Market rate net metering6 Excess generation7 Australia8 Canada9 European Union10 United States11 Net purchase and sale12 Related technology13 Solar Guerrilla14 See also15 References16 External links17 News articles

History

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Net metering originated in the United States, where small wind turbines and solar panels were connectedto the electrical grid, and consumers wanted to be able to use the electricity generated at a different timeor date than when it was generated. Minnesota is commonly cited as passing the first net metering law,in 1983, and allowed anyone generating less than 40 kW to either roll over any kilowatt credit to thenext month, or be paid for the excess. In 2000 this was amended to compensation "at the average retailutility energy rate". This is the simplest and most general interpretation of net metering, and in additionallows small producers to sell electricity at the retail rate.[5]

Utilities in Idaho adopted net metering in 1980, and in Arizona in 1981. Massachusetts adopted netmetering in 1982. By 1998, 22 states or utilities therein had adopted net metering. Two Californiautilities initially adopted a monthly "net metering" charge, which included a "standby charge", until thePUC banned such charges.[6] In 2005, all U.S. utilities were required to offer net metering "uponrequest". Excess generation is not addressed. As of 2014 43 U.S. states have adopted net metering, aswell as utilities in 3 of the remaining states, leaving only 4 states without any established procedures forimplementing net metering.[7]

Net metering was slow to be adopted in Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, because of confusionover how to address the value added tax (VAT). Only one utility company in Great Britain offers netmetering.[8]

The United Kingdom government is reluctant to introduce the net metering principle because ofcomplications in paying and refunding the value added tax that is payable on electricity, but pilotprojects are underway in some areas.

In Canada, some provinces have net metering programs.

In the Philippines, Net Metering scheme is governed by Republic Act 9513 (Renewable Energy Act of2008) and it's implementing rules and regulation (IRR). The implementing body is the EnergyRegulatory Commission (ERC) in consultation with the National Renewable Energy Board (NREB).

Controversy

Utility companies and trade organizations are seeking to update state net metering policies to make themmore transparent and prevent shifting the cost of electric generation, transmission, and distributionsystems from net metering customers to customers those who cannot afford or are unable to haverenewable energy sources. A report prepared by Peter Kind of Energy Infrastructure Advocates for thetrade association Edison Electric Institute stated that distributed generation systems, like rooftop solar,present unique challenges to the future of electric utilities.[9]

Many electric utilities state that owners of generation systems do not pay the full cost of service to usethe grid, thus shifting their share of the cost on to customers without distributed generation systems.[10]

Most owners of rooftop solar or other types of distributed generation systems still rely on the grid toreceive electricity from utilities at night or when their systems cannot generate sufficient power.[11]

Renewable advocates point out that while distributed solar and other energy efficiency measures do posea challenge to electric utilities' existing business model, the benefits of distributed generation outweighthe costs, and those benefits are shared by all ratepayers.[12] Grid benefits of private distributed solarinvestment include reduced need for centralizing power plants and reduced strain on the utility grid.Renewable advocates also point out that, as a cornerstone policy enabling the growth of rooftop solar,

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Net metering, unlike a feed-in tariff,requires only one meter, but it must be bi-directional.

net metering creates a host of societal benefits for all ratepayers that are generally not accounted for bythe utility analysis, including: public health benefits, employment and downstream economic effects,market price impacts, grid security benefits, and water savings.[13]

A 2012 report on the cost of net metering in the State of California, commissioned by the CaliforniaPublic Utilities Commission (CPUC), showed that those customers without distributed generationsystems will pay $287 in additional costs to use and maintain the grid every year by 2020. The reportalso showed the net cost will amount to $1.1 billion by 2020.[14] Notably, the same report found thatsolar customers do pay more on their power bills than what it costs the utility to serve them (Table 5,page 10: average 103% of their cost of service across the three major utilities in 2011).[14]

A 2014 report funded by the Institute for Electric Innovation ( NET ENERGY METERING: SUBSIDYISSUES AND REGULATORY SOLUTIONS) reveals that net metering in California producesexcessively large subsidies for typical residential rooftop solar PV facilities. These subsidies must thenbe paid for by other residential customers, most of whom are less affluent than the rooftop solar PVcustomers. In addition, the report points out that most of these large subsidies go to the solar leasingcompanies, which accounted for about 75 percent of the solar PV facilities installed in 2013. The reportconcludes that changes are needed in California, ranging from the adoption of retail tariffs that are morecost-reflective to replacing net metering with a separate "Buy All - Sell All" arrangement that requiresall rooftop solar PV customers to buy all of their consumed energy under the existing retail tariffs andseparately sell all of their onsite generation to their distribution utilities at the utilities' respective avoidedcosts.[15]

Illustrating the alternative view, an independent report conducted by the consulting firm CrossborderEnergy found that the benefits of California's net metering program outweigh the costs to ratepayers.Those net benefits will amount to more than $92 million annually upon the completion of the current netmetering program.[16]

Comparison

There is considerable confusion between the terms "netmetering" and "feed-in tariff". In general there are threetypes of compensation for local, distributed generation:

Feed-in Tariff (FIT) which is generally above retail,and reduces to retail as the percentage of adoptersincreases.Net metering - which is always at retail, and which isnot technically compensation, although it may becomecompensation if there is excess generation andpayments are allowed by the utility.Power purchase agreement - compensation which is generally below retail, also known as a"Standard Offer Program", and can be above retail, particularly in the case of solar, which tends tobe generated close to peak demand.

Net metering only requires one meter. A feed-in tariff requires two.

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Time of use metering

Time of use (TOU) net metering employs a specialized reversible smart (electric) meter that isprogrammed to determine electricity usage any time during the day. Time-of-use allows utility rates andcharges to be assessed based on when the electricity was used (i.e., day/night and seasonal rates).Typically the production cost of electricity is highest during the daytime peak usage period, and lowduring the night, when usage is low. Time of use metering is a significant issue for renewable-energysources, since, for example, solar power systems tend to produce energy during the daytime peak-priceperiod, and produce little or no power during the night period, when price is low. When this is the case,the effective output of a solar panel is increased, as more electricity can be consumed than is produced.Italy has installed so much photovoltaics that peak prices no longer are during the day, but are instead inthe evening.[17] TOU net metering affects the apparent cost of net metering to a utility.[18]

Market rate net metering

In market rate net metering systems the user's energy use is priced dynamically according to somefunction of wholesale electric prices. The users' meters are programmed remotely to calculate the valueand are read remotely. Net metering applies such variable pricing to excess power produced by aqualifying systems.

Market rate metering systems were implemented in California starting in 2006, and under the terms ofCalifornia's net metering rules will be applicable to qualifying photovoltaic and wind systems. UnderCalifornia law the payback for surplus electricity sent to the grid must be equal to the (variable, in thiscase) price charged at that time.

Net metering enables small systems to result in zero annual net cost to the consumer provided that theconsumer is able to shift demand loads to a lower price time, such as by chilling water at a low cost timefor later use in air conditioning, or by charging a battery electric vehicle during off-peak times, while theelectricity generated at peak demand time can be sent to the grid rather than used locally (see Vehicle-to-grid). No credit is given for annual surplus production.

Excess generation

Excess generation is a separate issue than net metering, but it is normally dealt with in the same rules,because it can arise. If local generation offsets a portion of the demand, net metering is not used. If localgeneration exceeds demand some of the time, for example during the day, net metering is used. If localgeneration exceeds demand for the billing cycle, best practices calls for a perpetual roll over of thekilowatt credits, although some regions have considered having any kilowatt credits expire after 36months. The normal definition of excess generation is annually, although the term is equally applicablemonthly. The treatment of annual excess generation (and monthly) ranges from lost, to compensation atavoided cost, to compensation at retail rate.[19] Left over kilowatt credits upon termination of servicewould ideally be paid at retail rate, from the consumer standpoint, and lost, from the utility standpoint,with avoided cost a minimum compromise. Some regions allow optional payment for excess annualgeneration,[20] which allows perpetual roll over or payment, at the customers choice. Both wind andsolar are inherently seasonal, and it is highly likely to use up a surplus later, unless more solar panels ora larger wind turbine have been installed than needed.

Australia

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In some Australian states, the "feed-in tariff" is actually net metering, except that it pays monthly for netgeneration at a higher rate than retail, with Environment Victoria Campaigns Director Mark Wakehamcalling it a "fake feed-in tariff".[21] A feed-in tariff requires a separate meter, and pays for all localgeneration at a preferential rate, while net metering requires only one meter. The financial differencesare very substantial.

In Victoria, from 2009, householders will be paid 60 cents for every excess kilowatt hour of energy fedback into the state electricity grid. This is around three times the current retail price for electricity.

In Queensland starting in 2008, the Solar Bonus Scheme pays 44 cents for every excess kilowatt hour ofenergy fed back into the state electricity grid. This is around three times the current retail price forelectricity.

Canada

Ontario allows net metering for up to 500 kW, however credits can only be carried for 12 consecutivemonths. Should a consumer establish a credit where they generate more than they consume for 8 monthsand use up the credits in the 10th month then the 12 month period begins again from the date that thenext credit is shown on an invoice. Any unused credits remaining at the end of 12 consecutive months ofa consumer being in a credit situation are cleared at the end of that billing.[22]

Areas of British Columbia serviced by BC Hydro are allowed net metering for up to 50 kW. At eachannual anniversary the customer was paid 8.16 cents[23] per KWh, if there is a net export of power aftereach 12 month period, which was increased to 9.99 cents/kWh, effective June 1, 2012. Systems over50 kW are covered under the Standing Offer Program.[24][25] FortisBC which serves an area in SouthCentral BC also allows net-metering for up to 50 kW. Customers are paid their existing retail rate forany net energy they produce.[26] The City of New Westminster, which has its own electrical utility doesnot currently allow net-metering.

New Brunswick allows net metering for installations up to 100 kW. Credits from excess generatedpower can be carried over until March at which time any excess credits are lost. [27]

SaskPower allows net metering for installations up to 100 kW. Credits from excess generated power canbe carried over until the customer's annual anniversary date, at which time any excess credits are lost.

European Union

Denmark established net-metering for privately owned PV systems in mid-1998 for a pilot-period offour years. In 2002 the net-metering scheme was extended another four years up to end of 2006. Net-metering has proved to be a cheap, easy to administer and effective way of stimulating the deploymentof PV in Denmark; however the relative short time window of the arrangement has so far prevented itfrom reaching its full potential. During the political negotiations in the fall of 2005 the net-metering forprivately owned PV systems was made permanent.[28]

Italy offers a very attractive support scheme, mixing net-metering and a well segmented premiumFiT.[29]

In Spain, net metering has been proposed by ASIF to promote renewable electricity, without requiringadditional economic support.[30]

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Growth of net metering in the UnitedStates

Some form of net metering is now proposed by Électricité de France. According to their website, energyproduced by home-owners is bought at a higher price than what is charged as consumers. Hence, somerecommend to sell all energy produced, and buy back all energy needed at a lower price. The price hasbeen fixed for 20 years by the government.[31][32]

United States

Net metering was pioneered in the United States as a way toallow solar and wind to provide electricity whenever availableand allow use of that electricity whenever it was needed,beginning with utilities in Idaho in 1980, and in Arizona in1981.[6] Most states have net metering programs, and a 2005Federal law requires all public utilities to offer net metering uponrequest.[4]

Several bills have been proposed to institute a federalrequirement to set standard limits on net metering. They rangefrom H.R. 729 (http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:H.R.729:) which allows up to 2% net metering to H.R.1945 (http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d110:H.R.1945:)which has no limit, but does limit residential users to 10 kW, a low limit compared to many states, suchas New Mexico, with an 80,000 kW limit, or states such as Arizona, Colorado, New Jersey, and Ohiowhich limit as a percentage of load. Best practices recommends limiting only to the customer's serviceentrance capacity.[33] Current law requires all utilities to offer net metering upon request, which impliesno limits, and is in conflict with state laws which do set a limit. Current as of June 2011,[34] only threestates do address net metering, and twenty one have no limit on the number of subscribers using netmetering. Only three, Arizona, New Jersey, and Ohio, have no specific wattage limit on the power limitfor each subscriber (see table). Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland,Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Vermont, and West Virginiaare considered the most favorable states for net metering, as they are the only states to receive an "A"rating from the Network for New Energy Choices in 2012.[35]

State

Subscriberlimit(% ofpeak)

Power limitRes/Com(kW)

Monthlyrollover

Annualcompensation

Alabama no limit 100 yes, can be indefinitely variesAlaska 1.5 25 yes, indefinitely retail rate

Arizona no limit 125% of load yes, avoided-cost atend of billing year avoided cost

Arkansas no limit 25/300 yes, until end of billingyear retail rate

California 5 1,000 yes, can be indefinitely varies

Colorado no limit120% of load or10/25* yes, indefinitely varies*

Connecticut no limit 2,000 yes, avoided-cost atend of billing year retail rate

Delaware 5 25/500 or 2,000* yes, indefinitely retail rate

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Delaware 5 25/500 or 2,000* yes, indefinitely retail rateDistrict ofColumbia no limit 1,000 yes, indefinitely retail rate

Florida no limit 2,000 yes, avoided-cost atend of billing year retail rate

Georgia 0.2 10/100 no determined rate

Hawaii none [36] 50 or 100* yes, until end of billingyear none[37]

Idaho 0.1 25 or 25/100* no retail rate or avoided-cost*

Illinois 1 40 yes, until end of billingyear retail rate

Indiana 1 1000 yes, indefinitely retail rateIowa no limit 500 yes, indefinitely retail rate

Kansas 1 25/200 yes, until end of billingyear retail rate

Kentucky 1 30 yes, indefinitely retail rateLouisiana no limit 25/300 yes, indefinitely avoided cost

Maine no limit 100 or 660* yes, until end of billingyear retail rate

Maryland 1500 MW 2,000 yes, until end of billingyear retail rate

Massachusetts**

6 peakdemand3 private 3public

60, 1,000 or2,000 varies varies

Michigan 0.75 150 yes, indefinitely partial retail rateMinnesota no limit 40 no retail rateMississippi N/A N/A N/A N/A

Missouri 5 100 yes, until end of billingyear avoided-cost

Montana no limit 50 yes, until end of billingyear retail rate

Nebraska 1 25 yes, until end of billingyear avoided-cost

Nevada 1 1,000 yes, indefinitely retail rateNew Hampshire 1 100 yes, indefinitely avoided-cost

New Jersey no limitprevious yearsconsumption

yes, avoided-cost atend of billing year retail rate

New Mexico no limit 80,000 if under $50 avoided-cost

New York 1 or 0.3(wind)

10 to 2,000 orpeak load varies avoided-cost or retail rate

North Carolina no limit 1000yes, until summerbilling season retail rate

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North Carolina no limit 1000 billing season retail rate

North Dakota no limit 100 no avoided-cost

Ohio no limit no explicit limit yes, until end of billingyear generation rate

Oklahoma no limit 100 or25,000/year no avoided-cost, but utility

not required to purchase

Oregon 0.5 or nolimit*

10/25 or25/2,000*

yes, until end of billingyear* varies

Pennsylvania no limit 50/3,000 or 5,000 yes, "price-to-compare"at end of billing year retail rate

Rhode Island 2 1,650 for most,2250 or 3500* optional slightly less than retail

rate

South Carolina 0.2 20/100 yes, until summerbilling season time-of-rate use or less

South Dakota N/A N/A N/A N/A

Tennessee N/A N/A N/A N/A

Texas*** no limit 20 or 25 no varies

Utah varies* 25/2,000 or 10*varies - credits expireannually with theMarch billing*

avoided-cost or retailrate*

Vermont 4 250 yes, accumulated up to12 months, rolling retail rate

Virginia 1 10/500yes, avoided-costoption at end of billingyear

retail rate

Washington 0.5 100 yes, until end of billingyear retail rate

West Virginia 0.1 25 yes, up to twelvemonths retail rate

Wisconsin no limit 20 noretail rate for renewables,avoided-cost for non-renewables

Wyoming no limit 25 yes, avoided-cost atend of billing year retail rate

Note: Some additional minor variations not listed in this table may apply. N/A = Not available. Lost =Excess electricity credit or credit not claimed is granted to utility. Retail rate = Final sale price ofelectricity. Avoided-cost = "Wholesale" price of electricity (cost to the utility). * = Depending on utility.** = Massachusetts distinguishes policies for different "classes" of systems. *** = Only available tocustomers of Austin Energy, CPS Energy, or Green Mountain Energy (Green Mountain Energy is not autility but a retail electric provider; according to www.powertochoose.com).[38]

Net purchase and sale

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Net purchase and sale is a different method of providing power to the electricity grid that does not offerthe price symmetry of net metering, making this system a lot less profitable for home users of smallrenewable electricity systems.

Under this arrangement, two uni-directional meters are installed—one records electricity drawn from thegrid, and the other records excess electricity generated and fed back into the grid. The user pays retailrate for the electricity they use, and the power provider purchases their excess generation at its avoidedcost (wholesale rate). There may be a significant difference between the retail rate the user pays and thepower provider's avoided cost.[39]

Germany, Spain, Ontario (Canada), some states in the USA, and other countries, on the other hand, haveadopted a price schedule, or feed-in tariff (FIT), whereby customers get paid for any electricity theygenerate from renewable energy on their premises. The actual electricity being generated is counted on aseparate meter, not just the surplus they feed back to the grid. In Germany, for the solar powergenerated, a feed-in tariff is being paid in order to boost solar power (figure from 2009). Germany oncepaid several times the retail rate for solar but has successfully reduced the rates drastically while actualinstallation of solar has grown exponentially at the same time due to installed cost reductions. Windenergy, in contrast, only receives around a half of the domestic retail rate, because the German systempays what each source costs (including a reasonable profit margin).

Related technology

Sources that produce direct current, such as solar panels must be coupled with an electrical inverter toconvert the output to alternating current, for use with conventional appliances. The phase of the outgoingpower must be synchronized with the grid, and a mechanism must be included to disconnect the feed inthe event of grid failure. This is for safety – for example, workers repairing downed power lines must beprotected from "downstream" sources, in addition to being disconnected from the main "upstream"distribution grid. Note: A small generator simply lacks the power to energize a loaded line. This canonly happen if the line is isolated from other loads, and is extremely unlikely. Solar inverters aredesigned for safety – while one inverter could not energize a line, a thousand might. In addition, allelectrical workers treat every line as though it was live, even when they know it should be safe.[40][41]

Solar Guerrilla

Solar Guerrilla (or the guerrilla solar movement) is a term originated by Home Power Magazine and isapplied to someone who uses an alternative energy source to illegally supply electricity back to a publicutility grid.[42]

See also

Automatic meter readingDemand responseDistributed generationElectricity meterFeed-in TariffInterstate Renewable Energy CouncilPower Purchase Agreement

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Power system automationPublic Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978Smart GridSmart meterUtility submeterVariable pricingVirtual power plant

References

1. ^ http://www.ferc.gov/industries/electric/indus-act/section-1241.pdf2. ^ Electric bills contain a connection fee and an energy fee based on the number of kilowatt hours used that

month. When no kilowatt hours are used the monthly connection fee is still paid. When the meter turnsbackwards for the month, the negative kilowatt reading is rolled over to the next month.

3. ^ "Net Metering is a Win-Win for Utilities and Local Communities" (http://www.cres-energy.org/blogs/blogs_newton_07apr.html). Cres-energy.org. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

4. ^ a b "Net Metering"(http://web.archive.org/web/20090521131550/http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/states/alternatives/net_metering.cfm). Archived from the original (http://www.eere.energy.gov/states/alternatives/net_metering.cfm) on 9 May2009.

5. ^ "Minnesota" (http://www.dsireusa.org/solar/incentives/incentive.cfm?Incentive_Code=MN01R&re=1&ee=1). Dsireusa.org. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

6. ^ a b "Current Experience With Net Metering Programs (1998)"(http://apps3.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/resources/pdfs/current_nm.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-15.

7. ^ "Net Metering Map" (http://www.dsireusa.org/documents/summarymaps/Net_Metering_map.pdf) (PDF).Retrieved 2013-12-15.

8. ^ "SolarNet and Net Metering"(http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/files/pdfs/migrated/MultimediaFiles/Live/FullReport/1508.pdf) (PDF).Retrieved 2013-12-15.

9. ^ http://www.eei.org/ourissues/finance/Documents/disruptivechallenges.pdf10. ^ "APS, solar advocates battle for net metering before ACC - Phoenix Business Journal"

(http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/blog/energy-inc/2013/11/aps-solar-advocates-battle-for-net.html?page=all). Bizjournals.com. 2013-11-13. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

11. ^ "Arizona's Energy Future - Net Metering" (http://www.azenergyfuture.com/net-metering/).Azenergyfuture.com. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

12. ^ http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2013/01/new-state-study-demonstrates-benefit-to-ratepayers-of-net-metering

13. ^ http://www.oursolarrights.org/info-net-metering/net-metering-benefits/

14. ^ a b http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/75573B69-D5C8-45D3-BE22-3074EAB16D87/0/NEMReport.pdf

15. ^ http://www.edisonfoundation.net/iei/Documents/IEI_NEM_Subsidy_Issues_FINAL.pdf16. ^ http://votesolar.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Crossborder-Energy-CA-Net-Metering-Cost-Benefit-Jan-

2013-final.pdf

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17. ^ "How solar subsidies can distort the power market: the case of Italy"(http://www.europeanenergyreview.eu/site/pagina.php?id=3792). Europeanenergyreview.eu. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

18. ^ "12,000 MW of Renewable Distributed Generation by 2020" (http://www.irecusa.org/wp-content/uploads/Final-12-GW-report-7.31.12.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-15.

19. ^ "Net Metering" (http://www.dsireusa.org/solar/solarpolicyguide/?id=17). Dsireusa.org. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

20. ^ Colorado, Delaware, Minnesota, New Mexico, and Virginia allow optional annual payment for excessgeneration.

21. ^ "Solar feed-in tariff meets with mixed reviews" (http://www.metering.com/node/12433). Metering.com.Retrieved 2013-12-15.

22. ^ "Net Metering in Ontario"(http://web.archive.org/web/20090318230718/http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/english/pdf/renewable/NetMeteringBrochure.pdf). Archived from the original(http://www.energy.gov.on.ca/english/pdf/renewable/NetMeteringBrochure.pdf) on 18 March 2009.

23. ^ Final Submissions of BC Hydro (http://www.bcuc.com/Documents/Arguments/2008/DOC_20602_12-19_BCH_Final-Submission.pdf)

24. ^ Net Metering Program (http://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/acquiring_power/current_offerings/net_metering.html) Retrieved 15 April 2013

25. ^ "Standing Offer Program › Who Can Apply" (http://www.bchydro.com/energy-in-bc/acquiring_power/current_offerings/standing_offer_program/who_can_apply.html). Bchydro.com. 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

26. ^ FortisBC: Net metering program(http://www.fortisbc.com/Electricity/CustomerService/NetMeteringProgram/Pages/default.aspx) Retrieved15 April 2013

27. ^ "Net Metering"(http://www.nbpower.com/html/en/save_energy/renewable_projects/net_metering/net_metering.html).Nbpower.com. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

28. ^ "Denmark PV Technology Status and Prospects"(http://web.archive.org/web/20080908054452/http://www.iea-pvps.org/ar/ar07/07ar_Denmark.pdf).Archived from the original (http://www.iea-pvps.org/ar/ar07/07ar_Denmark.pdf) on 8 September 2008.

29. ^ "2013 Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 2013"(http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/events/2009/20091120/epia_en.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 2013-12-15.

30. ^ "Country Focus: Spain" (http://web.archive.org/web/20100225153308/http://www.epia.org/policy/national-policies/spain/interview-with-the-national-pv-associations/interview-with-javier-anta-president-of-asif.html).Archived from the original (http://www.epia.org/policy/national-policies/spain/interview-with-the-national-pv-associations/interview-with-javier-anta-president-of-asif.html) on 25 February 2010.

31. ^ Je passe aux énergies renouvelables (http://bleuciel.edf.com/projets-et-travaux/je-passe-aux-energies-renouvelables/decouvrir-4-solutions-48030.html#open4) (in French)

32. ^ Devenez producteur d'électricité (http://www.bati-depot.fr/solaire/photovoltaique/electricite-solaire/photovoltaique-connexion-reseau.html) (in French)

33. ^ GRACE Communications Foundation (2013-11-19). "Best Practices"(http://www.newenergychoices.org/index.php?page=nm07_ModelRules&sd=nm). Newenergychoices.org.Retrieved 2013-12-15.

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External links

U.S. Department of Energy - Net Metering Policies(http://www.eere.energy.gov/greenpower/markets/netmetering.shtml)EERE:

Consumer's Guide: Net Metering and Rate(http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10600).Solar and Net metering (http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/net_metering.html)

The Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE) (http://www.dsireusa.org)Connecting to the Grid: published monthly, focusing on the latest news on interconnection and netmetering in the U.S. (http://www.irecusa.org/index.php?id=33)Canada 2003 (http://cetc-varennes.nrcan.gc.ca/fichier.php/codectec/En/2004-148/2004-148e.pdf)Renewable Energy in Grid-Connected Electricity Generation (by REN21)(http://www.ren21.net/REPolicies/markets/gridconnect.asp)Indiana Net Metering Rules Now In Effect (http://www.irecusa.org/2011/07/indiana-net-metering-rules-now-in-effect/)

News articles

34. ^ "Net metering in Alabama" (http://www.alabamapower.com/pricing/pdf/PAE.pdf). Alabamapower.com.Retrieved 2013-12-15.

35. ^ "Best and Worst Practices in State Net Metering Policies and Interconnection Procedures"(http://freeingthegrid.org/). Freeing the Grid. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

36. ^ "HECO Net Metering"(http://www.heco.com/portal/site/heco/menuitem.508576f78baa14340b4c0610c510b1ca/?vgnextoid=12a290a2decab110VgnVCM1000005c011bacRCRD&cpsextcurrchannel=1#bk5). Heco.com.2011-12-23. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

37. ^ "Hawaii Revised Statutes 269-106" (http://www.lawserver.com/law/state/hawaii/hi-statutes/hawaii_statutes_269-106). Lawserver.com. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

38. ^ Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency (http://www.dsireusa.org/Index.cfm?EE=0&RE=1)

39. ^ "EERE Consumer's Guide: Metering and Rate Arrangements for Grid-Connected Systems"(http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/electricity/index.cfm/mytopic=10600). U.S. Departmentof Energy. September 12, 2005. Retrieved 23 January 2006.

40. ^ "Know the Ground Rules for Electrical Safety"(http://www.statefundca.com/safety/safetymeeting/SafetyMeetingArticle.aspx?ArticleID=23).Statefundca.com. Retrieved 2013-12-15.

41. ^ Electrical Safety: Lineman Electrocuted after Reportedly Violating the “Hot Gloves” Rule(http://www.safetyservicescompany.com/blog/electrical-safety-lineman-electrocuted-after-reportedly-violating-the-%E2%80%9Chot-gloves%E2%80%9D-rule)

42. ^ "Guerrilla Solar" (http://www.motherearthnews.com/Alternative-Energy/2001-02-01/Guerrilla-Solar.aspx).Retrieved 2007-07-16.

9/9/2014 Net metering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_metering 13/13

Utilities in N.Y. told to make switch to time-of-day pricing, Ithaca Journal, 18 Dec 2007(http://www.theithacajournal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071218/NEWS01/712180304/1002/NEWS17)Time-of-Day Pricing, PBS Jim Lehrer, 22 Jun 2001(http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/economy/jan-june01/timeofday_06-22.html)Time of Day Pricing for Electricity, Tom Evslin's Blog, 19 Feb 2007(http://blog.tomevslin.com/2007/02/time_of_day_pri.html)Net Metering, Technorati (tagged social media) (http://technorati.com/tag/net+metering)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Net_metering&oldid=624323746"Categories: Renewable energy policy Renewable-energy economy Energy storage PricingMarket-based policy instruments

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