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Brain Development. Nervous Systems. Nervous system. Central nervous system. Peripheral nervous system. Spinal cord. Sensory pathways. Motor pathways. Brain. Somatic (voluntary) nervous system. Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. Sympathetic arousal & energy production - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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2007-2008 AP Biology
Nervous Systems
Brain Development
AP Biology
Nervous system
Centralnervoussystem
Brain Spinalcord
Peripheralnervoussystem
Somatic(voluntary)
nervous system
Motorpathways
Sensorypathways
Autonomic(involuntary)
nervous system
Sympatheticdivision
Parasympatheticdivision
Sympatheticarousal & energy production“fight or flight” Parasympatheticcalming & back to maintenance“rest & digest”
AP Biology
Types of neurons
dendrites
sensory neuron cell body
axon
cell body
interneuron
cellbody
motor neuron
dendrites
“associative”
AP Biology
Cephalization = Brain evolution
Cnidarian
nervenet
Simplest nervous systemno control of complex actions
More organizationbut still based on nerve nets; supports more complex movement
Cephalization = clustering of neurons in “brain” at front (anterior) end of bilaterally symmetrical animals
FlatwormPlatyhelminthes
nerve cords
associativeneurons
Simplest, defined central nervous systemmore complex muscle control
Echinoderm
radial nervenerve
ribs
where sense organs are
AP Biology
Mollusk
brain
giantaxon brain
ventralnerve cords
Arthropod
Further brain developmentganglia = neuron clusters along CNS
increase in interneurons in brain region
Earthworm
central nervous system
peripheralnerves
More complex brainsconnected to all other parts of body by peripheral nerves
More complex brains in predatorsmost sophisticated invertebrate nervous system
Cephalization = Brain evolution
AP Biology
Evolution of vertebrate brain
Shark
Frog
Cat
Bird
HumanSpinal cordHind: Medulla oblongata
Optic tectumHind: Cerebellum
MidbrainFore: CerebrumOlfactory tract
Crocodile
hindbrain
forebrain
forebrain
forebraindominant cerebrum
AP Biology
Human brain
AP Biology
Functional divisions of brain Hindbrain
evolutionary older structures of the brain regulate essential autonomic & integrative
functions brainstem
pons medulla oblongata midbrain
cerebellum thalamus, hypothalamus
AP Biology
Brainstem The “lower brain”
medulla oblongata pons midbrain
Functions homeostasis coordination of movement conduction of impulses to higher brain
centers
AP Biology
Medulla oblongata & Pons Controls autonomic homeostatic
functions heart & blood vessel activity breathing swallowing vomiting digestion
Relays information to & from higher brain centers
AP Biology
Midbrain Involved in the integration of sensory
informationregulation of
visual reflexesregulation of
auditory reflexes
AP Biology
Reticular Formation Sleep & wakefulness produces patterns
of electrical activity in the brain recorded as an ElectroEncephaloGram
(EEG) most dreaming
during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep
AP Biology
Cerebrum Most highly evolved structure of
mammalian brain Cerebrum divided
hemispheres left = right side of
body right = left side of
body Corpus callosum
major connection between 2 hemispheres
AP Biology
Lateralization of Brain Function Left hemisphere
language, math, logic operations, processing of serial sequences of information, visual & auditory details
detailed activities required for motor control
Right hemisphere pattern recognition, spatial
relationships, non-verbal ideation, emotional processing, parallel processing of information
AP Biology
Cerebrum specialization Regions of the cerebrum are
specialized for different functions Lobes
frontal temporal occipital parietal
AP Biology
AP Biology
Limbic systemMediates basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in emotional bonding, establishes emotional memory
Amygdala involved in recognizing emotional content of facial expression
AP Biology
Simplest Nerve Circuit Reflex, or automatic response
rapid response automated
signal only goes to spinal cord no higher level
processingadaptive value
essential actions don’t need to think or
make decisions about blinking balance pupil dilation startle
AP Biology
Eye Blink or Pain Withdrawal Reflex
Effector(muscle)
Spinalcord
InterneuronGraymatter
Whitematter
Motorneuron
Sensoryneuron
Receptorin skin
Stimulus
2007-2008 AP Biology
cerebrumcerebellum
spinal cord cervicalnerves
thoracicnerves
lumbarnerves
femoral nerve
sciatic nerve
tibialnerve
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