Nervous System [Dr. Pipiet W.]

7/27/2019 Nervous System [Dr. Pipiet W.]

1/37

Pipiet wulandari


2/37

MAJOR ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS

Central

nervous

system

(CNS)

The brain and spinal cord, which contain

control centers responsible for

processing and integrating sensory

information, planning and coordinating

responses to stimuli, and providing

short-term control over the activities of

other systems.

Peripheral

nervous

system (PNS)

Neural tissue outside the CNS that links the

CNS with sense organs and other

systems.

Autonomic

nervous

system

(ANS)

Components of the CNS and PNS that

control visceral functions at the

subconscious level.


3/37


4/37


5/37

Receptors are broadly categorized as follows:

1. Exteroceptors (extero-, outside) provide informationabout the external environment in the form of touch,temperature, and pressure sensations and the more

complex senses of sight, smell, hearing, and taste.2. Proprioceptors monitor the position and movement of

skeletal muscles and joints.

3. Interoceptors (intero-, inside) monitor the digestive,

respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductivesystems and provide sensations of taste, deep pressure,and pain.
http://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/E/E_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/I/I_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/I/I_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/E/E_GLOSS.HTM


6/37

somatic nervous system (SNS)

controls skeletal muscle contractions.

The contractions may be voluntary or involuntary.

You are conscious when you are awake and alert.

Voluntarycontractions are under conscious control;

you exert voluntary control over your arm as you raise a full glass of water

to your lips. Involuntarycontractions may be simple, automatic responses or complex

movements directed at the subconscious level.

If you accidentally place your hand on a hot stove, you will withdraw itimmediately, usually before you even notice the pain.

This type of automatic involuntary response is a reflex.
http://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/R/R_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/R/R_GLOSS.HTM


7/37

autonomic nervous system

(ANS) or visceral motor system,

provides automatic, involuntary regulation of smoothmuscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity or

secretions. The ANS includes a sympathetic division and a

parasympathetic division.

These ANS divisions commonly have antagonisticeffects.

For example, activity of the sympathetic divisionaccelerates the heart rate, whereas parasympatheticactivity slows the heart rate.


8/37

SISTEM SARAF TEPI

SECARA ANATOMI 12 PASANG SARAF KRANIAL

31 PASANG SARAF SPINAL


9/37

Jaringan Saraf

Neuron:

Badan sel

Akson

hantaran keluar dari badan sel Dendrit hantaran menuju badan sel

Neuroglia :

Mikroglia fagosit

Ependima produksi CSF

Astroglia nutrisi esensial

Oligodendrogliamenghasilkan mielin


10/37

Cell Type Functions

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Astrocytes Maintain blood-brain barrier; provide structural support; regulate

ion, nutrient, and dissolved gas concentrations; absorb and

recycle neurotransmitters; assist in tissue repair after injury

Oligodendrocytes Myelinate CNS axons; provide structural framework

Microglia Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

Ependymal cells Line ventricles (brain) and central canal (spinal cavity); assist in

production, circulation, and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Satellite cells Surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia

Schwann cells Cover all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of some

peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury


11/37

Otak manusia

98 % jaringan saraf tubuh

Beratnya 1.4 kg dan volumenya 1200 cc

Laki 10 % lebih besar dari wanita Tidak ada korelasi antara ukuran otak dan

intelligensia

Di dominasi cerebrum

Paling banyak memakai energi

Metabolisme tidak pernah berhenti


12/37


13/37

THE CEREBRUM


14/37


15/37


16/37

Region/Nucleus Function

Frontal lobe

Primary motor cortex Voluntary control of skeletal musclesParietal lobe

Primary sensory cortex

Conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration,

pain, temperature, and taste

Occipital lobe

Visual cortex Conscious perception of visual stimuli

Temporal lobe

Auditory cortex and

olfactory cortex Conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli

All lobes

Association areas

Integration and processing of sensory data;

processing and initiation of motor activities


17/37


18/37

Diencephalon.

Left and right thalamus.

Each thalamus contains relay and processing centersfor sensory information.

A narrow stalk, the infundibulum, connects thehypothalamus (hypo-, below), or floor of thediencephalon, to the pituitary gland, a componentof the endocrine system.

The hypothalamus contains centers involved with

emotions, autonomic function, and hormoneproduction

Subtalamus belum diketahui jelas fungsinya

epitalamus berkaitan dengan sistem limbik
http://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/T/T_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/H/H_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/H/H_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/P/P_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/P/P_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/P/P_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/P/P_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/H/H_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/T/T_GLOSS.HTM


19/37


20/37


21/37

SISTEM LIMBIK

Suatu struktur cincin kortikal dan subkortikalpembatas yang mengelilingi korpus kalosum

Struktur kortikal : girus singuli, hipokampus Struktur subkortikal : amigdala, traktus dan

bulbus olfaktorius, dan septum. Beberapaahli menyertakan talamus dan hipotalamus

Fungsi : pengalaman dan ekspresi alamperasaan : takut, marah, emosi, ingatan.


22/37


23/37

CEREBELLUM


24/37

Subdivision Region/Nucleus Function

Gray matter

Cerebellar

cortex

Involuntary coordination and control of ongoing

movements of body parts

Cerebellar nuclei Same as for cerebellar cortex

White

matter Arbor vitae

Connects cerebellar cortex and nuclei with cerebellar

peduncles

Cerebellar

peduncles

Superior

Link the cerebellum with mesencephalon,

diencephalon, and cerebrum

Middle

Contain transverse fibers and carry communications

between the cerebellum and pons

InferiorLink the cerebellum with the medulla oblongata andspinal cord

Transverse

fibers

Interconnect pontine nuclei with the cerebellar

hemispheres on the opposite side


25/37

2 fungsi cerebellum:

Menjaga postur tubuh

Meprogram dan mengontrol gerakan halus


26/37

Brain stem


27/37

brain stem

mesencephalon,

pons,

medulla oblongata.


28/37

Mesencephalon.

Otak tengah

Refleks penglihatan dan koordinasi gerakan

penglihatan

Refleks pendengaranmisal : menggerakkankepala ke arah datangnya suara


29/37

MESENCEPHALON


30/37

Pons

The termpons is Latin for "bridge";

Menghubungkan kedua hemisfer serebelum

serta menghubungkan mesensefalon dibagian atas dan medula oblongata di bagianbawah

In addition to tracts and relay centers, the

pons also contains nuclei involved withsomatic and visceral motor control.


31/37

PONS


32/37

Medulla oblongata.

The spinal cord connects to the brain at the medullaoblongata.

The medulla oblongata relays sensory information to thethalamus and to centers in other portions of the brainstem.

The medulla oblongata also contains major centersconcerned with the regulation of autonomic function,such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion
http://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/M/M_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/M/M_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/M/M_GLOSS.HTMhttp://f/FAP4/GLOSSARY/M/M_GLOSS.HTM


33/37

MEDULLA OBLONGATA


34/37

SISTEM SARAF TEPI

Olfactory (I) Special sensory Cribriform plate of ethmoid


35/37

y ( ) y

Optic (II) Special sensory Optic canal

Oculomotor (III) Motor Superior orbital fissure

Trochlear (IV) Motor Superior orbital fissure

Trigeminal (V) Semilunar Mixed Sensory

Ophthalmic Superior orbital fissure

Maxillary Sensory Foramen rotundum

Mandibular Mixed Foramen ovale

Abducens (VI) Motor Superior orbital fissure

Facial (VII) Geniculate Mixed

Internal acoustic canal to facial canal; exits at stylomastoid

foramen

Vestibulocochlear

(Acoustic) (VIII) Special sensory Internal acoustic canal

Cochlear

Vestibular

Glossopharyngeal(IX)

Superior (jugular) andinferior (petrosal) Mixed Jugular foramen

Vagus (X) Jugular and nodose Mixed Jugular foramen

Accessory (XI) Medullary Motor Jugular foramen

Spinal Motor Jugular foramen

Hypoglossal (XII) Motor Hypoglossal canal


36/37

Saraf Spinal

Sepasang saraf spinal keluar dari kanalisvertebralis melalui foramen intervertebralis

Tiap saraf spinal tersebar ke segmen tubuhtertentu

Terdiri dari :

8 pasang saraf servikal

12 pasang saraf torakal

5 pasang saraf lumbalis

5 pasang saraf sakralis

1 pasang saraf koksigeal


37/37

Lengkung Refleks

Unit fungsional sistem saraf

Terdiri dari satu neuron sensorik, satu neuron

motorik dan interneuron Memungkinkan respon tidak tergantung

pada pusat yang lebih tinggi dan cukup untukmelaksanakan kegiatan sederhana.

Misal : refleks menarik diri dari nyeri

Documents

Nervous System [Dr. Pipiet W.]