NERVOUS SYSTEMAhmad aminuddin

NERVOUS SYSTEMSTRUCTURALLYCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.FUNCTIONALLYSOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM.

NERVOUS TISSUENEURONCELL BODY WITH DENDRITE AND AXON.SYNAPS.NEUROGLIAC.N.SOLIGODENDROGLIA.ASTROCYTE.EPENDYMAL CELL.MICROGLIA.P.N.S.SATELLITE CELL.NEUROLEMMA ( SCHWANN ) CELL.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMCONSIST OFBRAIN AND SPINAL CORD.NUCLEUSTRACTCOMPOSED OFGRAY MATTER - NERVE CELL BODIES.WHITE MATTER - TRACT.MENINGESPIAMATER.ARACHNOID.DURAMATER.

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEMPERIPHERAL NCRANIAL NSPINAL NSUPPORTED AND PROTECTEDENDONEURIUM.PERINEURIUM.EPINEURIUM.

CRANIAL AND SPINAL P.N.SOMATIC FIBERSGENERAL SENSORY F. ( G.S.A.)EXTEROCEPTIVE SENSATION.PROPRIOCEPTIVE SENSATION.SOMATIC MOTOR FIBERS ( G.S.E.)VISCERAL FIBERSVISCERAL SENSORY FIBERS ( G.V.A.)GENERAL MOTOR FIBERS ( G.V.E.)PRESYNAPTIC FIBERS.POSTSYNAPTIC FIBERS.

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEMCONSIST OFSOMATIC PART OF THE C.N.S.SOMATIC PART OF THE P.N.S.INNERVATION TOALL PART OF THE BODY ,EXCEPTVISCERA IN THE BODY CAVITY.SMOOTH MUSCLES.GLANDS.

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEMPROVIDESTHE SOMATIC SENSORY SYSTEM

TRANSMITS SENSATION OF TOUCH, PAIN, TEMPERATURE AND POSITION.THE SOMATIC MOTOR SYSTEM

INNERVATES ONLY SKELETAL MUSCLES.

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEMDIVISIONSYMPATHETIC.PARASYMPATHETIC.THE ANATOMICAL DISTINCTIONTHE LOCATION OF THE PRESYNAPTIC CELL BODIES.WHICH NERVES CONDUCT THE PRESYNAPTIC FIBER FROM THE C.N.S.THE FUNCTIONAL DISTINCTIONTHE POSTSYNAPTIC NEURON LIBERATE -NOREPINEPHRINE - SYMPATHETIC. -ACETYLCHOLINE - PARASYMPATHETIC.

SYMPATHETIC DIVISIONTHE CELL BODIES OF THE PRESYNAPTIC NEURON ARE FOUND IN THE INTERMEDI OLATERAL CELL COLUMNS.THE CELL BODIES OF THE POSTSYNAP - TIC NEURON OCCUR INPARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA.PREVERTEBRAL GANGLIA.

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISIONPRESYNAPTIC NEURON CELL BODIES ARE LOCATEDIN THE GRAY MATTER OF THE BRAIN STEM, THE FIBERS EXIT THE C.N.S. WITHIN THE CRANIAL N. III, VII, IX AND X - CRANIAL PARASYMPATHETIC OUTFLOWIN THE GRAY MATTER OF THE SACRAL SEG- MEN ( S 2-4 ) THE FIBERS EXIT THE C.N.S THROUGH THE ANTERIR ROOTS OF SACRAL SPINAL N S 2-4 AND THE PELVIC SPLANCHNIC N THA T ARISE FROM THEIR ANTERIOR RAMI SACRAL PARASYMPATHE-TIC OUTFLOW

CRANIAL NERVES.C.N. CARRY ONE OR MORE OF THE FOLLOWING FIVE MAIN FUNCTION ;MOTOR ( EFFERENT ) FIBERS.MOTOR FIBERS TO VOLUNTARY (STRIATED) MUSCLESOMATIC MOTOR.BRANCHIAL MOTOR.MOTOR FIBERS INVOLVED IN INNERVATING INVO LUNTARY (SMOOTH) MUSCLES OR GLANDSSENSORY ( AFFERENT ) FIBERSFIBERS CONVEYING SENSATION FROM THE VSCRFIBERS TRANSMITTING GENERAL SENSATIONFIBERS TRANSMITTING UNIQUE SENSATION

STRUCTURE OF THE SCALPSKIN.CONNECTIVE TISSUE.APONEUROSIS.LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE.PERICRANIUM.

CLINICAL ASPECTSCALP WOUNDSUPERFICIAL S.W.DEEP S.W.SCALP INFECTIONSLOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE IS THE DANGER AREA.EMISSARY VEIN.ECHYMOSIS.SEBACEOUS CYSTSCEPHALHEMATOMA

CRANIAL MENINGESPROTECT THE BRAIN.FORM THE SUPPORTING FRAMEWORK FOR ARTERIES, VEINS AND VENOUS SINU SES.ENCLOSE A FLUID-FILLED CAVITY, THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE, WICH IS VITAL TO THE NORMAL FUNCTION OF THE BRAIN

MENINGESDURA MATER.ARACHNOID MATER.SUBARACHNOID SPACE WITH C.F.S.PIA MATER.

DURA MATERDURAL INFOLDINGSCEREBRAL FALX.CEREBELLAR TENTORIUM.CEREBELLAR FALX.SELLAR DIAPHRAGM

CLINICAL ASPECTBLUNT TRAUMA TO THE HEADFRACTURE OF THE CRANIAL BASE USUALLY TEARS THE DURA AND RESULTS IN LEAKAGE OF C.F.F.TENTORIAL HERNIATIONTENTORIAL HERNIATION, THE TEMPORAL LOBE MAY BE LACERATED BY THE TOUGH CEREBELLAR TENTORIUM AND THE OCULOMOTOR N. MAY BE STRECHED, COMPRESSED PARALYSIS OF THE EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES.BULGING OF THE SELLAR DIAPHRAGMPITUITARY TUMOR SUPERIOR EXTENSION MAY CAUSE PRESSURE ON THE OPTIC CHIASM VISUAL SYMPTOM.

DURAL VENOUS SINUSESSUPERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS.INFERIOR SAGITTAL SINUS.TRANSVERSE SINUS.OCCIPITAL SINUS.CAVERNOUS SINUS.SUPERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES.INFERIOR PETROSAL SINUSES.

EMISSARY VEINSFRONTAL E.V.PARIETAL E.V.MASTOID E.V.POSTERIOR CONDYLAR E.V.

VASCULATURE OF THE DURA MATERARTERIAL SUPPLYANTERIOR BRANCH ANDPOSTERIOR BRANCH OF THE MIDDLE MENINGEAL ARTERY.VENOUS DRAINAGEACCOMPANY THE MENINGEAL A.,THE MIDDLE MENINGEAL V.- PTERYGOID PLEXUS

LEPTO MENUNGITISUSUALLY CONFINED TO SUBARACHNOID SPACE AND ARACHNOID-PIA.THE BACTERIA FROMAN INFECTIOUS OF THE HEART, LUNG AND OTHER VISCERA.NASAL SINUS.

BRAINTHE CEREBRUMFRONTAL LOBES.THE PARIETAL LOBES.THE TEMPORAL LOBES.THE OCCIPITAL LOBES.THE DIENCEPHALONEPITHALAMUS.DORSALTHALAMUS.HYPOTHALAMUS.THE MIDBRAINTHE PONSTHE MEDULLA OBLONGATATHE CEREBELLUM

THE BRAINSTEMTHE MIDBRAINLIE AT THE JUNCTION OF THE MIDDLE AND ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA.C.N. III, C.N. IV.THE PONSLIE IN THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA.C.N. V.THE MEDULLA OBLONGATALIES IN THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA.C.N. IX, C.N.X, C.N.XII

- C.N.VI C.N.VIII AT THE JUNCTION OF PONS AND MEDULLA.

CEREBRAL INJURIESCEREBRAL CONCUSSIONCONSCIOUSNESS MAY BE LOST FOR ONLY 8 10 SEC., IN MORE SEVERE INJURIES CONS SCIOUSNESS MAY BE LOST FOR HOURS AND EVEN DAYS.CEREBRAL CONTUSIONTHE PIA IS STRIPPED FRON THE INJURED SURFACE OF THE BRAIN AND MAY BE TORN, ALLOWING BLOOD TO ENTER THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE, MAY RESULT IN AN EXTENDED LOST OF CONSCIOUSNESSCEREBRAL LACERATIONDEPRESSED CRANIAL FRCT RUPTURE BLOOD VESSEL BLEE DING INTO THE BRAIN AND SUBARACHNOID SPACE, CAUSING INCREASE INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE AND CEREBRAL COMPRE SSION.