Nepalese Case Study on IED &

Counter Measures

Nepal grappled with the Maoist insurgency for a decade 1996-2006

IEDs were the weapons of choice of insurgents

Excessive uses of IEDs

To target security forces

To sabotage govt building and development infrastructures

To terrorize/ intimidate public

Home made and commercial explosives were excessively used

Trends of Development of IEDs

Radio Controlled IED

Time

Trends of Development of IEDs

Safety Fuse

Initiated

Wire Controlled

Victim operated

Safety Fuse Initiated Grenade(SUTALI BOMB)

Safety Safety FuseFuse

Safety Fuse Initiated Grenade(SOCKET BOMB)

ROADSIDE BOMB & EXPLOSIVE AMBUSHES

• Generally via Command wire

• Mostly booby trapped with victim operated devices

Command Wire (CW) Firing Point (FP)

Contact Point (CP)

A Public Bus on Explosive Ambush at Chitawan on 5th June 2005

38 Dead and several others injured38 Dead and several others injured

Seat of Explosion

Forensic Evidence Recovered from Scene

A splinter of bucket bomb with explosive

particles

The command wire used in the

Incident

Front portion of the vehicle

Rear portion of the vehicle

Road Side Bomb against UN Vehicle in PARSA WILDLIFE RESERVE on 22 Nov 2004

Maoist Mortar

MAOIST MORTAR

Maoist Firing Device

(Camera Flash)

Power Inverter

• Generally Used in sabotage• Generally Used in sabotage

TIME BOMBTIME BOMB

Clockwork TimersClockwork Timers

Mechanical Timer

Time selector

Auto timer of Electric Fan

Digital Watch Timer

Time Delay from few seconds to 24 hrs

Arming SwitchArming SwitchTime CounterTime Counter

Variable Variable ResisterResister

CapacitorCapacitor

TransistorTransistor

Wire to the DetonatorWire to the Detonator

LEDLED

Timer DeviceTimer Device

Time delay from 30 seconds to 15 minTime delay from 30 seconds to 15 min

Radio Timer IED found in front of International Conference Hall on 23rd Apr 2004

Explosion in Sajha Bus on 31st May 2004

Victim Operated IED

BANNER BOMBBANNER BOMBBANNER BOMB

TREMBLER SWITCHTREMBLER SWITCH

Explosion During Disposal in Matathirtha VDC Building, Kathmandu on12th Sept 2003

Radio controlled

Explosion of Effigy at Patan Sundhara on 29 Aug 2002

Before Explosion After Explosion

Remote Control Device Remote Control Device Remote Control Device Pager DevicePager Device

REMOTE CONTROL DEVICES REMOTE CONTROL DEVICES Receiver Transmitter

Call Bell

Receiver Transmitter

Motorcycle Alarm

Pressure Cooker IED with Call Bell Receiver Disposed out side Sipradi Traders at Thapathali on

23rd Mar 2004

Call Bell Remote Control Device

Receiver

Transmitter

Explosive

Home Made Commercial

• Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (NH4NO3 -96% , Fuel oil( Diesel)- 4%)

• Ammonium Nitrate Aluminum (Ammonium Nitrate 90%, Alumiunum Powder 10%)

• Amonium Nitrate Nitrobenzene (Amonium Nitrate - 90%, Nitrobenzene - 10%)

• NAPALM. (Soap -40%, Petrol - 60%)

• NOBELGEL 80

• POWER GEL

• SUPERDYNE

• GYLETINE, DYNAMITE

• NEPOLITE

Explosive Used by Maoists during Explosive Used by Maoists during insurgencyinsurgency

SUN BRAND SUN BRAND TEL GEX 80TEL GEX 80 NOBLE GEL 80NOBLE GEL 80

POWER GELPOWER GEL BEL GELATINE 80BEL GELATINE 80

BEL GELATINE 80BEL GELATINE 80

Home made Explosives

White Phosphorus

Gun PowderYellow Powder (Amonium Nitrate Based Explosive)

White Powder (Amonium Nitrate Based Explosive)

After comprehensive Peace Agreement

Use of IEDs by various armed groups

The IEDs used are in developing stage

IED threats have been increasing in southern plain in recent days.

Counter Measures

HOW WE DID IT?

Establishment of separate EOD Holding Unit for the Search, disposal and analysis of such explosive devices, IED defeat strategy A combined action plan within the overall counterinsurgency campaignResource controlledCollecting data about adversary's activities that might indicate upcoming IED attacks.Detection and disruption throughout the IED Threat ChainDetecting the IEDs themselves

Capability enhancement in terms of training and equipment.

Deployment of EOD teams Awareness training For all security forces and government officials For public through TV, Radios and Pamphlets

Safety measures and Dos and Don’ts.Domination of roads & trSearch of suspected stretch of rd/tr before commencement of moveNever touch suspected items Use remote disposal techniquesEmploy trained pers only to clear suspected devicesDon’t try to be dead Hero

MREMRE

NA ReNA Re--habilitation centrehabilitation centre

VICTIM ASSISTANCEVICTIM ASSISTANCE

Cas EvacCas Evac Victim AssistanceVictim Assistance

VICTIM ASSISTANCEVICTIM ASSISTANCE

Est. of Army Rehabilition CenterCasualty Evacuation from Accident Site.Co-ordination with ICRC for Victim assistance.

Thank you Any ???????