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7/30/2019 Nepal Natural Treasures of Nepal
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t r e a s u r e s o N e p a l
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Gnral Introduction 3
Moths and Buttris 5
Wildli 6
Zoo and Musums 9Flowrs and Vgtation 10
Protctd Aras o Npal 13
Attractions and Activitis 14
National Parks 18
Bardia National Park (968 km2) and Bur Zon (328 km2) 19
Chitwan National Park (932 km2) and Bur Zon (750 km2) 22
Khaptad National Park (225 km2) and Bur Zon (216 km2) 25
Langtang National Park (1,710 km2) and Bur Zon (420 km2) 27
Makalu Barun National Park (1,500 km2) and Bur Zon (830 km2) 31
Rara National Park (106 km2) and Bur Zon (198 km2) 33Sagarmatha National Park (1,148 km2) and Bur Zon (275 km2) 35
Shy-Phoksundo National Park (3,555 km2) and Bur Zon (1,349 km2) 38
Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park (159 km2) 40
Wildli Rsrvs 42
Koshitappu Wildli Rsrv (175 km2) and Bur Zon (173 km2) 43
Parsa Wildli Rsrv (499 km2) and Bur Zon (298.2 km2) 46
Shuklaphanta Wildli Rsrv (305 km2) and Bur Zon (243.5 km2) 48
Hunting Rsrv 50
Dhorpatan Hunting Rsrv (1,325 km2) 50
Consrvation Aras 52Annapurna Consrvation Ara (7,629 km2) 53
Kangchnjunga Consrvation Ara (2,035 km2) 56
Manaslu Consrvation Ara (1,663 km2) 58
Watr Towrs 60
Laks, Wtlands and Rivrs 61
Ramsar Sits: Wtlands o Global Signifcancs 63
Othr Wtlands 65
Rivrs 66
World Hritag Sits 69
Bird Watching 72
Cavs 74
Mountain Paks 77
Gnral Inormation & Prcautions 82
Contents
7/30/2019 Nepal Natural Treasures of Nepal
4/862 Natural Trasurs o Npal
NePAL
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GeneralIntroduction
Littl known until th mid-20th
cntury, whn th country was
opnd to th outsid world,
Npal is hom to 101 divrs
thnic groups who vn today
practic cnturis-old traditions
and rligious blis which hav
changd littl ovr tim.
Npal, a trasur trov o natural hritag, is a rlativly
small nation o 25.8 million popl whr climatic zonsvary dramatically within a short distanc rom th low
lying Kanchan Kalan (67m) to Mount evrst (8848m),
th highst point on arth.
Littl known until th mid-20th cntury, whn th
country was opnd to th outsid world, Npal is hom
to 101 divrs thnic groups who vn today practic
cnturis-old traditions and rligious blis which hav
changd littl ovr tim.
Npals cological zons run ast to wst and ar
vrtically intrsctd by th rivr systms. Th southrn
lowland Tarai (67-300m) continus to th Bhabar blt
covrd with th Char Kos Jhadi orsts known or rich
wildli. Furthr north, th Siwalik zon (700-1500m)
and th Mahabharat rang (1500-2700m) giv way to
th Duns (vallys), such as Trijuga, Sindhuli, Chitwan,
Dang and Surkht. Th Midlands (600-3500m), north o
th Mahabharat rang is whr th two bautiul vallys
o Kathmandu and Pokhara li covrd in trracd
ricflds, and surroundd by orstd watrshds.
Th high Himalaya (abov 3000m) compriss mountain
crsts, alpin pasturs and tmprat orsts limitd by th
tr-lin (4000m) and snow lin (5500m). eight o th 14
ight-thousandrs o th world li in Npal: Sagarmatha
(Mount evrst 8848m), Kanchnjunga (8586m), Lhots
(8516m), Makalu (8463m), Cho Oyu (8201m), Dhaulagiri
(8167 m), Manaslu (8163m) and Annapurna (8091m).Th innr Himalayan vallys (abov 3600m) such as
Mustang and Dolpa ar cold dsrts sharing topographical
charactristics with th Tibtan platau. Npal has fv
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sasons: spring, summr, monsoon, autumn, and
wintr. Th high Himalaya acts as a barrir to th
cold winds blowing rom Cntral Asia in wintr,
and orms th northrn boundary o th monsoon
wind pattrns. eighty prcnt o th prcipitation
is rcivd during th monsoon (Jun-Sptmbr).
Wintr rains ar mor pronouncd in th wstrn
hills. Th avrag annual rainall is 1600mm, but
varis by co-climatic zons, such as 3345mm in
Pokhara and blow 300mm in Mustang.
Tmpratur varis according to topographic
variations with an avrag tmpratur drop o
6C or vry 1000m gain in altitud. In th
Tarai, wintr tmpraturs ar btwn 22-27C,whil summr tmpraturs xcd 37C. In th
Midlands, tmpraturs ar btwn 12-16C.
Npal holds th so
calld Watr Towrs
o South Asia with its
6000 rivrs which ar
snow-d or dpndant
on rain. Th prnnial
rivrs includ thMahakali, Karnali,
Narayani, and Koshi
Rivrs originating in
th Himalaya. Th
mdium-sizd rivrs
lik Babai, Wst Rapti,
Bagmati, Kamla,
Kankai, and Mchi Rivrs gnrally originat in
th Midlands and th Mahabharat rang. A larg
numbr o sasonal strams, mostly originating
in th Siwaliks, ow across th Tarai.
O th 163 wtlands documntd, nin ar
globally rcognizd as Ramsar sits. Thy ar:
Koshitappu Wildli Rsrv, Bshazarital,
Jagdishpur rsrvoir and Ghodaghodital in
th tarai, and Gokyo, Phoksundo, Rara and
Gosaikunda in th mountainous rgion and Mai
Pokhari (Illam) in th mid-mountain rgion.
Th immns divrsity in Npals ora and auna
is rmarkabl. Its wildli rsourcs blong to
th Palaarctic and Indo-Malayan ralms. Th
136 cosystms is confnd to 11 bio-climatic
zons and 9 co-rgions that ar dfnd by
cological aturs, climat, and plant and
animal communitis.
Comprising only 0.1% o land ara on a global
scal, Npal posssss a disproportionatly rich
biodivrsity. O th total numbr o spcis ound
globally, Npal posssss 2.80% plants, 3.96%
mammals, 3.72% buttris, and 8.90% birds.
O 6391 spcis o owring plants rcordd in
Npal, 399 ar ndmic. Th ndmic auna ar:
Himalayan Fild mous, Spiny babblr, Npal kalij,
14 hrptoauna, and six typs o fshs.
Npals 16 Protctd Aras covr 19.67 % o
its land compard to th global avrag o
11%. each o th nin national parks, thr
wildli rsrvs,
thr consrvation
aras and on hunting
rsrv covr various
gographical locations
rom th sub-tropical
jungls o th tarai toth arctic conditions
o th evrst rgion.
Th World Hritag
Sits o Npal ar:
Chitwan National
Park, Sagarmatha
National Park, Lumbini,
Changu Narayan, Kathmandu Durbar Squar,
Patan Durbar Squar, Bhaktapur Durbar Squar,
Swoyambhunath, Boudhanath and Pashupatinath.
Thr ar mor than 30 natural cavs in th
country out o which only a w ar accssibl
by road. Th Maratika Cav (also known as
Halshi) is a pilgrimag sit associatd with
Buddhism and Hinduism. Th Siddha cav is
nar Bimalnagar along th Kathmandu-Pokhara
highway. Th Pokhara ara is known or cavs
namly Bats shd, Batulchaur, Guptswar,Patal Chhango tc. Th numrous cavs around
Lo Manthang in Mustang includ Luri and
Tashi Kabum which hous ancint murals and
chhortns dating back to th 13th cntury.
Th immns divrsity in Npals
ora and auna is rmarkabl. Its
wildli rsourcs blong to th
Palaarctic and Indo-Malayan
ralms. Th 136 cosystms is
confnd to 11 bio-climatic zons
and 9 co-rgions that ar dfnd
by cological aturs, climat, and
plant and animal communitis.
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Mothsand Butterflies
Npal has a high numbr o auna
spcis o which highr auna
groups hav bn rlativly wll
studid compard to th lowr
auna groups, xcpt or th
buttris and to som xtnt
th spidrs.
Npal has a high numbr o auna spcis o which
highr auna groups hav bn rlativly wll studid
compard to th lowr auna groups, xcpt or th
buttris and to som xtnt th spidrs.
Thr ar 651 spcis o buttris, which ar
distributd throughout th country in various cological
zons, 325 in th Tarai, 557 spcis in th Mid-hills, and
82 in th Highlands. Th Rd Data Book o th Fauna o
Npal has listd 142 spcis o buttris, o which 12
wr ndangrd, 43 vulnrabl, and th rst, 87 spcissuscptibl to b thratnd. Th ndangrd spcis
ar Brown gorgon, Krishna pacock, Sikkim hairstrak,
Slat Royal, Scac sirn, Blu duchss, Pal Hockystick
sailr, Grat Hockystick sailr, Crbta, Pal orstr
and Liddrdals dawny.
Th thr ndmic spcis o buttris in Npal ar:
Bandd Apollo, Common Rd apollo and Walnut Blu.
Similarly, th thr spcis listd in th CITeS appndix II
ar Kaisr-I-hind, Goldn birdwing and Common birdwing.
Th Himalayan cli honyb, th worlds largst b
spcis, and th Atlas moth, th worlds largst moth,
and a rlict Himalayan dragony ar thr o th bst-
known inscts uniqu to Npal. Found in th Manaslu
and Annapurna consrvation aras, th Himalayan
cli honyb (Apis laboriosa) normally masurs
3cm in lngth, nsts at altituds btwn 2500m and
3200m, and orags at altituds o up to 4,100m. Th
Atlas moth (Attacus atlas) has a wingspan o up to400sq.cm. rom as littl as 25cm. to 30cm. Th Rlict
Himalayan dragony (Epiophlebia laidlawi) is ound in
th Sagarmatha National Park and Shivapuri Nagarjun
National Park.
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Wildlife
Wildli o Npal is ofcially classifd into two main
catgoris: common and protctd. Th common
catgory lists such spcis as common lopard, spottd
dr, Himalayan tahr, blu shp and othrs. Ths
spcis ar commonly sn in th wild. Th protctd
spcis includ 26 mammals, nin birds and thr
rptils. Ths rar animals ar confnd to thir prim
habitats. Howvr, thy can b ncountrd in th
spcifc protctd aras mostly during autumn and
spring as ollows:
Wildli o Npal is
ofcially classifd into
two main catgoris:
common and protctd.
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SN English Name Local Name Latin Name Protected Areas for Encounter
1 Asiatic lphant Hatti Elephas maximus Parsa, Chitwan, Bardia, Shuklaphanta,Koshitappu
2 Assams monky Assami rato bandar Macaca assamensis Langtang, Makalu Barun, Kanchnjunga
3 Black buck Krisnasar Antilope cervicapra Bardia, Khairi-Panditpur
4 Cloudd lopard Dwans chituwa Neofelis nebulosa Shivapuri and othr National Parks
5 Four hornd antilop Chauka Tetraceros quadricornis Bardia, Chitwan
6 Gangtic dolphin Shons Platanista gangetica Koshitappu, Chitwan, Bardia
7 Gaur Gauri gai Bos gaurus Chitwan, Parsa, Trijuga
8 Grat Tibtan shp Nayan Ovis ammon Annapurna
9 Himalayan Bar Himali rato bhalu Ursus arctos Annapurna
10 Hispid har Hispid kharayoCaprolagus hispidus
Shuklaphanta11 Indian pangolin Salak Manis pentadactyla Shivapuri
12 Lopard cat Chari bagh Felis bengalensia Langtang
13 Lynx Lynx Felis lynx Annapurnna
14 Musk dr Kasturi mirga Moschus moschiferos Kangchnjungha, Sagarmatha, Makalu
Barun, Langtang, Rara, Annapurna,
Manaslu, Shy-Phoksundo, Khaptad, Rara
15 Pygmi hog Pudk Bandl Sus salvanius Koshitappu
16 Rd panda Habr Ailurus fulgens Kangchnjungha, Sagarmatha,
Makalu Barun, Langtang
17 Rhinocros Gainda Rhinoceros unicornis Chitwan, Bardia, Shuklaphanta
18 Snow lopard Hiu chituwa Panthere uncia Shy-Phoksundo, Langtang,Sagarmatha, Kangchnjungha
19 Spottd linsang Silu Prionodon pardicolor Chitwan
20 Stripd hyna Hundar Hyaena hyaena Bardia
21 Swamp dr Barhasingha Cervus duvauceli Shuklaphanta, Bardia
22 Tibtan antilop Chiru Pantholops hodgsoni Shy Phoksundo
23 Tigr Bagh Panthera tigris Parsa, Chitwan, Bardia, Shuklaphanta
24 Wild bualo Arna Bubalus bubalis Koshitappu
25 Wild yak Yak Bos grunniens Sagarmatha, Makalu, Kanchnjunga
26 Wol Bwanso Canis lupus Shy Phoksundo, Khaptad, Sagarmatha
Mammals
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BirdsSN English Name Local Name Latin Name Protected Areas for Encounter
1 Chir phasant Kalij Catreus wallichii Mountain protctd aras
2 Impyan phasant Dan Lophophorus impeyanus Mountain protctd aras
3 Crimson hornd phasant Monal Tragopan satyra Mountain protctd aras
4 Whit stork Sto sarus Ciconia ciconia Chitwan, Parsa
5 Bngal orican Khar majur Eupodotis bengalensis Chitwan, Bardia, Shuklaphanta, Parsa
6 Lssr orican Sano khar majur Sypheotides indica Chitwan, Bardia, Parsa
7 Sarus cran Sarus Grus grus Lumbini, Chitwan, Shuklaphanta, Parsa
8 Giant hornbill Thulo dhansh Buceros bicornis Chitwan, Bardia, Parsa9 Black stork Kalo sarus Ciconia nigra Chitwan, Bardia, Shuklaphanta, Parsa
ReptilesSN English Name Local Name Latin Name Protected Areas for Encounter
1 Gharial Gharial gohi Gavialis gangeticus Chitwan, Bardia, Koshi
2 Python Ajingar Python species Chitwan, Bardia, Parsa, Shuklaphanta,Koshi
3 Monitor lizard Sun gohoro Varanus flavescens Chitwan, Bardia, Shuklaphanta
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Th Cntral Zoo (6.5ha) houss 119 spcis o 970
animals. Thy compris 33 spcis o 206 mammals,
60 spcis o 321 birds, 17 spcis o 424 fsh and
9 spcis o 19 rptils. Locatd at Jawalakhl in
Lalitpur, th zoo is opn on all working days, and
animals can b viwd rom clos rang. O th
mammals, som notabl spcis ar Guina pig,
Hippopotamus, Lopard, Lion-Taild macaqu, On-
hornd rhinocros, Siamang, Royal Bngal tigr, Whit
mic and othrs.
Th Natural History Musum, stablishd in 1975,
houss an stimatd 40,000 zoological spcimns
(invrtbrats and vrtbrats), including 900
spcimns o ovr 650 spcis o birds and 100
skltons, som skins, ossils, rocks, and minrals,
plastic and clay modls, and wildli trophis.
Wildli musums maintaind in th protctd aras
hav signifcant collctions mostly obtaind rom local
sourcs as wll as som that wr confscatd rompoachrs and smugglrs.
Th Cntral Zoo (6.5ha) houss
119 spcis o 970 animals.
Thy compris 33 spcis o 206
mammals, 60 spcis o 321
birds, 17 spcis o 424 fsh and
9 spcis o 19 rptils.
Zoo andMuseums
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Flowers and
VegetationLying at th cological crossroads o
major oristic rgions, Npal boasts o
ovr 6,390 spcis o owring plants
(including 400 tr spcis) rprsntd
in th 136 cosystms confnd to 11
bio-climatic zons and nin co-rgions.
Lying at th cological crossroads o major oristic
rgions, Npal boasts o ovr 6390 spcis o owring
plants (including 400 tr spcis) rprsntd in th
136 cosystms confnd to 11 bio-climatic zons and
nin co-rgions.
Th Tarai-Siwaliks (blow 1000m) contain subtropicalvgtation that has charactristics o th south-ast
Asia-Malaysian and Indian oristic composition.
Th dominant tr is sal, and othr spcis xtant
ar Terminalia, Anogeissus, Adina cordifolia, Butea
monosperma, Bombax ceiba, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia
catechutc. Th orsts in th wstrn rgion ar wll
prsrvd. It is stimatd that thr ar narly 1500
spcis o owring plants in this blt.
Th Mid-hills (1000-3000m) hav th gratst cosystmas wll as spcis divrsitis in Npal, largly du
to th grat varity o trrain and th occurrnc o
subtropical to tmprat ora and auna in this zon.
Harboring narly 32% o th orsts in th country, th
zon includs 52 typs o cosystms with an stimatd
numbr o owring plant spcis ovr 4000. Major
spcis ound in th zon ar Castanopsis indica,
Schima wallichii, chir pine, Alnus nepalensis, Cedrela,
Albiziatc in th lowr blt, and Castanopsis tribuloides,
Castanopsis hystrix, Lithocarpus pachyphylla, blu pin,
svral spcis o oaks and rhododndrons, Aesculus,
Acer, Juglanstc in th uppr blt.
Th Highlands (abov 3000m) includ 38 major
cosystms covring on-third o th countrys orsts.
Thy compris around on third o th total orst covr
o Npal, rprsnting birch, oak, rhododndron, junipr,
fr, cdar, larch, and spruc orsts. About 420 owring
plant spcis hav bn rcordd abov 5,000m on bothsids o th Himalayan rang in th evrst rgion. It is
stimatd that ovr 2,700 spcis o owring plants ar
ound in th zon. Although rlativly lss divrs than
th Mid-hills and Lowlands, thy ar charactrizd by a
larg numbr o ndmic spcis.
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Basd on th climatological, orisitic and
cological inormation, Npal has bn dividd
into thr gographic rgions: Wst (th Karnali
Rivr systm urthr wst o 83e longitud); east
(th Koshi Rivr systm urthr ast o 8630elongitud); and Cntr (Gandaki Rivr systm
btwn 83 and 8630e longituds). Th
indicator spcis lik Aesculus indicaand Cedrus
deodaraar prdominantly ound in th wst,
whil Castanopsis hystrixand Larix griffithianaar
prdominant in astrn and cntral Npal. eastrn
Npal is richr in rhododndron spcis, or xampl
th Mchi zon contains as many as 28 spcis,
and th Mahakali zon only 5. Th Rhododendron
arboreumgrows up to 15m and grows abundantlyin th lowr blt, whras Rhododendron nivale
grows only 10-30cm at 4500-5500m, th world
rcord or th vascular plants.
Th cntral Botanical Gardn (82 ha) is locatd
at Godawari (1515m) in th south-ast cornr o
th Kathmandu vally. At th bas o Phulchoki
(2.715m), it is surroundd by natural vrgrn
orsts o mainly Schima wallichiiandCastanopsis
indica. Alnus nepalensisar concntratd along
th watr courss. Som common trs and shrubs
o this gardn ar Choerospondias axillaris,
Myrica esculenta, Pyracantha crenulata, Rubus
ellipticus, Mahonia napaulensis, Zizyphus incurve,
Stranvaesia nussia, Prunus cerrasoides, Pyrus
pashiatc. Th orchid hous alon contains about
90 spcis including Dendrobium densiflorum,
Ceologyne cristata, Calanthe masucaand Pleione
hookerianatc.
Th othr botanical gardns in th country
(location, altitud, yar o stablishmnt) ar:
1. Maipokhari Botanical Gardn, Illam,
2200m (1992)
2. Dhanusha Botanical Gardn, Dhanushadham,
Dhanusha, 75m (1998)
3. Vrindaban Botanical Gardn, Htauda,
Makawanpur, 500m (1962)
4. Daman Botanical Gardn, Daman,Makawanpur, 2140m (1962)
5. Tistung Botanical Gardn, Tistung,
Makawanpur, 1700m (1962)
6. Dhakri Botanical Gardn, Bank, 130m (1962)
7. Mulpani Botanical Gardn, Kapurkot, salyan,
2000m (1990)
8. Dhitachor Botanical Gardn, Jumla, 2500m (1990)
9. Godawari Botanical Gardn, Godavari, Kailali,
130m (1998)
10.Doria Botanical Gardn, Dhangadhi, Kailali 100m
Th National Hrbarium at Godavari (stablishd in
1960) houss ovr 161,800 plant spcimns and is
th largst hrbarium in Npal.
Ovr 700 spcis o plants o Npal hav bn idntifd
as plants having mdicinal valu. O thm, 72 spcis
ar commrcially important, and th fv major spcis
having th highst xport quantity o thir biomatrials
ar rittha or soap nut (Sapindus mukorossi), timur
or Npali pppr (Zanthoxylum armatum), Jhyau or
Lichn (Parmelia spp), Pawan (Persia bombycina) and
Chirtta (Swertia chirayita). A uniqu plant spcis
that grows on a catrpillar is yarsa gumba (Cordyceps
sinensis) which is ound in th Shy Phoksundo ara
and similar high altitud rgions. Th Amchi(Tibtan
traditional halr) and Aryuvdic traditions rly on ths
mdicinal hrbs and thir drivativs or thir curs.
Som important placs whr ths traditions ar xtantar: Annapurna, Langtang, Sagarmatha and Shy-
Phoksundo bsids othrs.
Th community orsts in th hills and plains ar
notworthy and worth a visit. Ovr 15,000 usr
groups ar ngagd in th planting and natural
rgnration o trs and mdicinal plants. Wildli
including birds and mammals lik lopards hav
rturnd to ths orsts. In many placs, tourism
has bcom a major activity bsids harvsting oorst products. Th activitis in th community
orsts within th bur zons o Chitwan ar:
lphant saaris, natur walks tc.
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PROTeCTeDAReAS
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ProtectedAreas of Nepal
With th nactmnt o th 1973 National Parks
and Wildli Consrvation Act, Npal joind othr
nations in th caus o biodivrsity consrvation by
stablishing 16 Protctd Aras that includ nin
national parks, thr wildli rsrvs, on hunting
rsrv, and thr consrvation aras. Bur zons
hav bn dclard in th 11 protctd aras whr
local communitis ar mpowrd to manag thir
own rsourcs.
Ths protctd aras ar th dpositoris o divrs
ora and auna ound in th country. Thy rprsnt
31 out o 36 orst cosystms as simplifd rom
th 136 typs on th basis o th climax vgtations
and cological homognity. Thy ar hom to
95% o th total bird spcis ound in th country,
85% o th mammal spcis, and 66% ach o th
hrptoauna and fsh spcis. Thy includ two
World Hritag Sits and six Ramsar Sits out o nin.
With th nactmnt o th 1973
National Parks and Wildli
Consrvation Act, Npal joind othr
nations in th caus o biodivrsity
consrvation by stablishing 16
Protctd Aras that includ nin
national parks, thr wildli
rsrvs, on hunting rsrv, and
thr consrvation aras.
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Attractions and
Activitieseach o th protctd aras o
Npal has its uniqu cological
aturs oring spcial
attractions and potntial
activitis or visitors dpnding
upon its location.
each o th protctd aras o Npal has its uniqu
cological aturs oring spcial attractions and
potntial activitis or visitors dpnding upon
its location. Th ollowing two tabls (on by
physiographical locations and anothr by protctd
aras) provid basic inormation at a glanc.
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Protected Areas by Location Major Attractions Potential Activities
Tarai Siwaliks (Bardia, Chitwan, Wildli: mga auna and ungulats, elphant rid, jungl driv, natur/villag
Koshitappu, Parsa and Shuklaphanta) birds, lphant stabls walk, olk danc,rating,Rock climbing
Landscap: rivrs, orsts, grasslands, local stivals
wtlands Cultur: Tharu, community listyl
Midlands (Khaptad and Shivapuri) Wildli: lopards, musk dr, dr, Natur/villag walk, local stivals,
wild boar, Himalayan black bar, birds Hiking, Canyoning
Landscap: moorland, orsts, strams
Cultur: community listyl
High Mountains (Annapurna, Wildli: snow lopard, rd panda, Mountainring, trkking, Natur/villag
Dhorpatan, Kanchnjunga, Langtang, musk dr, phasants walk, Canyoning, local stivals
Makalu Barun, Manaslu, Rara, Landscap: mountain paks,
Sagarmatha and Shy Phoksundo) glacial laks, orsts, pasturs
Cultur: Shrpa, Tamang,
Bhotia cultur, community listyl
Protected Area Landscape Wildlife Culture
Annapurna mountain paks, wtlands, snow lopard, blu Svral global rcognitions,
rivrs, cavs, orsts, shp, phasants Hindu andBuddhist cultur,
pasturs transhumanc, ethnic listyls
o Gurung, Thakali, Bhotia,
Magar, Brahmin, Kshtri tc
Bardia Git to th earth, Tigr Tigr, rhinocros, Tharu culturConsrvation Unit lphants
Chitwan World Hritag Sit and Tigr, rhinocros, Tharu cultur, community
Ramsar Sit crocodil/lphant listyl
brding, Vultur
Brding Cntr
Dhorpatan Hunting rsrv, mountain lopard, goral, Hindu cultur,
paks, orsts, pasturs srow, Himalayan transhumanc
tahr, phasants
Kangchnjungha Git to th earth, snow lopard, musk Hindu and Buddhist
mountain paks, glacirs, dr, rd panda, cultur, transhumanc
wtlands, rivrs, orsts, phasants
pasturs
Khaptad moorland, orsts, strams Lopards, musk dr, transhumanc, stivals
wild boar, birds,
wild dog
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Protected Area Landscape Wildlife Culture
Koshitappu Ramsar Sit, rivr, Arna, lphants, community listyl
grasslands birds, dolphin
Langtang Ramsar sit, mountain snow lopard, rd Tamang cultur, Amchi,
paks, glacirs, glacial laks, panda, musk dr, stivals, transhumanc
orsts, pasturs phasants, Himalayan
black bar
Makalu Barun mountain paks, glacirs, snow lopard, rd Shrpa cultur, transhumanc,
glacial laks, orsts, panda, musk dr, community listyl
pasturs phasants, Himalayan
black bar
Manaslu mountain paks, rivrs, snow lopard, blu ethnic listyls o Gurung and
orsts, pasturs shp, goral, srow, Bhotia, Amchi, transhumanc
Himalayan tahr,phasants
Parsa orsts, grasslands Tigr, lphants, community listyl
blu bull
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Protected Area Landscape Wildlife Culture
Rara Ramsar Sit, lak, orsts Rd panda, musk community listyl
dr, phasants
Sagarmatha World Hritag Sit, Ramsar snow lopard, rd Shrpa cultur, stivals
Sit, mountain paks, panda, musk dr,
glacirs, glacial laks, phasants
orsts, pasturs
Shy Phoksundo Ramsar sit, mountain Snow lopard, blu Bonpo cultur, Amchi,
paks, glacial laks, orsts, shp, musk dr, transhumanc
pasturs, cold dsrt Tibtan wol,
phasants
Shivapuri mountain, orsts, strams Cloudd lopard, Hindu and Buddhist cultur,
Common lopard, stivals
wild boar, HimalayanBlack bar, birds
Shuklaphanta grasslands, wtlands Tigr, barasingha, community listyl
elphants
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NATIONALPARKS
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BardiaNational Park
Practically untouchd by
modrnization, it is a major
componnt o th Tigr
Consrvation Landscap. Its
proposd xtnsion has bn
dclard a Git to th earth.
BackgroundTh Bardia National Park, situatd in Mid-wstrn
Npal, occupis th Karnali ood plain, th Babai rivr
vally, and th Siwaliks rang with th highst pak o
Sukarmala (1441m).
Practically untouchd by modrnization, it is a major
componnt o th Tigr Consrvation Landscap. Its
proposd xtnsion has bn dclard a Git to thearth.
Historically a hunting ground and fshing sit, 1,500
housholds wr vacuatd rom hr in 1984.
ClimatTh park njoys thr distinct sasons, ach providing
a uniqu xprinc. Octobr through arly April
is quit dry. Th days ar warm, and th nights ar
cool and plasant. From April through Jun, thtmpratur riss up raching 45C in May. Th hot
sticky days giv way to th monsoon rains that last
till Sptmbr. Th bst tim to visit th park is rom
Octobr through March.
Flora and FaunaTh park consists o thr major natural orsts rom
th rivrin composition o khair-sissoo, to sal in th
Tarai and hills and to Chir pin-oak in th Siwaliks. O
th rcordd 173 spcis, sal is th dominant spcis.
(968 km2) and Bur Zon (328 km2)
Practically untouchd bymodrnization, it is a major
componnt o th Tigr Consrvation
Landscap. Its proposd xtnsion has
bn dclard a
Git to th earth.
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Th park is hom to 59 spcis o mammals, 407typs o birds, 52 kinds o amphibians/ rptils,
and 124 spcis o fsh. Fauna includs tigrs,
wild lphants, rhinocros, swamp dr, black
buck and dolphins among th mammals, gharials
and pythons among th rptils. Som o th
ndangrd birds ound in th park ar Bengal
florican, Lesser floricanand sarus cran.
Aras o IntrstTh Babai vally consists o an cological
succssion rom cultivatd lands to wildli
habitats. Th Babai rivr is good or fshing
sits, and rating is also possibl.
Th Karnali rivr is known or its larg volum
o watr inhabitd by th critically ndangrd
Gangtic dolphins, sot-shlld turtls and
Mahsr fsh tc. Th Karnali bridg at Chisapani
is idally locatd to provid a grat viwpoint orobsrving th gigantic watr body turning rom
its turbulnt mountain charactr to a widly
sprad braidd pattrn.
Th park is hom to 83 On hornd rhinocros
translocatd rom Chitwan. A vry succssul
program in crocodil brding is also carrid outat Thakurdwara.
An lphant stabl nar Thakurdwara
provids insight and ntrtainmnt or
visitors. Occasionally, wild lphants
rqunt th sit during ding tim. Hrds
o ovr 50 wild lphants mov about th
Babai vally and othr parts o th park.
Visitors otn ncountr ths mga spcis
in th wild.
Th park managmnt rgularly conducts a sris
o scintifc xprimnts on tigr, rhinocros and
othr wildli using camra-traps and
othr quipmnt.
Animal sighting is mor rqunt and highly
rwarding during th annual grass cutting sason
in January.
During th months o Sptmbr, Novmbr,
Fbruary and April, migratory birds arriv to
augmnt th numbr o rsidntial birds giving
birdwatchrs a grat opportunity to njoy
thir sport.
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Thr is an inormation cntr, wildli musum,Tharu thnographic musum and souvnir shop
around Thakurdwara. Local lodgs also provid
gusts with basic inormation.
In th bur zon, th local community is
involvd in maintaining orsts, irrigation
channls, biogas projcts, school co clubs, local
stivals, traditional dancs tc.
Th Khairapur black buck sanctuary, locatd nar
Gularia about 15 km south-ast o Thakurdwara,
is hom to ovr 100 black bucks in thir
natural habitat.
ActivitisWith th assistanc o guids and tour oprators,
visitors can participat in a varity o activitis
in and around th park. Dpnding upon thir
choic and intrsts, visitors can go or lphantrids, jungl drivs, rating, natur walks, bird
watching, villag walk, cultural program tc.
AccssPublic buss run along th highway passing
through th park, thus linking it with Kathmandu
and othr parts o th country. Th road journyto Npalgunj rom Kathmandu is about 12 hours.
Th most convnint mans o raching th park
is by ying to Npalgunj (daily ights). Buss ar
also availabl rom Kathmandu. Public bus srvic
is availabl btwn Npalgunj and Thakurdwara,
whil privat vhicls can also b hird.
Visitors can also rach th park by rating down
th Rivr Karnali.
Basic FacilitisThr ar svral rsorts and lodgs that catr to
th hundrds o visitors that arriv hr. Thy
provid xcllnt srvics that includ ood,
accommodation and transport, and organiz
activitis lik natur walks, lphant saaris,
jungl driv, rating tc. Around Thakurdwara
thr ar also rstaurants, cybr cas, souvnirshops, mdical shops tc.
For Furthr InormationBardia National Park Ofc,
Thakurdwara, Bardia.
Tl: 977 (84) 429712
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ChitwanNational Park
Chitwan (mans orsts whr lopardsdwll), is th frst national park o
Npal stablishd in 1973. According
to UNeSCO, th World Hritag Sit
is At th oot o th Himalayas,
Chitwan is on o th w rmaining
undisturbd vstigs o th Tarai
rgion, which ormrly xtndd ovr
th oothills o India and Npal. It has
a particularly rich ora and auna. On
o th last populations o On-hornd
Asiatic rhinocros livs in th park,
which is also on o th last rugs o
th Bngal tigr.
Chitwan (mans orsts whr lopards dwll), isth frst national park o Npal stablishd in 1973.
According to UNeSCO, th World Hritag Sit is At
th oot o th Himalayas, Chitwan is on o th w
rmaining undisturbd vstigs o th Tarai rgion,
which ormrly xtndd ovr th oothills o India and
Npal. It has a particularly rich ora and auna. On o
th last populations o On-hornd Asiatic rhinocros
livs in th park, which is also on o th last rugs
o th Bngal tigr.
For its xmplary community-orintd consrvation
works, CNP has rcivd wid acclaim as th bst
managd park at th 5th World Park Congrss.
ClimatTh park njoys thr main sasons: hot and dry
summr, a hot and humid rainy sason and a warm
wintr. Btwn Octobr and Fbruary, th avrag
tmpratur is 25C nsuring a plasant climat. FromMarch through Jun, tmpraturs can rach as high
as 43C. Th hot and humid days giv way to th
monsoon sason that typically lasts or our months
rom Jun through Sptmbr. Th bst tim to visit is
rom Octobr through March.
Flora and FaunaTh park has a rich ora that includs sal, Palash, silk
cotton, Tr rn, Cycas, Scrw pin and orchids. Thr
ar mor than 50 dirnt typs o grass spcis,including th lphant grass, rnownd or its immns
hight raching up to 8m.
(932 km2) and Bur Zon (750 km2)
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Th park is hom to 58 spcis o mammals,
539 typs o birds, 56 typs o rptils and
amphibians, and 124 spcis o fsh. Th
mammalian spcis includ th rhinocros, tigr,
lphant, antlop, lopard, wild boar, bar tc.
whil among th rptils ound hr ar th
goldn monitor lizard, python, crocodil tc.
Som o th bird spcis ound hr ar: Black
Nckd stork, th Lssr Adjutant stork, th Gry
Hadd Fishing agl, th Brahmini ducks, th
Bngal orican, th Lssr orican, th Giant
hornbill tc.
Aras o IntrstTh park is an xampl o cological succssions.
Onc inhabitd by ovr 11,000 popl, th
Old Padampur ara along with th abandond
armlands, irrigation canals tc.has bcom
a prim habitat or rhinocros. A visit to th
crocodil brding cntr at Kasara, and anlphant brding cntr at Khorsor nar
Sauraha can b both rwarding and ducativ.
Monitoring o tigrs, rhinocros and birds is
scintifcally carrid out in th park.
Wildli sighting is mor rqunt during th
annual grass cutting sason in January.
During th months o Sptmbr to Novmbr,
Fbruary to April, thousands o migratory birds
arriv to join th rsidntial birds
providing bird watchrs with
spctacular viw o a varity
o birds.
Chitwan is known
or shrins lik
that o th
Bikram baba whr
nwly wds com
to pray or a good
conjugal li and th
Valmiki Ashram whr th Ramayan
pics ar rprsntd.
In Chitwan, tourism rlatd stivals, airs and
vnts ar organizd by th local bodis whil Tigr
Tops annual World elphant Polo Championships is
hld at Mghauly during th wintr.
Thr ar inormation cntrs and wildli musums
in such placs as Kasara, Khorsor, Sauraha
and Tikauli. On can visit th Tharu musum
and souvnir shop locatd at Sauraha. Basic
inormation is also availabl at th
various lodgs.
Community orsts, irrigation works, biogas
plants, co clubs and traditional dancs ar som
o th communal activitis worth sing.
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ActivitisDpnding upon th lvl o advntur and
intrsts, visitors can participat in a varity
o activitis such as lphant rids, jungl
drivs, canoing rids, natur/villag walks, bird
watching, cultural programs tc.
AccssPublic buss, tourist coachs, and airlins
srvics link Chitwan with Kathmandu and othrparts o th country. Privat vhicls can also
b hird. Th road journy rom Kathmandu
is about our hours long. Visitors can also
rach th park by rating down th Trishuli and
Narayani rivrs.
Th Bharatpur airport, hal an hour driv rom
Sauraha, is srvd by rgular ights to and rom
Kathmandu and occasionally Pokhara.
Thr ar nin ntranc gats to th park:
1. Kasara via Jagatpur
2. Ghatgain via Patihani
3. Bhiml via Mghauli
4. Khagndra Malli via Bhandara
5. Sunachuri via Sunachuri along th ast wsthighway
6. Sauraha via Tandi (Ratna Nagar)
7. Laukhani via Pragatinagar
8. Amaltari via Danda
9. Kujauli via Rajahar
Basic FacilitisThr ar svn high class rsorts in th park, and
ovr 60 dirnt lodgs mostly in Sauraha and
othr aras outsid th park. Th srvic providd
by ths lodgs which includ accommodation
and ood is xcllnt and thy also organiz a
varity o activitis (natur/villag walks, lphant
rids, jungl drivs, cano rids,Hors rids, caml
rids,cart drivs, olk dancs tc) in and around th
park. Bicycls and othr mans o transport ar
availabl on hir. Othr acilitis ar rstaurants,
cybr cas, souvnir shops and mdicin shops.
For Furthr InormationChitwan National Park Ofc,
Kasara, Chitwan.
Tl: 977 (56) 529405; 977 (56) 580072
(56) 621069; 977 (56)621071
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Khaptad National Park, an
isolatd platau, is at th
junction o Achham, Bajura,
Bajhang and Doti districts and
includs Patans (moorlands),
rivults and th Khapar dah
(lak), and orstd slops. As
advisd by lat Khaptad Baba,
th park was stablishd in 1984
or th consrvation o naturalhrbs and th habitat.
BackgroundKhaptad National Park, an isolatd platau, is at th
junction o Achham, Bajura, Bajhang and Doti districts
and includs Patans (moorlands), rivults and th
Khapar dah (lak), and orstd slops. As advisd by
lat Khaptad Baba, th park was stablishd in 1984
or th consrvation o natural hrbs and th habitat.
ClimatTh spring (March-May) and autumn (Octobr-Novmbr) ar plasant with tmpraturs ranging
rom 10C to 20C whn trkking can b njoyd in
th plasant sunny wathr. Th monsoon bgins in
Jun and lasts until Sptmbr. Th wintr months,
Dcmbr to Fbruary bring snow and chilly winds.
Flora and FaunaTh park has about 355 spcis o vascular plants o
which 135 spcis ar distributd in moorlands. Th
blooming owrs consist o primulas, buttrcups,
wild brris and bistortas. Th pristin orsts
ar comprisd o fr, oak, hmlock, laurl and
rhododndrons in th uppr blt, and Chir pins,
Npals aldr and rhododndrons in th lowr blt.
Th park is hom to about 287 bird spcis both
migratory and rsidnts, such as th Impyan
phasant, partridgs, ycatchrs, bulbuls, cuckoos,
Prgrin alcon, Whit rumpd vultur, and agls. A
wid varity o buttris, moths, and inscts ar also
an important part o th Khaptad cosystm.
KhaptadNational Park
(225 km2) and Bur Zon (216 km2)
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Among th 23 mammalian spcis, th commonons includ lopards, musk dr, barking dr,
wild boar, goral, Himalayan black bar, Yllow-
throatd martn, wild dog, and Rhsus and
Langur monkys.
Aras o IntrstTh park ors a varity o attractions dpicting
natural hritag nrichd with cultural
traditions.
Th 22 moorlands dmonstrat th dynamic
procss o transhumanc in Npal. Thousands
o rly grazing cattl can b obsrvd in th
madows. Sasonal cattl shds dot th rolling
hills.
Th park is idal or spiritual xprincs lik
mditation in th tranquil surroundings. Tobacco
products, alcohol, and animal sacrifc arprohibitd hr.
Th Khaptad Baba hrmitag is th ocal point
hr, with many shrins within walking distanc.
Th popular shrins ar th Tribni conunc,
Khaptad dah, Shiva tmpl, Sita paila, Gansh
tmpl, Nagdhunga, Kdardhunga, and Sahashra
Linga (highst point at 3,200m)
Thousands o pilgrims arriv at th platauduring th stivals o Ganga Dashahara in May
and Janai Purnima in August.
Thr is a small musum and a viw towr nar
th park hadquartrs. To th north on can
s th Saipal Himalayan rang. In th othr
dirction, th vast grn mid-hills o Npal can
b sn clarly.
ActivitisWith th assistanc o guids and tour oprators,
visitors can participat in a varity o activitis
in and around th park. Dpnding upon thlvl o advntur and intrsts, visitors can go
or natur hiks, bird watching, villag walks,
cultural programs tc.
AccssTh most popular ntry point is rom Silgadhi
(in Doti) which is rachd atr a six-hour
uphill trk to Jhingrana, th park ntranc, and
anothr svn hours to th park hadquartrs.
Thr ar numrous trails lading towards various
moorlands in th park, and th most rquntly
usd ar:
a. Lokhada Khaptad - Jhingrana
b. Kudaun Khaptad - Jhingrana
c. Rato Mato Khaptad - Jhingrana
d. Ballto Sahasraling - Khaptad - Jhingrana
Thr ar airstrips around th park, such
as Chainpur in Bajhang, Kolt in Bajura,
Sanbagar in Achham, and Dipayal in Doti. O
ths, th bst option is to y rom Npalgunj
to Dipayal and tak a local bus to Silgadhi.
Th othr options ar: y to Achham or
Bajhang ollowd by a two-day walk, or y to
Bajura ollowd by a our-day trk to th park
hadquartrs. Not: ths airports ar sldom
in opration.
Basic FacilitisOnly limitd subsistnc acilitis ar availabl
in th ara. Th local lodgs can accommodat
only a w popl at a tim. Visitors must bring
thir own tnts, ood, ul and all othr supplis
including frst-aid kits.
For Furthr InormationKhaptad National Park Ofc,Chhdi Patan, Bajura.
Tl: 977 (94) 690358, 019- 460001
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Th park lis along th tradrout btwn Npal and Tibt
(China). Th historical sit o
Rasuwagadhi, a mdival priod
ort, lis at th bordr.
BackgroundTh Langtang National Park, lying in th cntral
highland, is th frst Himalayan national park o th
country. Forming th uppr catchmnts o th Trishuli
and Btrabati rivrs, its topography ranging rom
subtropical to alpin zons ar th mting points o
Indo-Malayan and Palarctic ralms.
Th park lis along th trad rout btwn Npal and
Tibt (China). Th historical sit o Rasuwagadhi, a
mdival priod ort, lis at th bordr.
LangtangNational Park
(1,710 km2) and Bur Zon (420 km2)
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ClimatTh priod o Sptmbr through May is
rlativly dry xcpt in January-Fbruary whn
thr is occasional snow all. By April, bursts
o rd, pink, and whit rhododndron blooms
orm towring canopis amidst th fr and oak
orsts. From Jun through August, th skis ar
havy with monsoon rains. Autumn (Sptmbr-
Octobr) is th bst tim or trkking within th
park.
Flora and FaunaTh park rprsnts ightn cosystms ranging
rom th Hill sal and pin orsts in th lowr
blt to th alpin blt o glacirs, snow and
rocks. Th main tr spcis ar sal, Chir pin,
Schima wallichii, Castanopsis indicain th lowr
blt; oak, laurl and blu pin in th middl
blt; and larch, fr, birch and rhododndron in
th highr blt.
O th 1,043 spcis o vascular plants
rcordd, 15 ar ndmic spcis including
Rhodondendron cownianum, R. lowndesii, Larix
nepalensis. Langtangs xpansiv high madows
provid summr habitat or numrous ungulat
spcis such as musk dr and Himalayan tahr.
Th park is hom to 46 mammalian spcis
including rd panda, snow lopard, clouddlopard, musk dr, Himalayan tahr, and ovr 345
spcis o birds including th Impyan phasant,
Ibis bill, Whit-wingd rdstart, Snow partridg.
Thr ar 4 hrpto and 30 fsh spcis.
Aras o IntrstIts landscap compriss mountain paks,
glacirs, glacial laks, rivrs, hot watr spring,
gorgs, clis, pasturs and orsts. Within this
landscap ar sttlmnts and cattl shds tc.
Th thr main trk routs in th park, namly 1)
Langtang Vally, 2) Hlambu and 3) Gosaikunda
Lak covr much o th park and th southrn
Hlambu rgion. Langtang and Hlambu rgionsar connctd through Lauribina La. Along
th trk routs thr ar many locally opratd
hotls, tahouss, and campsits or trkkrs.
Signifcant wildrnss sits includ Ghora
Tabla, Kyanjin, Panch Pokhari, Hlambu,
to o Langshisa glacir, and Ganja La pass.
Among th cultural sits ar: Langtang villag,
Mlamchighyang, Tarkghyang and Shrmathang
which ar worth visiting.
Th Langtang-Hlambu trails ar rocky and
slippry atr rain or rost. Caution must b takn
against rockalls at crtain sctions o th trails.
Hiking alon is not advisabl. Hiring local guids
is strongly rcommndd or trks to Ganja La
(5120m) and Lauribina La (4,600m) during wintr.
Among th rich cultural hritag o Tamangs and
Shrpas, on important aspct is th indignousknowldg o hrbal mdicin, transhumanc
systm and chs production. Som community
works includ garbag managmnt, trail
managmnt, hritag consrvation tc.
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Starting Point Destination Hours Altitudes
Dhunch (1950m) Thulo Syaru 4-5 2,120mThulo Syaru Syarubnsi 3-4 1,420m
Syarubnsi Bamboo 4-5 1,975m
Bamboo Lama Hotl 3-4 2,581m
Lama Hotl Ghora Tabla 3-4 3000m
Ghora Tabla Langtang 3-4 3,307m
Langtang Kyanjin 2-3 3,800m
Langtang Vally Trk (Dhunch-Kyanjin)
Trkking hours may vary among visitors.
Starting Point Destination Hours Altitudes
Sundarijal (1350m) Chisopani 3-4 2,300m
Chisopani Kutumsang 4-5 2,470m
Kutumsang Tharpati 4-6 3,490m
Tharpati Tark Gyang 4-6 2,620m
Tark Gyang Srmathang 3-4 2,620m
Srmathang Malmchi Pul 4-5 8,46m
Hlambu Trk (Sundarijal-Mlamchi)
Trkking hours may vary among visitors.
Starting Point Destination Hours Altitudes
Dhunch (1950m) Thulo Syaru 4-5 2,390m
Thulo Syaru Sing Gompa 3-4 3,350mSing Gompa Gosainkunda 4-5 4,381m
Gosainkunda Lauribina pass 3-4 4,609m
Lauribina pass Ghopt 3-4 3,430m
Ghopt Thar Pati 4-5 3,600m
Thar Pati Kutumsang 4-5 1,850m
Kutumsang Chisopani 4-5 2,134m
Chisopani Sundarijal 3-4 1,350m
Dhunch Gosainkunda Sundarijal (Kathmandu)
Trkking hours may vary among visitors.
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Inormation cntrs and musums stablishd atDhunch ar vry usul to th visitors. Lodg
ownrs can also provid basic inormation.
ActivitisWith th assistanc o guids and tour oprators,
visitors can participat in a varity o activitis
in and around th park. Dpnding upon th
lvl o advntur and intrsts, visitors can go
trkking, climbing, bird watching or go on natur
walks, villag walks and visit hot springs tc.
AccssFrom Kathmandu th asist mans o raching
th park is to tak a public bus or hir a car
to rach th park hadquartrs at Dhunch
(1,950m). Road continus all th way to
Syarubnsi (1,420m).
Chartrd and spcially arrangd hlicoptrs yto th Gosainkunda ara during th
stival sason.
Basic FacilitisThr ar svral hotls, lodgs and tashops
at Dhunch and Syarubnsi. Th communitis
hav arrangd or a hom-stay in th villags
byond ths placs. In th alpin aras o
th park, only limitd subsistnc acilitis ar
availabl. Visitors must bring thir own tnts,
ood, ul and all othr supplis including frst-
aid kits.
For Furthr InormationLangtang National Park Ofc,
Dhunch, Rasuwa.
Tl: 977 (10) 540119/540219
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Makalu BarunNational Park
Th skylin is mad up o a chain
o ruggd Himalayan paks,
including Mt. Makalu (8,463m)
fth highst mountain in th
world and ourth highst in
Npal. Mt. Chamlang (7,319m),
Mt. Barunts (7,129m) and Mra
Pak (6,654m) ar th othr wll-
known paks in this rgion.
BackgroundTh Makalu Barun National Park lis in th north-
astrn Himalayan rgion o Npal adjacnt to
Sagarmatha National Park. It is th only protctd
ara on arth with an altitud gain o 8,000m rom
th low tropical orsts along th Arun vally to th
loty, icy mountain summits. Th skylin is mad up
o a chain o ruggd Himalayan paks, including Mt.
Makalu (8,463m) fth highst mountain in th world
and ourth highst in Npal. Mt. Chamlang (7,319m),Mt. Barunts (7,129m) and Mra Pak (6,654m) ar th
othr wll-known paks in this rgion.
ClimatPrcipitation during th monsoon is ovr 70% btwn
Jun and Sptmbr. Pr-monsoon rain alls in April
and May and supports biomass production. Grat
variations in tmpratur and prcipitation can b
xpctd du to xtrm dirncs in altitud and
slop within th ara. Th bst tim to visit ar:
Spring (Fbruary-April) and Autumn
(Octobr-Novmbr).
Flora and FaunaTh park rprsnts 20 dirnt cosystms ranging
rom th Hill sal orsts to th alpin zons which
consist o glacirs, snow and rock. Th major
tr spcis ar sal, Chir pin, Schima wallichii,
Castanopsis indicain th lowr blt, and oak, mapl,magnolia, sorbus in th middl blt, and fr, birch and
rhododndron in th highr blt.
(1,500 km2) and Bur Zon (830 km2)
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O th 284 spcis o vascular plantsrcordd rom th park, 8 ar ndmic. Th
park is rcognizd or its trmndously rich
oral divrsity signifd by 25 spcis o
rhododndrons and 47 spcis o orchids.
Th park is hom to th snow lopard, rd panda,
musk dr, wild boar, and Himalayan Black bar
among 88 mammal spcis. Among th 440
spcis o birds, th important ons ar Spiny
babblr (ndmic to Npal), Impyan phasant,
Ruous throatd wrn babblr, Slty-bllid Tsia
tc. Th park is also inhabitd by 59 rptil/
amphibian spcis and 78 spcis o fsh.
Aras o IntrstTh landscap consists o mountain paks,
glacirs, glacial laks, rivrs, hot watr springs
gorgs, clis, pasturs, orsts tc. Mt Makalu
(8,463m) is th major landmark o th park. ThMakalu bas camp and th Mra pak (6,654m)
ar popular trkking dstinations.
Most trails ar quit rocky, and bcom slippry
atr rain or ovrnight rzs. Until April or
May, wintr snows gnrally covr th passs
and high altitud trails approaching Shrshong.
On particular hazardous ara is th trail
btwn Mumbuk and Yangl Kharka, an ara
o unstabl and dangrous rockall. Trkkrs inthis ara should mov quickly and watch out or
alling rocks.
Anothr intrsting aspct o th park is th
community listyl. Traditional rsourc
managmnt systms such as community
control ld grazing and orst guardianship ar
worth obsrving.
ActivitisWith th assistanc o guids and tour oprators,
visitors can participat in a varity o activitis
in and around th park. Dpnding upon thlvl o advntur and intrsts, visitors can go
or trks, climbing, natur hiks, bird watching,
villag walks or attnd cultural programs tc.
AccssTh narst airport as wll as th gatway to th
park is Tumlingtar. Thr ar daily ights rom
Kathmandu and Biratnagar.
Tumlingtar could also b rachd rom Biratnagar
or Dharan. It is a svn-hour driv to Hil,
ollowd by a thr-day trk. Th Inkhu vally
o th park can also b rachd rom Lukla or
Phaplu. Both ar connctd with rgular ights
rom Kathmandu.
Th park hadquartrs is locatd at
Murmidanda, Sduwa which is a days journy
rom Tumlingtar.
Basic FacilitisCampsits hav bn dsignatd along th
trk rout or minimizing impact on natural
vgtation and to consrv asthtic valus.
Svn campsits hav bn dsignatd in
(Khongma 3,500 m, Dobato 3,500m, Yangl
3,570m, Ngh 3,700m, Langmal 4,100m,
Shrshong 4,600m) or visitors.
Only limitd subsistnc acilitis ar availabl
in th park. Visitors must bring thir own
tnts, ood, ul and all othr supplis including
frst-aid kits. Krosn dpots ar opratd in
th park to supply altrnativ ul. Similarly,
krosn stovs and blankts ar also availabl
on rnt or portrs.
For Furthr InormationMakalu Barun National Park Ofc,Sduwa, Sankhuwasabha.
Tl: 977 (29) 560136
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Th landscap includs th
towring snow-cappd paks
around th lak namly
Chuchmara pak (4,039 m),
Ruma Kand (3,731m) and Malika
Kand (3,444m). Th lak drains
to Mugu-Kamali Rivr via Nijar
Khola.
BackgroundTh Rara National Park is locatd in th north-wstrn
Himalayan rgion o Npal. Rara (2990 m) is th
biggst lak (10.8km2) but th park is th smallst
on. Th landscap includs th towring snow-cappd
paks around th lak namly Chuchmara pak (4,039
m), Ruma Kand (3,731m) and Malika Kand (3,444m).
Th lak drains to Mugu-Kamali Rivr via Nijar Khola.
ClimatSummrs ar plasant, but wintrs ar vry cold in thpark. From Dcmbr through March, th tmpratur
drops to blow rzing, and havy snowalls occur
up to on mtr, closing high passs. April to Jun
is warm but th sason givs way to monsoon rom
Jun to August. Th bst tim to visit th park is
Sptmbr-Octobr and April-May.
Flora and FaunaTh park is charactrizd by sub-alpin and hightmprat vgtation. It rprsnts 11 typs o orst
cosystms in which th major spcis ar Chir pin,
Npals aldr, walnut, mapl, oak, cyprss, spruc,
Blu pin, fr, birch, rhododndron tc. O th 88
vascular plants rcordd, 16 ar ndmic.
Th park is hom to 51 spcis o mammals, 241
spcis o birds, 2 hrpto and 3 spcis o fsh. Thy
includ Musk dr, Himalayan black bar, lopard,
jackal, Himalayan tahr, Yllow throatd martn, ottr,
Wild dog, Common langur, Rhsus macaqu and
Rd panda.
Rara NationalPark
(106 km2) and Bur Zon (198 km2)
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Th bird spcis includ coots, snow cock, anddirnt spcis o phasants, grbs, mallard,
common tal, rd-crstd pochard and gulls.
During wintr, many migratory birds join th
rsidntial gallinacous birds.
O th six ndmic fsh spcis ound in Npal,
thr spcis o Asala (snow trout) hav bn
rcordd only in th Rara Lak. Thy ar
Schizothorax macrophthalmus, Schizothorax
nepalensisand Schizothorax raraensis.
Aras o IntrstTh major landmark o th park is th Rara Lak
(2990m) which provids spctacular viws to
visitors. Th oval shapd lak (5 km x 3 km)
is 167m dp. Its radiant blu watr is hom
to th snow trout, th only fsh rcordd in th
lak.
A circumambulating trail along th lak sid has
bn dvlopd or visitors. Boating srvics
has also bn introducd in th lak. Th othr
aras o intrst or visitors can b wildli-bird
watching and botanic xcursions.
Community listyl is o intrst in th bur zon.
Transhumanc systms still xist in th surrounding
aras and sasonal migration is common in th
ara. Thr ar svral tmpls and shrins in thsurrounding aras. Th Npali languag is blivd
to hav originatd in this rgion.
ActivitisWith th assistanc o guids and tour oprators,visitors can participat in a varity o activitis
in and around th park. Dpnding upon th
lvl o advntur and intrsts, visitors can go
or trks, natur hiks, wildli/bird watching,
villag walks, pony rids or attnd cultural
programs tc.
AccssTh park can b rachd by ying to th Talcha
airstrip which is only a w hours rom th park
hadquartrs. Chartrd and othr occasional
ights ar arrangd rom Npalgunj. Th othr
rliabl airport is at Jumla which is two and hal
days journy rom park hadquartrs. Thr ar
rgular ights rom Npalgunj.
An intrsting and rwarding mans o raching
th park is by doing a 10 day trk rom Surkht,
or a 5 day trk rom Dailkh.
Basic FacilitisOnly limitd subsistnc acilitis ar availabl
in th park. Th local lodgs can accommodat
only a w prsons at a tim. Visitors must bring
thir own tnts, ood, ul and all othr supplis
including frst-aid kits.
For Furthr Inormation
Rara National Park Ofc,Hutu, Mugu.
Tl: 977 (87) 450101
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Th Sagarmatha National Park
is an xcptional ara with
dramatic mountains, glacirs
and dp vallys, dominatd by
Mount evrst, th highst pak
in th world (8,848 m). Svral
rar spcis, such as th snow
lopard and th lssr panda, ar
ound in th park. Th prsnc
o th Shrpas, with thir uniqucultur, adds urthr intrst to
this sit.
BackgroundTh Sagarmatha National Park is locatd in th
north-astrn Himalayan rgion o Npal. According
to UNeSCO, Th Sagarmatha National Park is an
xcptional ara with dramatic mountains, glacirs and
dp vallys, dominatd by Mount evrst, th highst
pak in th world (8,848 m). Svral rar spcis, such
as th snow lopard and th lssr panda, ar ound
in th park. Th prsnc o th Shrpas, with thir
uniqu cultur, adds urthr intrst to this sit.
ClimatDuring th autumn months o Octobr and Novmbr,
th wathr is plasant but much coldr at night.
During wintr months rom Dcmbr through Fbruary,
th wathr is vry cold and daytim tmpraturs
do not xcd 5 Clsius. During spring th days ar
warm. From Jun through Sptmbr, monsoon rains
mak travl difcult. Th bst tim to visit th park ar
autumn (Octobr-Novmbr), and spring (March-May).
Flora and FaunaTh park rprsnts ight cosystms in th High
Himalaya ranging rom th junipr orsts in th
vallys to th alpin aras with glacirs, snow
and rock. Th orsts consist o Blu pin, birch,
rhododndrons, and fr tc. O th 160 vascular plants
that hav bn rcordd hr, 21 ar ndmic spcis.
SagarmathaNational Park
(1,148 km2) and Bur Zon (275 km2)
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Th park is hom to th Rd panda, snow lopard,
Musk dr, Himalayan tahr, martn, Himalayan
mous har (pika) and ovr 208 spcis o birds
including th Impyan phasant, snow cock,
Blood phasant, Rd billd cough, lammrgyr
tc. Th currnt aunal chcklists includ 33
mammals, 5 hrpto and 1 spcis o fsh.
Aras o IntrstAlong with th highst pak, Sagarmatha, th
park ors incrdibl viws o Himalayan paks
such as Lhots (8,516m), Cho Oyu (8,201m),
Thamsrku (6,623m), Nupts (7,861m),
Amadablam (6,812m) ,Pumori (7,161m) and
Island pak(6,189m). Vibrant with th sounds
o rivrs and th wind, aturs lik laks,
glacirs, orsts and pasturs ar msmrizing
From Namch Bazar to Kala Pathar
From Destination Hours Altitude
Namch Bazar (3,440m) Tngboch 4-5 3,800m
Tngboch Pangboch 3-4 3,920m
Pangboch Dingboch/Phrich 3-4 4,360m
Dingboch/Phrich Lobuch 4-5 4,930m
Lobuch Kalapatthar 5-6 5,554m
Kalapatthar Bas Camp 7-8 5,360m
Namch Bazar to Gokyo Pak
From Destination Hours Altitude
Namch Bazar (3440m) Khumjung/Khund 2-3 3,780m
Khumjung/Khund Dol 5-6 4,090m
Dol Machrma 3-4 4,410m
Machrma Gokyo 4-5 4,750m
Gokyo Gokyo Pak 3-4 5,357m
Gokyo Pak Thaknak 3-4 4,690mThaknak Phorts 5-6 3,850m
Phorts Pangboch 2-3 3,920m
Pangboch Namch 7-8 3,440m
and thrilling. Ovr 60 sttlmnts add a human
dimnsion to th park.
Trkking within th park in th alpin aras is
a thrilling xprinc. Th trk rom Namch
to Kala Pathar is on o th most popular. Th
Gokyo Lak and Chukung vallys also prsnt
spctacular viws to th trkkr. Th Tham
Vally is popular or Shrpa cultur whil Phorts
is amous or wildli viwing. Thr ar som
high passs worth crossing.
Th park is also known or Trkking Paks
that or hobby climbrs an opportunity to
climb a Himalayan summit and xprinc th
whit wildrnss. Most o ths trips can b
compltd within a short priod o tim.
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Th amous Tngboch and othr monastris
(Tham, Khumjung and Pangboch) ar
common gathring grounds or spctacular
stivals lik Dumj and Mani Rimdu. Th
community activitis includ ngawasystm,
garbag managmnt, microhydro powr, trail
maintnanc, tr plantation, orst nursry,
school co clubs tc.
Inormation cntrs and musums stablishd
at Namch and Lukla ar vry inormativ
or visitors. Howvr, basic inormation can
also b garnrd rom knowldgabl Lodg
ownrs.
ActivitisDpnding upon th lvl o advntur and
intrsts, visitors can go or trks, climbing,
natur hiks, bird watching, villag walks and
attnd cultural programs tc.
Mountain ights to this rgion ar rgularly
opratd rom Kathmandu.
AccssTh most convnint way to rach th park is by
ying to Lukla and walk or two days to rach
Namch (Park Hadquartrs). Thr ar svral
ights a day rom Kathmandu to Lukla. Th Phaplu
airport is a 5-day trk rom Namch, and th
Tumlingtar airport is a 10-day trk rom Namch.
Anothr popular approach to th park is via Jiri
(th old rout takn by Tnzing and Hillary to Mt.
evrst) rom whr it is a 10-day trk to Namch.
Jiri is an 8-hour bus rid rom Kathmandu.
Basic FacilitisThr ar svral hotls, lodgs and tashops
along th trkking routs to Namch and byond.
Choics dpnd upon th lvl o srvics and
acilitis dsird.
Rnting o fld gar is availabl or th portrs at Lukla.
Mdical advic could b sought rom Kund
Hospital or Phrich Halth Post.
Thr ar cybr cas at Namch or communication.
In th alpin zon, visitors must b sl-
sufcint in tnts, ood, ul and all othrsupplis including frst-aid kits.
For Furthr InormationSagarmatha National Park Ofc,
Namch Bazar, Solukhumbu.
Tl: 977 (38) 540114
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Th park has bn proposd
or a World Hritag Sit or
its uniqu trans-Himalayan
ora and auna and th
ancint Bonpo cultur.
BackgroundTh Shy-Phoksundo National Park, lying in th Trans-
Himalayan rgion, is th largst national park in th
country. Th Phoksundo Lak, a major landmark,
drains out in th orm o a watrall that rcts
sunlight and throws rainbow colors. It is amous
or sightings o snow lopards and thir pry, th
blu shp, as wll as musk dr and othr mountain
spcis. It is a storhous o alpin mdicinal hrbs
including Yarsa Gumba.
Th park has bn proposd or a World Hritag Sit
or its uniqu trans-Himalayan ora and auna and thancint Bonpo cultur.
ClimatMost o th prcipitation occurs during th monsoon
(July-Sptmbr), although th Dhaulagari and
Kanjiroba Himals orm a rain shadow. Th annual
prcipitation varis rom 1,500 mm in th south
(Suligad) to 500mm in th arid northrn slops.
Wintrs ar quit svr, with rqunt snowalls abov
2,500m and tmpraturs rmain blow rzing at thaltituds abov 3,000m through much o th wintr.
Th bst tim to visit th park is in spring-summr
rom April through Sptmbr.
Flora and FaunaTh park contains 21 typs o cosystms composd
o trs lik cyprss, cdar, spruc and Blu pins in
th lowr blt, and that o Mountain oak, fr, birch,
junipr, Blu pin and rhododndron to Caragana
steppesand alpin scrubs in th uppr blt. Thr
ar hundrds o plant spcis o high thno-
botanical importanc.
Shey-PhoksundoNational Park(3,555 km2) and Bur Zon (1,349 km2)
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Th park is hom to 35 spcis o mammals, 208
spcis o birds and 3 hrpto. Th symbolic
mammal spcis ar Snow lopard, Blu shp,
Musk dr, Wild dog and Tibtan wol. Bird
spcis includ Himalayan grion, Whit
brastd dpr, monal phasant, chr phasant
tc. It is hom to 29 spcis o buttris,
including th highst ying buttry in th
world, Paralasa nepalaica.
Aras o IntrstTh lak Phoksundo (maning a conunc
o thr rivrs) is amous or its magnifcnt
turquois color and th spctacular scnry
and is clarly on o th most scnic mountain
viws in th world. Many bautiul glacirs can
b ound nar and abov th lak. Th Tibtan
villag o Ringmo is scnically nstld in th lak
ara. Th Pal Sntan Tsoling Gompa bsid th
lak was built about 900 yars ago to combat
wildli poaching.
Th nam o th park is drivd rom th amous
monastry Shy (maning Crystal Mountain)
which was stablishd in th 11th cntury. Th
park has hundrds o Gompas (Monastris).
With 9,000 popl rsiding hr, th park has
th distinction o having th highst sttlmnts
on arth. Most o th popl ollow Bonpo.
Thy liv o agricultur and trad with Tibt.
Th amous salt trad caravans pass through thpark.
Individual trkkrs ar prmittd to do a trk
to Ringmo or Phoksundo Lak but th Tran-
Himalayan rgion o innr Dolpa, byond th
lak, is rstrictd to group trkking only.
Most trails ar quit rocky and ragil, hnc
pron to rock alls. Passrs-by ar advisd
to watch or alling rocks and should mov
cautiously but quickly.
Th community hr is knowldgabl spcially
on thno-botany. Th traditional Tibtan
halrs, Amchisar still practicing thir crat
and us mdicinal hrbs. Popl practic
transhumanc systm o grazing which kps
thm away rom hom or long priods o tim.
ActivitisWith th assistanc o guids and tour oprators,
visitors can participat in a varity o activitis
in and around th park. Dpnding upon th
lvl o advntur and intrsts, visitors can go
or trks, climbing, natur hiks, bird watching,
villag walks, pony rids or attnd culturalprograms tc.
AccssTh asist way to rach th park is by air to
th Juphal airstrip in Dolpa rom Npalgunj and
thn do a hal-day trk to th park ntranc
at Suligad. Thr ar occasional ights to
Pokhara rom this airport. Hlicoptrs and
small airplans can also b chartrd to rach
th ara.
Its a thr-day journy to th Park Hadquartrs
rom th Suligad ntranc. Howvr, thr ar
also othr routs to ntr th park. Visitors can
ollow th trad routs rom Jumla in th wst or
approach rom Jomsom urthr north-ast.
Basic FacilitisAccommodation is availabl in Dunai, Sangta,
Chhpka and Ringmo. Campsits with rubbishpits, toilts, and shltrs ar availabl
throughout th park. Trkkrs lodgs can b
ound in Dunai, Chhpka, and Ringmo whr ood
and limitd supplis ar providd. Park ofcs
ar locatd at Suligad, Chhpka, Palam Ringmo
and Toijm. At th hadquartrs in Palam thr
is a small visitors cntr. For long trks, visitors
must bring thir own tnts, ood, ul and all
othr supplis including frst-aid kits.
For Furthr InormationShy Phoksundo National Park Ofc,
Palam, Dolpa.
Tl: 977 (87) 550104
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This national park is th only
walld park in th country,
surroundd by an 111 km long
brick wall. Thr ar two villags
namly Mulkharka and Okhrni in
th vicinity o th park.
BackgroundTh Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park, situatd on th
northrn ring o Kathmandu vally, is th narst
park (12 km) rom th capital city. It is th major
catchmnt ara o th Bagmati and Bishnumatirivrs that ow through th Kathmandu vally. Th
catchmnts ar th main sourcs o drinking watr or
Kathmandu Vally providing almost 40% o th watr
supply which amounts to about 30 million litrs o
watr a day. Th highst point is th Shivapuri pak
(2,732m).
This national park is th only walld park in th
country, surroundd by an 111 km long brick wall.
Thr ar two villags namly Mulkharka and Okhrni inth vicinity o th park.
Shivapuri Nagarjun
National Park(159 km2)
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ClimatTh park has sub-tropical to warm tmprat
climat and th variations in tmpratur
and prcipitation is quit high. Th wathr
station at Kakani has rcordd th maximumavrag tmpratur o 22.7 C in May-Jun
and th minimum avrag tmpratur 0.30
C in Dcmbr-January. Th man annual
prcipitation was 2,727mm mostly occurring
during th monsoon priod (Jun-Sptmbr).
Th park can b visitd throughout th yar.
Flora and FaunaTh park lis in a transition zon btwn sub-
tropical and tmprat climats. It houss fv
orst cosystms containing th Mountain oak,
Collinan oak, Schima wallichii, Castanopsis
indicaand Pinus roxburghii. O th 449 vascular
plant spcis rcordd in th park, 16 ar
ndmic.
Th symbolic mammal spcis ound in th park
ar lopard, Wild boar, Himalayan Black bar
among th 19 spcis rcordd. Among th 311bird spcis, 227 ar rsidnts, 48 ar migrants
and 36 ar both rsidnts and migrants. Th
symbolic spcis ar Slndr billd scimitar
babblr, Whit-gorgttd Flycatchr, Barrd
Cuckoo dov and Goldn-throatd barbt.
Aras o IntrstTh park is idal or outdoor activitis and
many local stivals ar clbratd hr. On th
Npals Nw Yars Day in mid-April, pilgrimsock to Baghdwar and Bishnudwar. Th othr
popular shrins ar: Bajrayogini, Manichud,
Budhanilkantha and Nagi gomba. Panoramic
viws o th snow-cappd mountains and th
wid Kathmandu vally ar nchanting.
Th park ors xciting dstinations or trkking.
Som o th popular trks ar:
Panimuhan, Park HQ - Shivapuri pak (12 km)
Nagigumba - Baghdwar - Chisapani (18 km) Nagigomba - Shivapuri Nagarjun pak (6 km)
Kakani - Shivapuri nagarjun
Jhul - Chisapani (12 km)
Sundarijal - Chisapani (22km)
Trkking routs to Nagarkot, Gosaikunda,
Hlambu and Langtang National Park also passthrough th park. Svral rligious sits or
Hindus and Buddhists li within th park.
Thr ar svral sits within th park whr
plant succssion can b studid. Various spcis
including rhododndrons hav bn introducd
and community plantation, soil consrvation and
othr consrvation activitis ar worth obsrving.
Th park is xcllnt or bird watchingthroughout th yar.
ActivitisWith th assistanc o guids and tour oprators,
visitors can participat in a varity o activitis
in and around th park. Dpnding upon th
lvl o advntur and intrsts, visitors can
go or trks, natur hiks, mountain biking,
wildli/bird watching, villag walks tc.
AccssTh park is asily accssibl rom Kathmandu.
Thr ar our major routs lading to th park
rom th city cntr through: Budhanilkantha,
Kakani, Sundarijal and Tokha.
Th park hadquartrs at Panimuhan is just
svn kilomtrs north o th citys Ring Road.
Bsids th hadquartrs, th park can also bntrd through Sundarijal, Tokha, Kakani, Jhul
or Chisapani.Thr is a 95 kilomtr gravl road
and an 83 kilomtr walking trail suitabl or
trkking and villag walks.
Basic FacilitisThr ar hotls and rstaurants nar th park.
For Furthr Inormation
Shivapuri Nagarjun National Park Ofc,Panimuhan, Kathmandu.
Tl: 977 1 4374830; 977 1 4370355
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WILDLIFeReSeRVeS
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KoshitappuWildlife Reserve
Th Sapta Koshi (unifcation o
svn rivrs by th hrmitag o
Kaushik) is a major tributary o
th rivr Gangs. It was dclard
a Ramsar Sit on Dcmbr 17,
1987 and is th frst on in
Npal. Th rsrv supports mor
than 20,000 watrowls.
BackgroundTh Koshitappu Wildli Rsrv lis in th south-
astrn lowlands (tarai) o Npal and is composd o
th alluvial oodplains o th Sapta Koshi Rivr. Th
landscap includs grasslands, orsts as wll as th
mbankmnts and spurs on ithr sid o th rivr. By
1979, about 12,000 popl wr vacuatd rom th
rsrv.
Th Sapta Koshi (unifcation o svn rivrs by th
hrmitag o Kaushik) is a major tributary o th rivr
Gangs. It was dclard a Ramsar Sit on Dcmbr
17, 1987 and is th frst on in Npal. Th rsrv
supports mor than 20,000 watrowls.
ClimatTh rsrv njoys thr distinct sasons. Summr
(Fbruary through May) is intnsly hot with minimum
prcipitation. Tmpraturs in th shad can rach40C. Th monsoon starts in lat May or arly Jun
and lasts until Sptmbr, bringing havy, rqunt
rainall. Wintr (Octobr through January) is th bst
tim to visit and is charactrizd by clar blu skis
and modrat tmpratur, but can still gt quit cold
at night.
(175 km2) and Bur Zon (173 km2)
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Flora and FaunaWith vgtation mainly composd o tallgrasslands, th rsrv is a storhous o 514
spcis o ora including trs lik sissoo, silk
cotton trs, sal, khair, palash, and grasss such
as Saccharumspcis, Phragmitesspcis,
Typhaspcis, Imperataspcis tc. Th aquatic
plants includ watr hyacinth, Hydrillaspcis,
Azollaspcis and Lotusspcis.
Th rsrv is hom to 485 spcis o birds o
which 12 spcis ar globally thratnd. Th
notabl ons ar watrcock, Indian nightjar,
Dusky eagl owl, Black-hadd Cuckoo shrik,
Whit-taild stonchat, Straitd grassbird, Larg
Adjutant stork, Pallass Fish agl, Common
Goldn-y and Gull-billd trn. Thr ar at
last 114 spcis o watr birds, 176 spcis
brd in th rsrv and 180 spcis ar passag
migrant or wintr visitors. It is th only ara in
Npal whr th watrcock and Abbotts babblr
ar ound.
Th rsrv is inhabitd by 31 mammalian
spcis, 45 amphibians/rptils and 200 fsh
spcis (91 rsidnts, 26 migratory). Npals
last rmaining population o wild watr bualo
(Arna) inhabits th oodplain, and th criticallyndangrd Gangtic dolphin is ound in th
watrs o th Koshi rivr. Som o th othr
mammals within th park ar: wild lphant,
wild boar, dr, ottr and jackal.
Aras o IntrstTh rsrv is an xtrmly important rsting-
plac or migratory birds and many spcis
ar sn nowhr ls in Npal. Migration o
birds starts in lat Dcmbr and rachs a
pak btwn mid-Fbruary and mid-March. Th
numbr o migratory birds xcds 50,000 o
which watrowl and common pintail ar notabl.
Th Arnas ar a spcial attraction o this ara
and thy can b sn during a walk, lphant
rid or whil driving. Domstic bualos
somtims mingl with th Arnas in th grazing
aras. Hrdrs bliv that thir livstock canb mor productiv by cross-brding with th
wild prognitor.
Th rsrv is a natural corridor or wild lphants
which mov up rom Wst Bngal, India. Dolphins
can also b sn in th Koshi rivr.
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Th rivr is rmarkably bautiul spcially atsunris and sunst. Th clar skis allow or
bautiul sights o svral Himalayan paks
including Makalu (8,463m), th worlds fth
highst pak.
Th rsrv dmonstrats dynamics o cological
succssion o plants du to shiting o th
Koshi rivr, and impacts o human activitis lik
burning and grazing.
Local villagrs ar prmittd to collct grass
rom th park onc a yar or thir houshold
us. Larg boats rrying popl and grass loads
on th rivr ar a wondrul sight.
Community activitis lik orstry, biogas,
fsh ponds, co clubs, traditional danc, and
wkly markts (Hatbazaar) ar worth visiting.
A visitor inormation cntr at th rsrvhadquartrs provids dtails o th ara.
ActivitisWith th assistanc o guids and tour oprators,
visitors can participat in a varity o activitis
in and around th park. Dpnding upon th
lvl o advntur and intrsts, visitors cango or lphant rid, jungl driv, boating,
natur walk, bird watching, villag walk, cultural
program tc.
AccssThr ar daily buss availabl rom Kathmandu
to Kakarbhitta and Biratnagar. Th narst bus
stop is at Jamuha, 4 km rom Laukhi. On can
rach th Rsrv Hadquartrs at Kusaha (2.5
kilomtr rom Jamuha) by rickshaw.
Th narst airport is in Biratnagar whr
svral daily ights ar availabl or Kathmandu.
Biratnagar is 57 km rom Kusaha.
Basic FacilitisThr ar a w lodgs and tashops around
Kusaha. Bttr accommodation can b ound
in Biratnagar, Dharan and othr towns narth rsrv.
For Furthr InormationKoshitappu Wildli Rsrv Ofc
Kusaha, Sunsari
Tl: 977 (25) 530897; 977 (25) 620667
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ParsaWildlife Reserve
Th Parsa Wildli Rsrv,situatd in th southrn cntral
lowlands o Npal, compriss
th Siwalik rang, gullis, dry
strambds, and vry porous
oothills. Namd atr th 18th
cntury Parasnath Monastry, it is
contiguous to Chitwan, and orms
th astrn componnt o th
Tarai Arc Landscap.
BackgroundTh Parsa Wildli Rsrv, situatd in th southrn
cntral lowlands o Npal, compriss th Siwalik rang,
gullis, dry strambds, and vry porous oothills.
Namd atr th 18th cntury Parasnath Monastry,
it is contiguous to Chitwan, and orms th astrn
componnt o th Tarai Arc Landscap.
ClimatWintr (Octobr-Dcmbr) provids plasant
tmpraturs with clar skis. Night tim tmpraturs
can drop to 0C. During spring (January-March)
tmpraturs ris and watr bcoms scarc. During
(499 km2) and Bur Zon (298.2 km2)
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summr (April-Jun) th days bcom hotand humid with tmpraturs raching 40C.
Monsoon (July-Sptmbr) brings cooling rains.
Th bst tim to visit is rom Octobr through
March.
Flora and FaunaTh rsrv is a storhous o narly 300
vascular plants and th dominant trs ar sal
(90 prcnt o th rsrvs vgtation), and
pins in th slops.
Th rsrv is hom to 37 spcis o mammals,
503 bird spcis, 13 typs o rptils/
amphibians, and 8 spcis o fsh. It supports a
larg population o wildli including lphants,
tigrs, sloth bar, lopards, blu bull tc.
Symbolic bird spcis ar Crow-billd drongo,
Thick-billd grn pigon, Long-taild Broadbill,and Rd jungl owl. Spcis lik Whit brastd
kingfshr, Paradis ycatchr, Larg racqut-
taild drongo, Goldn backd woodpckr, tc
ar commonly sightd. Giant hornbill, on o th
ndangrd bird spcis is ound in som orst
patchs. Th rsrv is also amous or rptils
and th many kinds o snaks ound hr includ
th Common cobra, Common and Bandd krait,
python and King cobra.
Aras o IntrstWildli watching is th major attraction
in th rsrv. Nar th hadquartrs is a
machan (viw towr) that provids xcllnt
opportunitis to catch glimpss o many
birds, dr and lopard as wll as wild
lphants.
Th rligious sit o Kailas Bhata (about 30 km
rom Adabhar) is prchd on a hill rom whrlush orsts o th Tarai can b sn.
An lphant stabl known as Hattisar ismaintaind at Amlkhgunj, about 5 km north o
th rsrv hadquartrs.
Inormation can b gathrd rom th rsrv
hadquartrs at Adhabar.
ActivitisWith th assistanc o guids and tour oprators,
visitors can participat in a varity o activitis in
and around th park. Dpnding upon th lvl
o advntur and intrsts, visitors can njoy
lphant rids, jungl drivs, natur walks, bird
watching, villag walks, cultural programs tc.
AccssTh rsrv is asily accssibl by road. Th main
ntranc to th rsrv is at Adabhar along th main
highway btwn Kathmandu - Htauda Birgunj.
Simara Airport, only ight kilomtr rom Adhabar,is srvd by rgular daily ights to and rom
Kathmandu. Th ight tim is only 20 minuts.
Th rsrv can also b approachd via Mahadv
Khola post, Charbhaiya post, Gaduwalin post,
Nirmalbasti post, and Amlkhgunj post, locatd
at th boundary o th rsrv. Th rsrv is
accssibl rom th southrn sction through
a ntwork o gravl roads, xcpt during
monsoonal ood.
Basic FacilitisThr is a small our-room gusthous at Adhabar.
A local tahous provids simpl Npali ood. In
Htauda and Birgunj howvr, thr ar a rang o
hotls and lodgs to chos rom.
For mor inormation:Parsa Wildli Rsrv Ofc,
Adhabar, Parsa.Tl: 977 53 521051
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ShuklaphantaWildlife Reserve
Th Shuklaphanta WildliRsrv locatd in th south-
wstrn cornr o Npal, occupis
th largst grassland in th
lowland Tarai. Along with th
Shuklaphanta (dazzling, rsh
and opn grassland), th rsrv
consists o orsts, rivrbds and
wtlands (such as Ranital).
BackgroundTh Shuklaphanta Wildli Rsrv locatd in thsouth-wstrn cornr o Npal, occupis th largst
grassland in th lowland Tarai. Along with th
Shuklaphanta (dazzling, rsh and opn grassland),
th rsrv consists o orsts, rivrbds and wtlands
(such as Ranital).
ClimatTh rsrv xprincs our dirnt sasons namly
spring, summr, monsoon and wintr. In th spring(Fbruary-March), th man minimum tmpratur is
17c and 26C in th summr (April-May). Ovr 90%
o th annual prcipitation alls during th monsoon
btwn Jun and Sptmbr. Man maximum
tmpraturs ar 40-42C in summr (April-May),
whn hot wstrly winds blast th rgion. Th wintr
(Dcmbr-January) is airly cold and misty with
occasional rost with man minimum tmpraturs
varying rom 10 to 12C. In Fbruary and March, th
maximum tmpratur riss up to 22 to 25C. Th
bst tim to visit is rom Octobr through March.
Flora and FaunaTh major vgtation typs ar th Chir pin orst and
th Hill sal orst in th north, and th sal and Mixd
Broadlavd orst in th south. It is a storhous o
som 553 vascular plants including tr spcis lik
sal, Vijaya sal, khair, sissoo and th grass spcis
lik Phragmites karka, Saccharum spontaneumandSclerostachya fusca.
Th rsrv is hom to 46 spcis o mammals, 351
spcis o birds, 7 hrpto (amphibians and rptils)
(305 km2) and Bur Zon (243.5 km2)
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and 28 typs o fsh. Th rsrv is amous ormagnifcnt spcis lik Royal Bngal tgr, and
Asiatic lphant, and th Hispid har. Among
th birds, th Bngal orican, Black-cappd
kingfshr, Finns wavr tc ar notworthy.
Aras o IntrstWatching hrds o hundrds o swamp dr in
th Shuklaphanta grassland can b nchanting.
Th Ranital and othr wtlands ar vibrant aras
whr numrous birds and also mammals can
b sn. Th park is hom to fv rhinocros o
which our wr translocatd rom Chitwan. An
lphant stabl nar th rsrv hadquartrs at
Majhgaon ors valuabl insights or visitors.
Chancs o ncountring a tigr within th
rsrv is quit high givn th act that thr
ar about 18-22 brding adult tigrs insid an
ara which is not vry big. Monitoring o tigrsand othr wildli spcis is carrid out using
camra-traps and othr mthods.
Th local villagrs ar allowd to collct grass
rom th rsrv at th nd o January bcaus
at this tim th tall grass is cut and som
grassland st on fr. Th burning grassland is by
itsl a ascinating spctacl, but atr th burning
visitors hav bttr chancs o viwing wildli.
In th bur zon, th local community carris
out consrvation activitis such as orstry,
biogas production and school co clubs. Visitors
also hav th opportunity to obsrv localstivals, and traditional dancs tc.
ActivitisWith th assistanc o guids and tour oprators,
visitors can participat in a varity o activitis
in and around th park. Dpnding upon th
lvl o advntur and intrsts, visitors can go
or lphant rids, jungl drivs, natur walks, bird
watching, villag walks, cultural programs tc.
AccssThr ar rgular public buss to Mahndranagar
rom Kathmandu and othr parts o th country.
Th journy by road taks about 20 hours rom
Kathmandu. Mahndranagar is about ight kilomtrs
rom th Rsrv Hadquartrs at Majhgaon.
A convnint way to rach th park is via
Dhangadi which is srvd by rgular ightsrom Kathmandu. Public buss tak about thr
hours rom Dhangadi to Mahndranagar. Privat
vhicls can also b hird. Visitors can also
rach th rsrv via Tanakpur, India.
Basic FacilitisBttr accommodations with basic acilitis ar
availabl at Mahndranagar.
For mor inormation:Shuklaphanta Wildli Rsrv Ofc,Majhgaon, Kanchanpur.
Tl: 977 (99) 521309
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DhorpatanHunting Reserve
Th Dhorpatan Hunting Rsrv
adjoins Rukum, Myagdi and
Baglung districts in Wst Npal.
establishd in 1987 as th only
hunting rsrv, its northrn
boundary xtnds to th
rangs o Putha, Churn and
Gurja Himal. Its landscaps ar
charactrizd by Dhor (marshland)
and Patans (moorland) abov thtr lin (4000 m).
BackgroundTh Dhorpatan Hunting Rsrv adjoins Rukum, Myagdi
and Baglung districts in Wst Npal. establishd
in 1987 as th only hunting rsrv, its northrn
boundary xtnds to th rangs o Putha, Churn and
Gurja Himal. Its landscaps ar charactrizd by Dhor
(marshland) and Patans (moorland) abov th tr lin
(4000 m).
Th Dpartmnt o National Parks and WildliConsrvation in Kathmandu issus hunting licnss.
ClimatTh monsoon lasts until th bginning o Octobr. Day
tim tmpraturs ar vry low during wintr du to
strong winds. Highr lvations rmain covrd with
cloud in th morning; latr clouds ar clard by th
wind. Snow may occur vn at low lvations until
arly April. Howvr, it soon mlts. Th bst tim to
visit th rsrv is in March-April.
Flora and FaunaTh rsrv compriss 14 typs o orst cosystms
which ar charactrizd by Chir pin, walnut, mapl,
aldr, oak, junipr, fr and rhododndrons. Highr
altituds ar charactrizd by alpin scrubs.
Th rsrv srvs as a prim habitat or blu shp,
a highly covtd trophy. O th 18 mammal spcisrcordd, th commonly ound spcis ar lopard,
(1,325 km2)
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goral, srow, Himalayan tahr, Himalayan
black bar, barking dr, wild boar, rhsus
macaqu, langur and Mous har. Similarly, o
th 137 spcis o birds rcordd, phasants
and partridg ar common and thir viabl
population in th rsrv prmits controlld
hunting. Musk dr, wol, Rd panda,
Chr phasant and Danph ar nlistd as
ndangrd spcis and hunting thm isbannd in Npal.
Aras o IntrstDhorbaraha, a Hindu shrin on th banks o
Uttarganga Rivr nar Dhorpatan, is in th
Fagun block. evry yar on th day o Janai
Purnima in August, a rligious air is hld hr
which many local dvots attnd.
Th rsrv is dividd into six hunting blocks.Th magnifcnt viw o Dhaulagiri Himal rom
Bars, Dogari and Gustung blocks is rmarkabl.
Th Sng and Sundaha blocks ar rich in
wildli.
Th rsrv is surroundd by villags inhabitd
prdominantly by Magar, Thakali and Gurung
communitis and nar th rsrv hadquartrs
is th Tibtan rug camp. Local popl
practic transhumanc systm o livstock
raring and thy ar on th mov rom Fbruary
till Octobr. Mor than 80,000 livstock ntr
th rsrv or grazing.
ActivitisWith