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The Effects of Antioxidants in Spirulina on the Immune Response of Pond Snails Infected with e.coli Manhasset Science Research Regan McCooey. Need. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Figure 1: This pie chart shows the percentage of deaths related from bacterial infection present in major countries in January 2004. The U.S has the greatest percentage of 44.6% http://www.nationmaster.com/red/pie/mor_bac_inf_of_uns_sit-mortality
-bacterial-infection-unspecified-site
Knowledge Base
Figure 2: bacteria which are the cause of bacterial infections and are known as pathogens
http://www.bacterialinfection.net/
Knowledge Base
Figure 3: adaptive immune response
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Immunology/ImmuneSystem/OrgansCells/WhatisImmunity/WhatisImmunity.htm
Knowledge Base
Figure 4: Three ways antibodies work against antigens or foreign invaders
http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/lifescience/generalbiology/Immunology/ImmuneSystem/OrgansCells/WhatisImmunity/WhatisImmunity.htm
Knowledge Base
Figure 5: the physiology of a mollusk and the main parts the of organism
http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/106/106F06_12.html
Knowledge Base
http://www.bodyfasting.com/juice-detox-fasting.html
Figure 6: Antioxidant replacing free radicals
Knowledge Base Figure 7: Nutrition facts of Spirulina
http://www.spirulina.com/nutrition_tech_info.html
Knowledge Base
(Ottaviani, 2004)
Figure 8: the evolutionary path of immune-neuroendocrine response between mammals and invertebrates
Literature ReviewFigure 9: schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata that was exposed to one group of the pond snails
When the snails that were exposed and unexposed to Trichobilharzia ocellata were compared their immune responses to an infection of Staphylococcus saprophyticus bacteria differed.
(Van der Knaap, et al, 1986)
Literature Review
(Van der Knaap, et al, 2004) the humoral defense activities of a Lymnaea stagnalis agglutination, oposonisation, and inhibition of bacterial growth.
Literature Review
(Brambilla, et al, 2008)Antioxidants are used on a large scale to try to
maintain healthAntioxidants may be used to prevent free radical
related health disorders
Purpose/Hypothesis• Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to show
the effect that antioxidants have on immune responses to bacterial infections
• Null Hypothesis: There will be no increase or decrease between the immune response to the E.coli when the pond snail is exposed or not exposed to the antioxidants
• Alternate Hypothesis: There will be a decrease in the immune response to the E.coli when the pond snail is exposed to the antioxidant.
MethodologyMethodology
Pond Snails: 36
Variable 1 - infected with e.coli but no anti oxidant exposure
Sample Size: 12
Variable 2 – infected with e.coli with antioxidant exposure
Sample Size: 12
MeasurementImmune response compared to variable and length of infection
in pond snails
Statistical Analysis
MeasurementImmune response compared to variable and length of infection
in pond snails
Control – neither exposed to e.coli or bacteriaSample Size: 12
MeasurementImmune response compared to variable and length of infection
in pond snails
Protocols for MeasurementDifferences in the reaction to the e.coli between the
snails exposed to antioxidants and the unexposed snails
Survival Rate of Snails
Do-AbilityFreshwater pond snails: easy to keep alive and
maintainNo expensive equipment neededSome equipment needed is available in the labQualitive data is obtained by observation of the pond
snails immune response to the bacterial infection
Budgetvendor catolog # page description quantity
unit price
total price
carolina 141212 pond snails 3 $10.75 $32.25
wards 85 V 1860 Escherichia coli 1 $15.50 $15.50
wards 86 V 0700 Spirulina 1 $6.75 $6.75
wards 86 V 0126 Chlorella 1 $6.75 $6.75
carolina 671226
Aquarium Tank, Glass, 2 1/2 gal 3 $17.16 $51.48
carolina 671227
Tank Cover, Glass, for 2 1/2 gal 2 $8.27 $16.54
researchsupply.net 10 syringes 1 $2.20 $2.20
total $131.47
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Pacheco-López, Gustavo, Maj-Britt Niemi, Harald Engler, and Manfred Schedlowski. "Neuro-Immune Associative Learning." Neural Plasticity and Memory. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2007. CRC Press. 5 June 2009 <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=frplas&part=ch14>.
"Spirulina Earthrise - Nutrition and Technical Information." Spirulina Earthrise - Health Benefits of Spirulina, The World's Healthiest Superfood,. 04 June 2009 <http://www.spirulina.com/nutrition_tech_info.html>.
Van der Knaap, W. P. W., E. A. Meuleman, and T. Sminia. "Alterations in the internal defence system of the pond snail Lynmaea stagnalis induced by infection with the schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata." Parasitology Research 73 (1987): 57-65. SpringerLink. 12 Dec. 2004. 9 June 2009 <http://www.springerlink.com/content/v8277uj42hh24hm8/>.
Van der Knaap, W.P.W, C. M. Adema, and T. Sminia. "Invertebrate blood cells: Morphological and functional aspcts of the haemocytes in teh pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis." Comparative Haematology International 3 (1993): 20-26. SpringerLink. 11 Dec. 2004. 9 June 2009 <http://www.springerlink.com/content/n527t8272l616372/>.