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Near Field Communication & BluetoothBridge System for Mobile Commerce.
Abstract — This paper presents an innovation of a Near Field Communication
(NFC) and Bluetooth bridge system for connecting Bluetooth enabled mobile devices
to NFC enabled consumer services. Nowadays, there is an abundance of mobile
phones and PDA s with Bluetooth capability in the consumer market but there are
fewer devices with NFC capability. In order for NFC enabled consumer services and
payment to be rapidly adopted in the consumer market, it is therefore important to
make the service available to a larger sector of the consumer market without NFC
connectivity. The proposed system comprises a NFC-Bluetooth bridge and a software
driver program. The NFC-Bluetooth bridge is an electronic device with two air
interfaces: Bluetooth and NFC. The Bluetooth air interface is for establishing a
wireless connectivity with Bluetooth devices and the NFC air interface is for
establishing a wireless connectivity with NFC devices. The software driver is a tiny
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software program for driving communication between the Bluetooth and NFC devices
and can be downloaded and run in mobile devices. This paper presents the system
architecture and computational algorithms for the proposed system, and also
illustrates its use for mobile consumer service and payment. Index Terms— Radio
Frequency Identification, Middleware, Near Field Communication, Electronic Payment.
INTRODUCTION
Near Field Communication (NFC) is an emerging wireless technology
that is designed to facilitate secure, short-range communication between electronic
devices such as mobile phones, personal data assistants (PDAs), computers and
payment terminals. The concept is simple: in order to make two devices
communicate, bring them together or make them touch. This will engage the wireless
interface of the two devices and configure them to link up in a peer-to-peer network
[1]. Once the device is linked up using NFC, they can continue communication using
long range and faster protocols such as Bluetooth or wireless Internet (Wi Fi). A
potential killer application of NFC is mobile commerce wherein contact less payment
using NFC-enabled mobile phone enables secure and convenient purchases in a wide
range of transactions including making a purchase at a coffee shop, downloading a
movie trailer in a DVD shop, shopping from a TV at home, buying movie or concert
tickets from a smart poster
Using mobile phone for mobile commerce is not new. However, the
earlier attempt using the wireless application protocol (WAP) has not proven to be
successful. One of the reasons is poor usability with WAP. Users are often required to
navigate through long menus and enter several user names and passwords on tiny
mobile phone keypads and displays.
A recent usability study by Philips and Visa [2] on the usability of
NFC and contact less payment reported that participants accepted and appreciated
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the concept of incorporating information transfer and secure payment functionality
into mobile phones. This was attributed to the easy to understand, convenient and
fast features of the Philips NFC technology and Visa contact less payment.
Extensive trials of NFC mobile payment have been carried out in several
regions. In USA, Philips and Visa carried out a trial at the Philips Arena Stadium in
Atlanta, Georgia in which sports fans could easily buy goods at concession standard
apparel stores, and they could also download mobile content such as ring tones and
wallpapers from favorite players and artists by holding their NFC-enabled phone in
front of the poster embedded with NFC tag. In France, Philips, in collaboration with
France Telecom, Orange Samsung, and retailer Group LaSer and Vinci Park, carried
out a trial in which participating residents used the Samsung D500 mobile phones
with the embedded Philips NFC chip as a means of secured payment in selected retail
stores, parking facilities, and to download information about famous tourist sites,
movie trailers and bus schedules. Trials on secured payment for public transportation
using NFC mobile phones were also conducted in Germany and Taiwan.
The above study and trials have cleared the usability hurdle and
proven the usefulness of the NFC technology. However, success of the NFC
technology is also dependent on the economics of scale and mass adoption.
Currently, there are not many NFC phones available in the market and it is also not
reasonable to expect the majority of the consumer to switch over from their non-
NFC devices in a short timeframe. However, it is still important to enable the
majority with non-NFC devices to access to NFC-enabled services. It is now a
common scene that mobile phone users take pictures with built-in cameras and use
the Bluetooth functionality to transfer pictures and to download ring tones,
wallpapers and games. Bluetooth is a preferred connectivity as compared to infra-
red because the former is fast and does not require a line of sight. To enable the
non-NFC devices with Bluetooth connectivity to access to NFC enabled services, this
paper proposes the idea of a NFC-Bluetooth bridge system and illustrates its use on
a mobile commerce application.
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The contributions of this paper include an architecture design of a
NFC-Bluetooth bridge system. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section
II describes the NFC-Bluetooth bridge system. Section III presents an application of
the proposed system for mobile payment. Finally, Section IV concludes.
II. NFC-BLUETOOTH BRIDGE SYSTEMThe system architecture of the NFC-Bluetooth Bridge System is shown in Fig. 1. It
comprises a Bluetooth enabled device, the proposed NFC-Bluetooth Bridge and an
NFC card which is embedded on a smart poster.
The NFC-Bluetooth Bridge is a separate electronic device with two
different air interfaces: Bluetooth (BT) and NFC. In our prototype development, the
serial NFC PN531 module from Philips Electronics was used to provide the NFC air
interface, and the serial Initium promi D102 Bluetooth adapter was used to
provide the Bluetooth air interface. Both the NFC module and the bluetooth
adapter were connected by a RS232 cable and communicated using the following
RS232 protocol: 9600 baud, 8 data bits, 1 stop bit and no parity bit.
The Bluetooth adapter was configured to the discoverable and
connectable mode. This mode allows the adapter to be discovered when a mobile
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device searches for it by the device name. Password authentication was enabled
for pairing of the two Bluetooth devices.
The Bluetooth and NFC modules require a 5 VDC power supply each.
A PCB (labeled as PS in Fig. 1) is used to share the power drawn from an external
power supply to the two component modules. Driver software is needed in the
mobile device to drive the NFC PN531 on the NFC-Bluetooth Bridge to react to NFC
targets that are tapped between each other, and to send and receive information
In Fig. 2, the various components, in the ordering of the
labels, are (1) the Initium Promi SD 102 Bluetooth adapter, (2) an antenna for the
NFC PN531, (3) the NFC PN531 board, (4) the power supply distributor PCB, and (5)
a short custom-made DCE-DCE serial cable to connect the two main components. A
DCE-DCE serial cable pin configuration is shown in Fig. 3 below. Note that the
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Promi SD 102 Bluetooth adapter receives its power from pin 9 (VCC), hence it is
connected to the +5V of the power supply distributor PCB.
The final Bluetooth-NFC Bridge product is expected to be an
embedded device of the size of today’s smallest MP3 player. The biggest portion of
the body of the device will likely be the battery compartment and the NFC antenna.
An alternative build (size of half a card) that draws power from its host (such as a
mobile phone) that can be attached within the cover of the mobile phone is planned.
However, the feasibility is not confirmed at the point of writing this paper. At this
stage of time, the expected ownership of the NFC-Bluetooth device belongs to the
owner of the host (the Bluetooth device). However, the authors do not rule out the
possibility of such a device to be owned by the owners of the NFC targets.
Bluetooth Connection
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The design of the software uses the Serial Port Profile (SPP) over
Bluetooth. The Bluetooth link between the Promi SD102 and the mobile phone
encapsulates the serial information between the mobile phone and the NFC PN531 as
shown in Fig. 4. Effectively, the NFC PN531 sends and receives information as if it was
connected directly to a serial port on the mobile phone. The software was developed
as a MIDlet, a small program for Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) compliant
devices, with Java 2 Platform Micro Edition (J2ME) and Java APIs for Bluetooth (JSR 82)
[3]. The software performs the three operations to establish connection with the
PN531 – inquiry, discovery and connection, all of which are accessible with the JSR 82
APIs.
To start off, the program makes an inquiry to find the NFC-Bluetooth
bridge device using the device name. Alternatively, the program can search by using
the MAC address of the Bluetooth device. For this prototype, the Bluetooth adapter
MAC address is 000B531305AB hexadecimal. Once the bridge is located within the
radio range of the mobile phone, the next step is to discover the SPP service offered
by the Bluetooth adapter. The Bluetooth adapter would return the SPP service
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) in response with the prefix of “btspp”. In the
prototype, the URL for the SPP service of the Bluetooth adapter is
“btspp://000B531305AB:1”. The suffix “:1” in the URL represents the port number
used by the SPP. After the discovery operation, a connection is automatically made to
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the SPP URL. For the first time, the program will prompt user for a password for
authentication in pairing the mobile phone with the Bluetooth adapter. After this step,
a serial connection is established between the mobile phone and the NFC-Bluetooth
Bridge for subsequent data communication. The inquiry and discovery steps may
take a rather long time to complete. As such, these steps are carried out for the first
connection in order to retrieve the SPP URL. They are skipped in subsequent
connections with the Bluetooth adapter since the program can reuse the SPP URL
from the previous connection.
NFC Connection The PN531 NFC module follows a set of commands and formats that
must be adhered to in order to drive it. Each data packet to and from the PN531 are
framed in the format as shown in Fig. 5 and Table 1. The commands for the PN531 are
to be placed in the data packet segment (Segment PD0 to PDn in Fig. 5). Each
command has an identification byte at PD0. The most important command used with
the PN531 for this project is the In Data Exchange command. It is used for reading or
writing onto NFC targets such as the Mifare cards used in the payment application in
the prototype demonstration. The structure of the command is described in Fig. 6 and
the descriptions in Table 2 [4].
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The payloads of the data exchanged (Data Out[] and Data In[]) vary
with the type of NFC target the PN531 is connected to. Of the four types of targets,
namely Mifare, ISO14434-4, Felica and Data Exchange Protocol (DEP), the Mifare
target was used in the prototype development. The structure for the Data Out[] is as
shown in Fig. 7 and is described in Table 3. The structure for the DataIn[] is a 16 bytes
return data from a read operation [5].
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MOBILE COMMERCE APPLICATION The NFC-Bluetooth bridge system was demonstrated on a
mobile commerce application involving a Merchant Card System and a Payment
system. In addition, the bridge was also tested for a fund transfer mobile
commerce application known as Peer-to-Peer System. Merchant
Card System In the Merchant Card System (MCS), the merchant requires only an RFID
card as a representation for payment of a certain product or service he is selling.
The RFID card provides a specially designed URL, unique to the product or service,
to the consumer’s mobile phone when they are tapped onto each other. With the
URL, the mobile phone is connected to the Goods and Payment Portal (GPP) on the
Internet. The GPP is a web server that provides a login web service for participating
merchants to manage their RFID cards and information for their customers such as
the
product’s price and availability. It also retrieves information such as the buyer’s
identity verification and the purchase details. Finally, the GPP informs the
merchant of any goods sold.
The conventional mobile payment method using WAP requires
the consumer to type in the URL of the web site. On the web site, the consumer is
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subjected to tedious selection of the service or product he desires from a long
menu on his small mobile phone screen. In comparison, the MCS and the RFID card
adds much more user-friendliness to mobile payment by removing the needs for
long menu navigation and extensive data typing. The identification code of the
service or product is stored in the NFC card together with the URL of the service
provider. The NFC system automatically connects to the GPP with the right product
or service code obtained from the NFC scanning
The MCS offers a very attractive cost proposition to the
merchants, as the cost price of each RFID card is approximately US$1. The
merchant can expand his reach to his customers with several RFID cards at
different places. For example, the RFID card can be embedded on the merchant’s
advertisement posters that are displayed on train stations, allowing his customers
to make immediate purchases at these locations without having to queue up. The
MCS in this case maximizes promotion effectiveness yet minimizes the costs. For
the consumers, they benefit by not having to queue up for goods and services and
taking purchases anywhere as they walk.
The merchant card system can be used for both intangible services and
products such as cinema ticket sales and tangible products based on centralized
collection such as fast food restaurants. For example, cinema operators can place
a Mobile NETS RFID card behind each poster of all the “now showing” movies. The
consumers initiate purchases of tickets by tapping the poster of the desired movie
with his mobile phone. Likewise, fast food restaurants can embed an RFID card on
every table together with the menu. Consumers will be able to order the food just
by tapping their mobile phones on the respective food items.
Peer-To-System
The Peer-to-Peer System (P2PS) provides electronic transfer of cash
between two owners of NFC-enabled mobile phones based on the similar principle
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of the MCS. The mobile phones exchange a common URL and connect to the GPP
for fund transfer. This system targets private transaction such as an E-Bay meet-up
transaction, and small time merchants who do not wish to be burdened with the
cost of owning equipment for the other non-cash payment methods.
Application Software (Mobile Client) Application software was developed to handle transactions for
both the MCS and the P2PS. The software is built as a MIDlet, a small program for
Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP) compliant devices, with Java 2 Platform
Micro Edition (J2ME). The J2ME application serves as a communication and an
interface tool. With the J2ME application, the communication between RFID, NFC,
SMS (Short Messaging Service), and GPRS (General Radio Packet Service) can be
made seamless without the explicit need for user input. This factor is extremely
crucial in simplifying the system for mass consumers. The interface tool increases
the range of user interface options available and greatly improves usability.
The software is divided into four modules: controller, interface,
contactless and mobile communication.
Controller. The controller portion keeps track of the stages of a purchase or a
fund transfer transaction. Its role is like the brain of the software, giving directions
to the other portions on their next operations. The java class files for the controller
are BuyManager.java and TransferCash.java.
Interface . Information display and menu selection are determined upon the
retrieval of the specific unique RFID and NFC identification data. These data are
matched with the online database from GPP that provides the required display
and menu information to the mobile devices. The interface is handled in
MobileNETS.java.
Contact less. This portion handles the reading and writing synchronization of
the RFID or NFC targets. The class file is Read Contactless .java.
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Mobile Communication. This portion handles the communication with the GPP
via SMS and GPRS services. It is responsible for organizing the data to be
exchanged with the GPP, and converting the data to and from Extensible Markup
Language (XML) format following a protocol agreed with the designer of the GPP
Server. It handles encryption of the data as well. The class files for mobile
communication are HTTPManager.java and SMSManager.java.
State Transition The program state transition diagrams for MCS and P2PS
applications are shown in Fig. 2 and 3 respectively. When the program is started, it
is set to a waiting state, detecting for an NFC target that is tapped between the
mobile phone. Upon tapping a Mifare Classic 1K RFID card, the program proceeds
to launch the merchant card system purchasing process. If the mobile phone
detects another NFC mobile phone target, the software starts the peer-to-peer
fund transfer process as a fund receiver.
A. Merchant Card System Purchasing Process
1. The software authenticates the validity of the merchant RFID
card tapped by checking its unique identifier (UID) with the GPP via GPRS. An
encryption secret key unique to
each transaction session will be returned from the GPP. Subsequent data transfer
between the mobile phone and the GPP will be encrypted with the secret key.
2.The software requests a list of products associated to the
merchant RFID card from the GPRS for the user to select for purchase.
3. The software requests the details of the product selected for
purchase. The user can specify the quantity and other options for the product he
wishes to purchase.
4. The software submits the user inputs and obtains a quotation of
the total price of the desired purchases. The user keys in his personal identification
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number (PIN) of his bank account to confirm the purchases. The information is sent
over SMS to the GPP as the GPP can verify the source’s telephone number and for
the added security (SMS is difficult to intercept).
5. The software retrieves the confirmation of the transaction via
SMS.
B. Peer-to-Peer Fund Transfer Process A user who wishes to transfer funds specifies the amount he
wishes to transfer and taps his mobile phone on the receiver’s mobile phone. Upon
tapping, there are 3 steps in
completing the fund transferring:
1. The software submits the amount to transfer, and the two parties’
information to the GPP via GPRS. An encryption secret key for the mobile phone
usage is returned.
2. The user keys in his personal identification number (PIN) of his bank account
to confirm the fund transfer. The information is sent over SMS to the GPP.
3. The software on both the two parties’ mobile phone receives the
confirmation of the fund transfer over SMS.
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IV. CONCLUSIONS With Japan and South Korea as precedents, Mobile Internet
Banking is likely to be popular in Singapore once there is greater consumer
acceptance and usage of mobile data services. With NFC technologies and the
NFC-Bluetooth bridge that offer consumers an alternative to
purchasing new NFC-enabled mobile phones, consumers are more encouraged to
adopt mobile payment. There are also immense possibilities for the creation of
new markets with the merchant card system peer-to-peer transaction. The NFC-
Bluetooth bridge system proposed in this paper opens
an access to NFC-enabled services for a wider market of consumers with non-NFC
devices. The merchant card system makes extensive use of the NFC capabilities of
future mobile phones and tremendously lowers the merchants’ costs of
transactions. The low cost is expected to entice merchants to adopt the system
and serves as a good initiation for the technology adoption.
When there is a critical mass of merchants accepting this payment mode,
consumers will then be attracted to use Mobile Internet Payment with NFC-enabled
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phones. When equipped with NFC-enabled phones, consumers will be able to
participate in the peer-to-peer transaction. The peer-to-peer transaction system is
a new untapped market that may prove lucrative for payment companies such as
NETS. This new market enables them to reach out to the individuals and small
merchants who are not using current card processing equipment due to the high
fixed costs.
REFERENCES1] ECMA, “Near Field Communication Whitepaper”, ECMA International, 2004
2] Philips, “Philips and Visa Usability Study about NFC”, 2006.
3] Sun Microsystems, “Java APIs for Bluetooth JSR 82 Specifications”, 2002.
4] “UM0301-06 PN531 User Manual”, Philips Semiconductors.
5] “Mifare Standard Card IC MF1 IC S50 Functional Specification”, Philips
Semiconductors.
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