SYMPOSIUM AGENDA

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF FAMILY TIME

▪ Conceptualizing Shared Family Time using the Creation of Family Experience Framework

MEASUREMENT OF FAMILY TIME

▪ PSYCHOLOGICAL—Measuring Family Leisure Involvement and Satisfaction

▪ PHYSIOLOGICAL—Physiological Measures: Understanding Individuals within the Context of Family Relations

▪ BEHAVIORAL—Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) Methods in Family Experience Research: Validating Sociometric Badges

FAMILY TIME

CONCEPTUALIZED &

MEASURED:

PSYCHOLOGICAL,

PHYSIOLOGICAL,

& BEHAVIORAL

NCFR SYMPOSIUM: Research THEORY

CONCEPTUALIZING SHARED FAMILY TIME

USING THE

“CREATION OF FAMILY EXPERIENCE”

FRAMEWORK

Karen Melton, PhD, CTRS

Baylor University

National Council on Family Relations

November 15, 2017

AGENDA: CREATION OF FAMILY EXPERIENCES (CFE)

Family Time ~ Family Experiences

Three Domains of the CFE Family Factors

Activity Factors

Subjective Norms

Creation Process & Products of Family Experiences

3 Implications

Measurement

FAMILY TIME ~ FAMILY EXPERIENCE

“Time never exist in its own.

It's what happens in it.

You have to give it meaning.

You have to shape it.”

-Ester Percel

OBJECTIVE: ACTIVITY

SUBJECTIVE: EXPERIENCE

ACTIVE ROLE IN THE CREATION OF THIS EXPERIENCE

Objective & Subjective

Duerden, Ward & Freeman, 2015; Ellis, Jamal, Freeman & Jiang, 2016; Ellis & Rossman, 2008; Iso-Ahola, 1980; Pine & Gilmore, 2012; Sylvester, 2008

THIS IS

AMAZING!!!Please don’t

fall out, kiddo!

AHHH!!!Wow! This woman

has an annoying

scream.

“The three of them—Natalie, Madge, and Rusty—are in the same room doing the same activity, but like many families today, they are in separate emotional worlds which are often out of sync.”

-Larson & Richards (1994), p. 2

FAMILY TIME ~ FAMILY EXPERIENCE

Family Time

2 or more family members in a shared activity

which results in

shared and divergent family experience

CREATION OF FAMILY EXPERIENCES

Family Time:

• 2 or more family members

• in a shared activity

• which results in shared and

divergent family experience

WHAT FACTORS

ACCOUNT FOR SHARED

& DIVERGENT

EXPERIENCES DURING

FAMILY TIME?

BACKGROUND ON THE CFE FRAMEWORK

History

• The Academy for Leisure Sciences (TALS, 2017)

• Bridging Two Paradigms of Family Leisure• Feminist-Sociological

• Social-Psychological

Builds Upon Previous Theory & Research

• Structured Experience (Duerden, Ward, & Freeman, 2015)

• Family Activity Model (Melton, 2017)

• Parallel/Joint (Orthner, 1976)

• Core & Balance Model (Zabriskie & McCormick, 2001)

• Divergent Realities (Larson & Richards, 1994)

Research supporting the model

• Oxytocin (Melton, Larson, & Boccia, 2016, in review)

CREATION OF FAMILY EXPERIENCES

Family experiences are created from

(1) Family Factors interacting with

(2) Activity Factors which are situated within

(3) Subjective Norms.

THREE CFE DOMAINS

CFE DOMAIN: FAMILY FACTORS

Family Member

Family Member

Family Member

Individual-Level:

personal characteristics or traits

Family-Level:

shared characteristics or traits

FAMILY FACTORS & DIVERGENT FAMILY EXPERIENCES

➢ Roles (Shaw, 1992)

➢ Motivations (Dyck & Daly, 2006;

Falk & Dierking, 2011)

➢ Social class (Karsten & Felder, 2015;

Lareau, 2002; Harrington, 2013)

➢ Marital status (Passias, Sayer, &

Pepin, 2016)

Family Member

Family Member

Family Member

Family Member

Family Member

Family Member

Family Member

Family Member

Family Member

➢ Race/ethnicity (Sharaievska,

Kim, & Stodolska, 2013)

➢ Parental employment (Trussell

& Shaw, 2009; Werner & Shannon, 2013)

➢ Family life cycle (Rapoport &

Rapoport, 1975)

➢ Previous experiences (Kelly,

1977)

SEE REVIEW: TRUSSELL (2016) FAMILY LEISURE (BOOK CHAPTER)

CFE DOMAIN: ACTIVITY FACTORS

Social

Context

Physical Context

FALK (2006); FALK & DIERKING (2013)

ACTIVITY FACTORS & DIVERGENT FAMILY EXPERIENCES

Social Context of Family Activities

❖ Orthner, 1975

•Joint activities• activities that require high level of interaction

•Parallel activities•activities that require low level of interaction

Physical Context of Family Activities

❖Zabriskie & McCormick, 2001

•Core Activities

• activities that are done regularly in or near the home

•Balance Activities

•activities that rare or occasional for family members to participate in together

FAMILY ACTIVITY MODEL(MELTON, 2017)

• Intersect dimensions

• Social Context

• Physical Context

MELTON, K. (2017) FAMILY ACTIVITY MODEL. LEISURE SCIENCES.

CFE DOMAIN: SUBJECTIVE NORMS

“The perceived social pressure to perform

or not perform behavior” (Ajzen, 1991, p151)

• Religious

• Ethnicity

• Diversity of Family

• Parenting Ideologies

• Globalization

• Technology

• Economics (for review see Trussell, 2016)

CREATION PROCESS & PRODUCTS OF FAMILY EXPERIENCES

CREATION OF FAMILY EXPERIENCES

The family experiences are created from

(1) Family Factors interacting with

(2) Activity Factors which are situated within

(3) Subjective Norms.

CREATION OF FAMILY EXPERIENCES (CFE)

Creation Process: Iterative interaction over the duration

of the activity

Feedback Loops+/- Responses influence

subjective-cost benefit analysis

CREATION OF FAMILY EXPERIENCES (CFE)

Process: family experience

fe = (ff x af) sn

The biological, psychological,

and behavioral response from the

family activity

Product: Family Experience

FE = ∑ ((ff x af) sn)

The meaning, memories, and

reflection of the family activity

IMPLICATIONS

BRIDGING PARADIGMS & SCHOLASHIP ON FAMILY TIME:

The unintended consequence is a partial understanding of family time.

IGNORE

HALF OF

THE

EQUATION

IGNORE

HALF OF

THE

EQUATION

Feminist-Sociological Paradigm Social-Psychological Paradigm

IDENTIFY FACTORS OF DIVERGENT EXPERIENCES

Move Beyond: The family that

plays together, stays together

Advance: Evidence-Based

Recommendation for Family

Time

CONTEXTUALIZING FOR DIVERSE FAMILIES: INFORM PROGRAM DESIGN

EXAMPLES

• Military Families

• Adoptive Families

• LGBTQ Families

• Refugee Families

AND NOW THE INTERESTING PART OF THIS SYMPOSIUM

MEASUREMENT

When you cannot express it {FAMILY TIME} in numbers, you have not advanced the state of science.

-paraphrase of Sir William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)

MEASURING FAMILY LEISURE INVOLVEMENT AND SATISFACTIONJASMINE TOWNSEND

Psychological measure

Family Leisure Activity Profile

• Index of family leisure activities

Family Leisure Satisfaction Scale

• Individual psychological self-

assessment of family leisure

experience

PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES: UNDERSTANDING INDIVIDUALS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF FAMILY RELATIONSMARIA L. BOCCIA, MADDIE LARSON, KAREN K. MELTON

Physiological measures

Oxytocin i.e., attachment hormone

• Urine

• Saliva

ECOLOGICAL MOMENTARY ASSESSMENT (EMA) METHODS IN FAMILY EXPERIENCE RESEARCH: VALIDATING SOCIOMETRIC BADGESCAMILLA J. HODGE, KELLY D. DAVIS, KELLY HOKE, DANIEL STANDRIDGE

Behavioral measures

Sociometric Badges

• social interaction of family

members

THANK YOU QUESTIONS & COMMENTS TO BE ADDRESSED AT THE END

Karen K. Melton

Baylor University

Karen_Melton@baylor.edu

Melton, K. K. (November 2017). Conceptualizing Shared Family Time using the Creation of Family

Experience Framework. Paper at National Council for Family Relations. Orlando, FL.