Physics of Life Reviews 4 (2007) 1–36 www.elsevier.com/locate/plrev Review Fundamentals of natural computi ng: an overview Leandro Nunes de Castro ∗ Graduate Program in Computer Science, Catholic University of Santos, R. Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, Vila Mathias, Santos SP, Brazil Received 7 October 2006; accepted 9 October 2006 Av ailable online 4 December 2006 Communicated by L. Perlovsky Abstract Natural computing is a terminology introduced to encompass three classes of methods: (1) those that take inspiration from nature for the development of novel problem-solving techniques; (2) those that are based on the use of computers to synthesize natural phenomena; and (3) those that employ natural materials (e.g., molecules) to compute. The main fields of research that compose these three branches are the artificial neural networks, evolutionary algorithms, swarm intelligence, artificial immune systems, fractal geometry , artificial life, DNA computing, and quantum computing, among others. This paper provides an overview of the fundamentals of natural computing, particularly the fields listed above, emphasizing the biological motivation, some design principles, their scope of applications, current research trends and open problems. The presentation is concluded with a discussion about natural computing, and when it should be used. © 2006 Elsevier B.V . All rights reserved. Keywords: Natural computing; Bio-inspired computing; Problem-solving; Novel computing paradigms Contents 1. In tr od uc ti o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Na tur al compu tin g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Co mp ut in g in spir ed by na tu re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.1. Ar ti fic ia l ne ur al ne tw or ks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1.1. Biol og ical mo tivatio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3.1. 2. Desi gn pr inci pl es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1.3. Sc op e o f ar ti fic ia l n eu ra l ne twor ks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. 1. 4. Cu rr en t t re nd s a nd op en pr ob le ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. 2. Ev ol ut io nary comp ut in g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. 2. 1. Biol og ical mo tivatio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3. 2. 2. De si gn pr inci pl es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3. 2. 3. Sc op e of e vol ut io nary co mp ut in g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 3. 2. 4. Curr en t t re nd s a nd op en pr ob le ms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 * Tel.: +55 13 3251 2867; fax: +55 13 3226 0500. E-mail address: [email protected] (L.N. de Castro). 1571-0645/$ – see front matter © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2006.10.002

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