Natural Gas Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Transmission Pipeline

101101Terry BossTerry Boss

INGAAINGAA202-216-5930202-216-5930www.ingaa.orgwww.ingaa.org

tboss@ingaa.orgtboss@ingaa.org

Natural GasGeneral

Other names Marsh gas, Swamp gas

Molecular formula CH4

Appearance Clear Gas, Blue Flame

Properties

Density and phase 0.717 kg/m3, gas

Melting point −182.5°C (90.6 K) at 1 atm

25 °C (298 K) at 1.5 GPa

Boiling point −161.6°C (111.55 K)

Triple point 90.7 K, 0.117 bar

Hazards

MSDS External MSDS

EU classification Highly flammable (F+)

NFPA 704  

R-phrases R12

S-phrases S2, S9, S16, S33

Flash point −188°C

Autoignition temperature 537°C

Maximum burningtemperature:

2148°C

Explosive limits 5–15%

Natural Gas

Source : Wikipedia

Pipe beginsPipe beginsto burstto burst StressStress

StressStress

Strain

UTSUTS

YSYS

SMYSSMYSMAOPMAOP

(Class 1)(Class 1)

MAOPMAOP(Class 4)(Class 4) StressStress

PP

PipePipeYieldsYields

Pipeline Operation is Well Below Pipeline Operation is Well Below Materials Limit of the Pipe SteelMaterials Limit of the Pipe Steel

Experience Demonstrates a Two Times Safety Factor Over MAOP

The Natural Gas IndustryThe Natural Gas Industry

MarketersMarketers

272,500 272,500 Gas WellsGas Wells

ProducersProducers• MajorsMajors• IndependentsIndependents

GatheringGathering

StorageStorage

30 Major30 MajorInterstateInterstatePipelinesPipelines

CommercialCommercial

ResidentialResidential

Industrial &Industrial &UtilitiesUtilities

1200 1200 DistributorsDistributors

StorageStorage

Gas Demand OutlookGas Demand OutlookU.S. and Canada Gas Consumption

(Trillion Cubic Feet, Tcf)

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

2001 2006 2011 2016 2021

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Power Generation

Other

Change in System Load Change in System Load ProfileProfile

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1995

2002

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1995

2002

Lo

adL

oad

Typical LDC Hourly Flow vs. Typical LDC Hourly Flow vs. Scheduled NominationsScheduled Nominations

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

Thu, 3/6/03 Fri, 3/7/03 Sat, 3/8/03 Sun, 3/9/03 Mon, 3/10/03 Tue, 3/11/03 Wed,3/12/03

Thu, 3/13/03 Fri, 3/14/03 Sat, 3/15/03

Dth

Nom Flow

Note: days are gas days commencing at 9:00 amNote: days are gas days commencing at 9:00 am

Model of Gas Model of Gas Transmission NetworkTransmission Network

Courtesy of EEA

Transmission Pipeline Transmission Pipeline Right of WayRight of Way

Engine Powered by Natural Engine Powered by Natural GasGas

Natural Gas CompressorNatural Gas Compressor

MeasurementMeasurement

Remote Terminal UnitRemote Terminal Unit

Typical Unit Control Typical Unit Control SchemeScheme

Typical Station Control Typical Station Control SchemeScheme

2002 to 2006 Incidents by Hour2002 to 2006 Incidents by HourOnshore Mechanical DamageOnshore Mechanical Damage

02468

1012141618

Hour of Day

12:00 AM 1:00 AM 2:00 AM 3:00 AM 4:00 AM 5:00 AM

6:00 AM 7:00 AM 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM

12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM

6:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 9:00 PM 10:00 PM 11:00 PM

5-Year data, 2002 to 2006, Download date 10-15-06, 419 Onshore and 155 Offshore Gas Transmission and Gathering Incidents