Natural Gas and Oil in Unconventional Reservoirs · Unconventional Reservoirs 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ... Drilling program 2013South East Geology. Drilling program 2013South East Geology

Context and South Australian Regulation

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Natural Gas and Oil in Unconventional Reservoirs

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01890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050

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2013 annual production exceeds consumptionActual Consumption

Actual Production

M K Hubbert (1956) 1290 x 1012 scf Gas Ultimate

Production Curve

Ted Beaumont, President AAPG (July 2012 Explorer pp 3)

….outside North America, industry is just beginning to explore resource plays.

…organic matter, maturity and brittleness

…. the USA is now producing more gas than ever

Gas in the “Lower 48” USA

Australia leadsin using CSG as

feedstock for LNG

Barry Goldstein Executive Director

Michael Malavazos Director Engineering

Energy Resources Division, Dept. of State Development

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Purpose of Briefing• Who is the Regulator?

• Part 1 What is unconventional gas? What is hydraulic fracturing? Background and history of gas extraction and drilling in SE State Government approval and regulatory processes,

including the information requirements and local consultation

• Part 2 What are the risks associated with unconventional gas

exploration, drilling and related activities

• Part 3 Roundtable for oil and gas projects

Part 1What are unconventional reservoir targets that contain gas and oil?

Oil and GasConventional and Unconventional

A Natural Gas Revolution is Underway

2014 Context: Eastern Australia 2P Gas Reserves

Vision:• Secure and competitive gas;

• Improved balance of trade;

• Australia’s supplants imports with gas-based transport fuel;

• $ Billions in ESD projects;

• Thousands of jobs;

• Royalties/tax for public good;

• Risks to natural, social & economic environments reduced to ALARP & operations meet community expectations for net outcomes.

13%

87%

conventional

Unconventional(Coal Seam Gas)

Total = 52,522 PJ

Core Energy Group June 2013 statistics 5

Technically Recoverable Shale Resource EstiumatesGas (TCF) Oil (Billion Bbls)

1 USA 1,161 1 Russia 752 China 1,115 2 USA 483 Argentina 802 3 China 324 Algeria 707 4 Argentina 275 Canada 573 5 Libya 266 Mexico 545 6 Australia 187 Australia 437 7 Venezuela 138 South Africa 390 8 Mexico 139 Russia 285 9 Pakistan 910 Brazil 245 10 Canada 911 Others 1,535 11 Others 65

Total 7,795 Total 335

Fast follower criteria outside North America• The right rocks (liquids rich better)• Markets• Supportive investment frameworks• Trusted regulatory frameworks• Pre-existing infrastructure• Capacity to move down cost curve

EIA / ARI 2013

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Natural gas in unconventional rock-reservoirs

What is Hydraulic Fracturing

“..is a technique in which a mixture of mainly water mixed with sand (99.5% vol.) and chemicals (0.5% vol.) is injected at high pressure into a well to create small fractures (typically less than 1‐2 mm), along which fluids such as gas and oil may migrate to the well.”

In SA Cooper Basin over 700 wells (circa 1400 stages) have been fracture stimulated

Deepest water bores for human/stock/agriculture use

Separation of fracture stimulation in the Cooper Basin from fresh water supplies

Number of fracture stimulated stages in 717 fracture stimulated wells in the Cooper Basin to end Aug.’14

No evidence or realistic expectation of fracture stimulation resulting in the contamination of fresh water supplies or damaging induced seismicity in the far northeast of South Australia where 700+ deep petroleum wells and a few geothermal (hot rock) wells have been fracture stimulated

Drilling program 2013South East Source of Gas

Source: Engineering Energy: Unconventional Gas Production, ACOLA, 2013

History of Gas Extraction in SE

Otway BasinKalangadoo #1 1964

Conventional Oil and Gas Exploration Nothing New

Otway Basin - History

• Exploration commenced in 1866 in the South East with a well drilled near Salt Creek

• First flow at Kalangadoo-1 in 1965 and Caroline-1 in 1966 – both CO2

• First commercial flow of hydrocarbons in 1987 at Katnook-1

• Katnook Plant built and commissioned in 1991 – now mothballed

• Oil recovered from Sawpit-1 in 1992, flowed from Wynn-1 in 1994 – neither well commercial

Key History Milestones

Gas Supply

Drilling program 2013Source of Gas

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Katnook

Haselgrove

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Limestone Ridge

Caroline#1 CO2 Production

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Drilling program 2013Where to Next?

Oil or liquids rich gas

Drilling program 2013South East Geology

Legislative Controls

To reach this vision

• Must demonstrate: Potential risks to social, natural and economic environments are reduced to as low as reasonably practical (ALARP); and meet community expectations;

• Stakeholders get timely information describing risks to enable informed opinions/decisions

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VISION: Deep unconventional gas delivering decades of safe, secure and competitive gas

Regulatory Objectives/Conditions

Avoid:

• Contamination of aquifers• Adversely impacting other land users and uses• Contamination of soil• Disturbance of heritage sites• Adversely impacting vegetation• etc

Aim of regulatory processes is to have licensees demonstrate that they can and are achieving these objectives

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Regulatory Framework

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In South AustraliaPetroleum Exploration and Production Activities regulated under:

• Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000 (PGE Act);• Environment Protection Act 1993;• Natural Resources Management Act 2004;• National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972;• Aboriginal Heritage Act, 1988;• Development Act, 1993;• Work Health and Safety Act 2012;• Public and Environmental Health (Waste Control) Regulations 2010;• EPBC Act 1999

Interaction between PGE Act and other South Australian Acts administered through Administrative Arrangements with respective agencies

Petroleum and Geothermal Act 2000

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PGE Act defines the environment as:

• land, air, water, soil;

• plants & animals;

• social, cultural & heritage features;

• visual amenity;

• economic & other land uses.

Statements of Environmental Objectives (SEO)

• Regulated Activities cannot be carried out unless there is an approved SEO in place.

• SEO’s set approval conditions for regulated activities e.g. seismic, well operations, production, processing, pipelines, gas storage, etc.

• Activity notifications – licensee demonstrates how it will achieve SEO before approval granted

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Approval Process

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PGE Act Approval ProcessesTwo approval stages – Petroleum & Geothermal Act:

1. Licence approvals

• Exploration, Retention

• Production, Gas Storage, Pipeline, Special Facility Licences

2. Activity approvals

• SEO Approval Process– what they must achieve

• Activity Notification Process– demonstrate how they will achieve

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SEO Approval Process

EIR & Draft SEO

APPROVAL

Environmental Significance Assessment

Statement of Environmental

Objectives

MEDIUM IMPACTPublic Consultation

LOW IMPACTInternal Govt Consultation

HIGH IMPACTEIS Process

Significance CriteriaPREDICTABILITYLevel of confidence that for each impactand consequence these issues have beenaddressed:

• Size• Scope• Duration• Likelihood/Frequency• Stakeholder Concerns

MANAGEABILITYExtent to which consequences can bemanaged:

• Avoidance• Probability• Duration• Size• Scope• Cumulative Effects• Stakeholder concerns

SEO Objectives Include:Avoid:

• Contamination of aquifers• Adverse impacts on other land users and uses• Contamination of soil• Disturbance to heritage sites• Adverse impacts on vegetation• etc

Breaching these objectives is a PGE Act offence

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Notices of Entry (NoEs)

• Owners of landmeans all persons and enterprises potentially directly affected by regulated activities,

• NoEsmust provide timely information to enable potentially affected people and enterprises to reach informed views regarding impacts on their interests.

• Owners of landmust be given NoEs at least 21 days in advance of the start of any activities – and have 14 days to lodge objections

• All potentially directly affected people and enterprises have rights to object to the approval of land access for regulated activities, and all such objections are a show‐stopper until objections are resolved.

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Notices of Entry (NoEs)

• These Owner of Land rights are sustained without support for vexatious objections.

• Owners of land are due compensation from relevant PGE Act licence holders for reasonable costs of assessing NoEs (including the cost of legal advice) and for any loss or deprivation that might result from activities regulated pursuant to the PGE Act.

• The dispute resolution process for objections to NoEs

• starts with engagement between the concerned stakeholder and the relevant PGE Act Licence holder;

• can escalate to mediation stewarded by the Minister; but

• court proceedings are the ultimate dispute resolution process.

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1) Certainty2) Openness3) Transparency

4) Practicality5) Flexibility6) Efficiency

Best Practice Regulatory Principles

Delivering Regulatory Best Practice through 6 Principles:

• Inclusive stakeholder consultation in establishing regulatory objectives, broad community engagement on addressing potential environmental, economic and social/cultural impacts.

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Openness

Transparency

Public Access to regulatory decision making.• Criteria for classifying the level of Environmental Impact • All Environmental Impact Reports, assessments and Statements of

Environmental Objectives (Approval Conditions) are online

Community access to industry performance information: • environmental performance• regulatory enforcement actions • surveillance activity information

• Licensee Annual Compliance Reports• PGE Act compliance policy• PGE Act Annual Compliance report

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Appropriate range ofregulatory enforcement tools to elicit compliant behaviour.

• PGE Act compliance policy• PGE Act Annual Compliance report

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Part 2What are the risks?

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Beach Energy Shale Gas Fraccing ‐ EIR

Beach Energy Shale Gas Fraccing ‐ SEO

How do we identify and manage the risks?

EIR Summary

HAZARDOUS EVENTS POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES MITIGATION MEASURES

Access & pad construction, vehicle & people movement.

Intrusion or physical damage to areas of Aboriginal heritage significance.

Scouting for such sites to be undertaken ahead of activity.

Crossflow from hydrocarbon zones or lesser quality aquifers.

Contamination of aquifers. Pollute water source of other users

Identified aquifers isolated behind casing.

Drilling through fresh water aquifers.

Use of non-toxic muds.

Fraccing into adjacent and overlying aquifers

Non-toxic frac fluid. Monitor frac through micro seismic and control pump pressures accordingly

Courtesy: APPEA Natural Gas Revolution Brochure, 2013

Best Practice Industry Standardshttp://www.shalegas.energy.gov/resources/HF1.pdf

Recommended Well Construction Practice

All surface aquifers behind cemented casing to surface

All other strings cemented casing above shoe across aquifers or productive zones

Drilling Approved Practice for All future Wells

• Well will be drilled through the surface sediments into the Eumeralla Formation and casing run so that the surface aquifers are not in communication with the well bore

• All casing strings will be cemented to surface

• Beyond recommended practice

What are the risks

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Casing and cement integrity

Not acceptable or tolerable...

EIR Summary












Fracture half length and complexity is controlled by:• Frac fluid viscosity (gel vs

“slickwater”)• Pump rate• Pump pressure• Proppant “mesh” size• In situ stresses• Existing natural fractures• Natural frac barriers (ductile

rocks that don’t break easily)• Rock brittleness

Specialised extraction Technology

http://www.weatherford.com/Products/Evaluation/BoreholeSeismicServices/MicroseismicMonitoring/index.htm

Stimulated rock volume in horizontal well (from microseismic monitoring)Coloured dots indicate fracture events related to hydraulic stimulation of each perforated stage

EIR Summary












Source: Engineering Energy: Unconventional Gas Production, ACOLA, 2013

EIR Summary (cont)HAZARDOUS EVENTS POTENTIAL CONSEQUENCES MITIGATION MEASURES

Flow back of frac fluids Contamination of soil, impact vegetation and potential contamination of surface aquifers

Frac fluid contained within lined pits

Vehicle and plant refuelling during operations.

Oil spill damage to soil & vegetation.

Refuel in designated bunded area.

Seed importation on vehicles and equipment.

Introducing alien vegetation species (weeds).

Impact on other land users, eg farmers, pastoralists

All vehicles steam cleaned prior to entering district.

Green CompletionIts all about Containment

Well and Fraccing Operation Standards

Are Earthquakes are risk?

Impacts on Other Landowners

Environmental FootprintIts not CSG

Presence of Hydrocarbonin Shallow Aquifers

Water Bore Sampling

Available on DMITRE SARIG Web site

Head Space Gas SamplingDilwyn Formation

MethaneDilwyn Formation

MethaneDilwyn Formation

Carbon Isotope Thresholds• ‐60 Thermogenic Source

Salamander #1 Geothermal Well

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Download the Roadmap for Unconventional Gas Projects in South Australia

Google DSD & Unconventional Gas

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Informed by a Roundtable with members from: industry; all Australian State, NT and Federal Governments; peak representative bodies for protecting environments and aboriginal people; research institutions and a few individuals

212 members in Dec 2012

Now >440 members in working groups (implementing recommendations)

Leading Operators in the Cooper Basin (Santos, Beach and Senex) have agreed to contribute an aggregate of > $1million in cash and in kind to establish shared training facilities at Tonsley. Co-located with new core library

Strengthening capabilities in local Universities –• SA Research Fellow in Unconventional Resources • SA Chair – Petroleum Geology• $s for Visiting Experts• CO2CRC (cognate)• SA Centre for Geothermal Energy Research (cognate)

Recap Working Group #1 ‐ Training

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Recap Working Groups #2 - Supply hubs, roads, rail and airstrips, Cooper-Eromanga basins• Have mapped existing supply options (road, rail, air, ship); • Used Roadmap details to inform probabalistic dimensions,

weights and timing for transport scenarios – in turn enabling optimisation modelling for road, rail and air for minimum 6,000 pj unconventional gas ex-Cooper Basin to supply a15 year gas contract. Also accounting for oil

• Special facility licences (SFLs) enable additional depots, airstrips and petroleum handling facilities

• DPTI has estimated requirements to seal the Strzelecki Track as part of SA’s Integrated Transport and Land Use Plan. Looking at intra-basin requirements, too

• Building economic models to elucidate public vs private benefit in context of Infrastructure Australia criteria Federal funding. 84

Leading operators have met / are planning to pool water use forecasts for Cooper-Eromanga (SA-Qld) basin-wide modelling of water supply: demand balance, to deduce cost- and water-saving options.

This is a first, fundamental step towards life-cycle water-use planning – will inevitably foster environmental sustainability, project economics, transparency/trust, and business opportunities.

Santos coordinating. Golders contracted for modelling with SA G’ment funding

Recap Working Group #3 Water use in the Cooper-Eromanga basins

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Recap Working Groups #4 SA-Qld 'wharf to well' corridors for the Cooper-Eromanga basins

Need traction with colleagues in Qld

Qld regulators at Roundtable in Adelaide, 2-3 Dec 13

Upstream: Mike Malavazos (DMITRE) in direct discussions with Qld’s Coal Seam Gas Compliance Unit, Department of Natural Resources and Mines

Transport: DPTI in direct discussions with new National Heavy Vehicle Regulator and Qld counterparts

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ARC Linkage grants worth ~A$1 million awarded for University of Adelaide research to develop more cost-effective GHG monitoring, including detection of natural seeps

Subsequent to discussions – a sub-set of WG#5 members agreed revisit NGERS and other data develop FAQ s to better inform the public, business leaders and policy makers as to the materiality of various sources of GHG emissions. No doubt, all mitigation contributes to lowering carbon intensity. The objective of market-based GHG emissions mitigation policies are to reduce maximum GHG at the lowest costs. SA Government providing resources for this compilation and assessment

Recap Working Groups #5 Cost-effective, trustworthy GHG detection

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Creating this in August 2014 – with its first meeting in Adelaide on 22 October 2014The Suppliers’ Forum will foster local content in local and international supply-chains for the upstream oil and gas industry

Recap Working Groups #6 Supplier’s Forum

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Energy Resources Division

Executive Director Barry Goldstein

LicensingJoe Zabrowarny

Royalty BranchDirector

Nick Panagopoulos

Geology/PromotionDirector

Elinor Alexander

Geophysics BranchDirector

David Cockshell

Engineering Operations Director

Michael Malavazos

Engineering Operations Branch

Director Michael Malavazos

Principal Drilling EngineerJames Coda

Senior Petroleum EngineerPiotr Sapa

Principal Facility EngineerMichael Jarosz

Project Compliance Engineer

Mieka Webb

Senior Reservoir EngineerDominic Pepicelli

Team Support OfficerSu Marjot

Principal Engineer Pipelines Policy (0.5 FTE)Belinda Hayter

Senior Engineer Operations and Policy (0.5 FTE)Alexandra Wickham

Principal Environmental Adviser

Dale Wenham

Senior Environmental Compliance Officer

Scott Howell

Senior Environmental Compliance OfficerJarrod Spencer

Personal AssistantSophie Giorgines

Documents

Natural Gas and Oil in Unconventional Reservoirs · Unconventional Reservoirs 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ... Drilling program 2013South East Geology. Drilling program 2013South East Geology