R E V I EW AR T I C L E

Natural and synthetic functional materials for broad spectrumapplications in antimicrobials, antivirals and cosmetics

Dasharath B. Shinde1 | Ranjitsinh Pawar2 | Jyotsna Vitore3,4 |

Deepak Kulkarni5 | Shubham Musale6 | Prabhanjan S. Giram6

1Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences

(SSBS), Symbiosis International (Deemed

University), Lavale, Pune, India

2Department of Pharmaceutics, Poona College

of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to

be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India

3Department of Pharmaceutics, National

Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and

Research (NIPER) – Ahmedabad (An Institute

of National Importance, Government of India),

Gujarat, India

4Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of

Chemicals and Fertilizers, Gujarat, India.

5Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath

College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad,

Maharashtra, India

6Department of Pharmaceutics, Dr. D. Y. Patil

Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and

Research, Pune, India

Correspondence

Prabhanjan S. Giram, Department of

Pharmaceutics, Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri,

Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India.

Emails: prabhanjanpharma@gmail.com,

prabhanjan.giram@dypvp.edu.in

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is the leading cause of burden on healthcare sector. There is

scientific challenge of developing new functional material as a platform to prevent

and treat viral and microbial infection and cosmetic utility. In material chemistry,

there is progress in the development of functional material with advent of nanotech-

nology with aid of synthetic organic chemistry. The properties and application of

material can be changed significantly by modification of the surface functional groups

(namely, COOH, HO, NH2OH, SO4,), formation of composite with inorganic material

and incorporation of active pharmaceutical agents. In antibacterial application func-

tional material of copper, silver, gold, platinum, tin, iron, cobalt, ruthenium, zinc and

pharmaceutical antimicrobial agents found utility in the treatment of bacterial and

hospital acquired infection with different resistant strains of microorganisms. In ant-

iviral application many functional materials have been shown to possess remarkable

antiviral ability like quantum dots, gold and silver nanoparticles, nanoclusters, carbon

dots, graphene oxide and silicon materials. The polymers and dendrimers

functionalized with USFDA approved antiviral agent also has potential therapeutic

outcomes. Despite their difference in antiviral mechanism and inhibition efficacy,

these functional material structures have unique features as potential antiviral candi-

dates. In cosmetic applications functional material based on mica, sericite, fullerene,

charcoal, peptides, mineral, lipids, glucocorticoid, nanocellulose hybrid material are

extensively used. In this review, we have highlighted early promise and prospects of

functional material for cosmetics, antibacterial and antiviral applications, advantages

and disadvantages, Patent scenario, current challenges for translation into commer-

cial products.

K E YWORD S

antimicrobial, antiviral, cosmetics, functional material

1 | INTRODUCTION

Functional materials important class of material designed for specific tech-

nological need and cutting edge of polymeric material research. Develop-

ment of functional material and their characteristics applications are

unique for interdisciplinary research.1 Presence of intrinsic functional group

in a compound allows easy functionalization which serve as a linker for fur-

ther reaction, chain transfer agent, initiator and monomers used for partic-

ular use.2 Advancement of nanotechnology found utility for development

of functional material for photodynamic therapy, diagnosis,3 therapeutic

delivery, biological application, anticancer drug delivery, bioelectronics and

biointerface applications.4 The most commonly used functionalization

Received: 6 May 2021 Revised: 7 July 2021 Accepted: 8 July 2021

DOI: 10.1002/pat.5457

Polym Adv Technol. 2021;1–19. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pat © 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1

strategies used in chemical methods are esterification, amidation, azide-

alkyne click reaction, atom transfer radical polymerization, reversible

addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization, ring opening poly-

merization (ROP) and other modern polymerization method used for syn-

thesis of multifunctional material.5 Material plays important role in the

different applications are known as functional material. The general classifi-

cation of these functional materials is depicted in Figure 1.

The size, shape, surface charge and concentration of functional

material plays a promising role in the biodistribution, accumulation

and excretion from the body. Functional material made key advance-

ment with advent of nanotechnology in the commodity application. In

this review authors have described important insights for understand-

ing the various applications of functional materials in antimicrobial,

antiviral and cosmetics.6

2 | FUNCTIONAL MATERIAL FORANTIMICROBIAL APPLICATIONS

Bacterial resistance become a major challenge in healthcare sector.

One of the known examples in this series is methicillin resistance

Staphylococcus aureus, other antibiotics such as Glycopeptides,

β-Lactums, Aminoglycoside, Quinolones, Oxazolidinose and so forth.

There is an urgent need to develop a system which does not develop

resistance in bacteria and also reduces the cost comparative to use of

antibiotics and development of antimicrobial functional material.7

Antimicrobial properties of these functionalized nanoparticles

(NPs) determined by their capability of effectively release of metal ions

and surface area. Functional materials are easily able to attach to cell

membrane and penetrate inside the cell where they hamper DNA repli-

cation and also inactivate the key enzymes, which cause damage to cell

cytoplasmic membrane and leads to death of the cell (Figure 2).8

2.1 | Metal based functional materials forantimicrobials

Metal based NPs like gold and silver NPs are known to show the

promising biological applications because of its ease of synthesis, bio-

compatibility and suitable chemical for functionalization many drugs.

Metals, such as gold, silver and copper are toxic to many grams posi-

tive and negative bacteria at exceptionally low concentration because

of its biocidal activity. Functionalized materials have many applica-

tions in healthcare, agriculture and in industries general. In recent

years, nanotechnology is becoming new perspective to develop novel

applications of the antimicrobial functional materials for mankinds.

Biocidal metal NPs can be either immobilized or coated on surfaces

toward application in several fields such as medical instruments and

devices, water treatment and food processing.9

2.1.1 | Silver

Silver based functionalized shown potential antibacterial activities

toward both grams positive and grams negative bacteria. Silver is

known for its potential action to damage cell wall of the bacteria and

hence able to inhibit the activity of enzyme strongly by coordinating

to electron-donating groups (amides, hydroxyls, thiols, carboxylates,

F IGURE 1 Classification offunctional materials

2 SHINDE ET AL.

imidazoles, indoles), and ultimately lead to programmed cell death of

bacteria. The functionalized silver materials are been used in cathe-

ters, wound dressing, medical devices, dental materials andimplants.10

2.1.2 | Gold

Gold NPs are biologically compatible to human body because of their

inert nature and hence, these NPs are been functionalized to provide

potential antibacterial activity against many pathogenic grams positive

as well as grams negative bacteria. Characterization and synthesis of

functional gold NP can be done using elongated tetrahexahedral

(ETHH) and lipoic acid (LA), respectively, LA is natural antioxidant

which generate ETHH-LA Au NPs.11

2.1.3 | Silica

Researchers has established the wide spectrum antimicrobial effi-

ciency of silica NPs which release nitric oxide (NO), a gas molecule

produced endogenously as part of the innate immune response. The

potential of NO-based therapeutics is evident in the immense

research efforts focused on designing NO-releasing macromolecular

vehicles for biomedical applications.12

2.2 | Nonmetal functional materials forantimicrobials

2.2.1 | Fullerenes

Fullerenes have unique properties such as biological activity, super-

conductivity, nonlinear effect and optical limiting effect. Fullerenes

also known to have antimicrobial activity against various bacteria and

fungi such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus

faecalis, Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, Malassezia furfur.13

2.2.2 | Graphene oxide

Graphene oxide is experimentally shown to have antimicrobial activity

due to its dispersible nature in aqueous medium. Antibacterial

graphene oxide material cause physically damage with direct contact

to bacterial cell membranes by sharp edges of graphene sheets.14

2.3 | Synthetic polymer

Functionalization of the polymer results change in the physicochemi-

cal and morphological properties of functional material which form

polymer vesicles, polymer micelles, hydrogels, hybrid conjugates of

two functionalized moiety which can be utilized as delivery vehicle for

antimicrobial agent. These strategies help in decreasing of global anti-

microbial resistance due to decrease in toxicity and increase in the

efficacy of antimicrobial.15

2.3.1 | Poly(ethylene glycol)

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weight, number of repeat-

ing unit and mono or bifunctionality of amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and thiol

group used for PEGylation. PEGylation of the antimicrobial peptide has

unique features like decrease in the clearance from kidney, improved circu-

lation half-life and provide stealthy properties to material which helps to

avoid rapid clearance by reticulo-endothelial cells of immune system which

consequence in the improved therapeutic effect of antimicrobials. In the

literature functionalization with PEG reported for polystyrene-block-

polyethylene glycol copolymer shows potential against Gram-positive and

Gram-negative bacteria. In another report D-α-tocopheryl PEG 1000

succinate-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-ran-glycolide) increased antimicrobial effi-

ciency. Similarly, PEGylated metal NPs of silver loaded graphene oxide

proven effectively for long term antibacterial activity against E. coli and

S. aureus, due to production of reactive oxygen species which leads to

damage bacterial cell wall and leakage of cytoplasmic content.16

F IGURE 2 Antibacterial actionmechanism of functional material

SHINDE ET AL. 3

2.3.2 | Poly(α-ester)s

Poly(α-ester)s include polylactides, polyglycolides, poly(lactide-co-

glycolides), polycaprolactones functionalized copolymers, bacterial and

recombinant polyesters. Functionalization of the Lactoferrin on

poly(lactide) surface show higher antimicrobial activity in E. coli, Listeria

monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium. Polyphosphoester-block-poly

(L-lactide) based degradable functionalized carrier loaded with silver used

antimicrobial against epidemic strains of S. aureus and uropathogenic

strains of E. coli. To achieve potential antimicrobial activity, the poly(lactic-

co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)–chitosan mats functionalized with graphene oxide

decorated with silver NPs (GO–Ag).17 PLGA-functionalized Ag–Fe3O4

functional nanomaterial formulated by solvent casting and used as an anti-

microbial coating on dental implant surfaces. The ROP of ε-caprolactone

six arm hydroxy group initiator dipentaerythritol followed by antimicrobial

peptide by protection and deprotection reaction to formed

poly(caprolactone)-grafted-Antimicrobial peptides (PCL-b-AMPs). In-vivo

antimicrobial study of PCL-b-AMPs carried out in E. coli, Klebsiella pneumo-

nia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus shows statistically significant

activity as compared with control of silver NPs.18

2.3.3 | Poly(ester amides)

These are promising family of biodegradable material, since its biode-

gradable character, strong mechanical and thermal stability imparted

by strong inter molecular hydrogen bonding of amide. In the literature

report multiwalled carbon nanotube conjugated with hyperbranched

poly(ester amide) proven improve cytotoxicity against S. aureus and

Bacillus subtilis.19

2.3.4 | Polyanhydrides

Biodegradable poly(anhydride-esters) naturally occurring antimicrobial

consists of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid backbone with antimicro-

bial pendant groups (carvacrol, thymol or eugenol) usually synthesized

via solution polymerization reaction. These pendant group reported

for antimicrobial activity against various gram positive and negative

bacteria, and are used as preservatives since these compounds are in

generally regarded as safe list and approved by FDA. Carvacrol has

showed potential antimicrobial activity against both gram positive and

gram negative bacteria such as found in the oil of oregano, thyme,

marjoram and summer savory and often used as S. aureus and

P. aeruginosa. Carvacrol is generally found in oil of oregano, marjoram,

thyme and summer savory and have used as a disinfectant and anthel-

mintic. Thymol is a constituent in the essential oils of thyme, savory,

oregano and sage. Like carvacrol, thymol also shows inhibitory poten-

tial against over 25 genera of bacteria including Salmonella typ-

himurium and S. aureus. It is also known for its bactericidal and

antifungal activity. It has various applications as a anthelmintic, preser-

vative, topical antiseptic and anthelmintic. Eugenol is a natural antimi-

crobial and a major component in clove oil and allspice. It has been

proven effective against a variety of microorganisms including Salmo-

nella typhimurium and S. aureus. Eugenol is used in perfumery, as an

insect attractant and as a dental analgesic.20

2.3.5 | Polyphosphazene

Polyphosphazene is emerging class of biocompatible, biodegradable

and bioactive macromolecules. In the literature report amino

cyclophosphazenes used as multisite ligand for silver to obtained

metallophosphazenes studied for antimicrobial activity gram-positive,

gram-negative bacteria and mycobacteria. Antimicrobial properties of

these metallophosphazenes compared with AgNO3, silver sulfadiazine

and significant improvement observed for metallophosphazenes of

silver.21

2.3.6 | Polyacetals

Polyacetals are pH sensitive class of synthetic polymer used as carrier

for delivery of anticancer agents. Thiol�Ene Photopolymerization

reaction used for synthesis of pro-antimicrobial networks with acetals.

The pro-antimicrobial networks linked with acetal control tunable

release of p-chlorobenzaldehyde for potent antimicrobial activity and

biocompatibility. In the literature polyacetal functionalized material

used for hydrogel formulation. Hydrogel loaded with protein shown

less than 20% release at pH 7.4 and approximately 100% release at

pH 5 which indicated acid labile group at acidic pH responsible for

degradation of gel microstructure and release of protein.22

2.3.7 | Acrylates

Silver functionalized poly(acrylate) synthesized by reduction of NaBH4

and ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Antibacterial activity of these acrylates

tested against, S. epidermidis, C. albican, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus.

Dimethacrylates with bifunctional PEG and acrylic acid successfully

developed smart pH-Responsive antimicrobial hydrogel scaffolds.23

2.4 | Natural functional material

2.4.1 | Fibrin

Fibrinogen are having major role as a ligand in bacterial adhesion so,

can have better application to execute its role in the development of

antimicrobials as a functional material, PEGylated fibrin and platelet

rich fibrin is used as functional material in development of wound

dressing along with antimicrobial activity. Additional advantage of

PEGylated fibrin in their research work was the controlled delivery

of silver sulfadiazine achieved with good efficiency. Similar kind of

study reported in the literature which demonstrate the importance of

PEGylated fibrin in drug delivery of antimicrobials.24

4 SHINDE ET AL.

2.4.2 | Elastin

Multiple derivatives of elastin like elastin peptides, tropoelastin and

digested elastin have major application as a functional biomaterial.

Elastin like polypeptide-based biomaterial mediated shows significant

antimicrobial potential against S. aureus. In this work, methacrylate

conjugated hyaluronic acid (HA) and elastin phtocrosslinked with

photoinitiator Irgacure 2959 and loaded with different concentration

of ZnO. Lap shear adhesion and burst pressure resistance for hydrogel

perform as per American Society for Testing and Materials standard

tests. Phase transition temperature of the hydrogel is studied with

dynamic viscosity analysis. Excellent biocompatibility of hydrogel con-

firms with cell viability assay with NIH 3T3 cells. Finally in vitro anti-

microbial activity of hydrogel with 0.1, and 0.2% w/v ZnO carried

with S. aureus shown absence of bacterial growth inside and outer

surface of scaffold.25

2.4.3 | Collagen

Protein based biomaterials are gaining significant attention in

recent years for tissue engineering and wound healing. Collagen

is widely distributed and abundant protein in animals. Fibril for-

ming collagens are frequently used to fabricate collagen based

biomaterials. In the literature report collagen-based xanthan gum

silver NP composite synthesized by green approach used for

wound associated dressing material. Collagen based dressing

shown biocompatibility, nontoxicity and properties of shape mem-

ory. Collagen based composite dressing shown better porosity,

high degree of cross linking and moisture retention capacity ideal

for dressing application. In vivo wound healing activity studied in

the rabbits indicates potential wound closure potential of

collagen-based dressing.26

2.4.4 | Silk

Bioengineering and functionalization of silk with different antimicro-

bial peptides leads to development of novel silk based antimicrobial

biomaterial. In literature, developed silk based antimicrobial biomate-

rial by fusing with Hepcidin and Human Neutrophil Peptide 1 reported

for its significant antimicrobial property.27

2.4.5 | Hyaluronic acid

HA-based biomaterial is having extensive application in antimicrobial

activity. Literature report development of hydrogel comprised of qua-

ternaries chitosan and HA which is proved to be useful in wound

healing. As well as other in reports researchers developed admantane

modified HA and β-Cyclodextrin modified silk fibroin coatings for

wound healing applications.28

2.4.6 | Cellulose and hemicellulose based functionalmaterials

Multiple biocomposite systems are developed with cellulose based

matrix and shows biocidal activity. Chemical modification of cellulose

provides an extensive scope for development of derivative for appli-

cation in antimicrobial product development for wound healing. The

addition of different biocidal groups like quaternary ammonium salts,

N-halamines improve biocidal activity and application in development

of antimicrobial products.29

2.4.7 | Lignin

Lignin and lignin-based films are having major application in antimicro-

bial activity. The polyphenolic group in lignin is responsible for this

antimicrobial activity.30

2.4.8 | Pectin

Pectic polysaccharides are one of the important functional biomaterials

with significant antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial activity applica-

tion of pectin is demonstrated developing antimicrobial film which is

effective against Streptococcus infantarius, L. monocytogenes and E. coli.31

2.4.9 | Starch

Starch based cationic polymer shows considerable effect as antimicro-

bial when used as functional biomaterial. The antimicrobial activity of

starch-based biomaterial was applied by for the development of film

incorporated with lauric acid–chitosan which found to be active

against B. subtilis and E. coli.32

2.4.10 | Alginate based biomaterials

Alginate gels, fibers, beads and 3D printed matrices are having multi-

ple applications in tissue engineering and wound dressings. Func-

tionalization of alginate also leads to development of antimicrobial

biopolymer and it is also demonstrated through the research work by

development of antimicrobial polymer from algae extract and sodium

alginate using aminoglycosides and found effective against E. coli.33

3 | FUNCTIONAL MATERIAL FORANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY

International Committee on taxonomy of viruses categorized viruses

into eight types. Single and double stranded DNA chimeric virus, Dou-

ble stranded DNA viruses, single stranded DNA virus, double stranded

SHINDE ET AL. 5

RNA virus, positive sense single stranded RNA, viruses with negative

sense single stranded RNA genomes, viruses with single stranded

RNA viruses and viruses with double stranded genomes. Functional

antiviral material selectively acts on the either step of attachment,

penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly and release and inhibit

viral growth (Figure 3).34

3.1 | Metal and metal oxide-based functionalmaterial for antivirals

Metals such as silver, gold, copper and metal oxides functionalized

material have potential utility for antiviral application. Physicochemical

properties of different metals like silver, gold, copper, zinc and titanium

make them useful as antiviral functional material. The metal-based anti-

virals inhibit the virus to penetrate inside the cell; generating active

oxygen and other ions, radicals which gets adhere to membrane wall

and destroy function and structure of protein and nucleic acid present

in the virus. It also helps in the stimulation of the nucleus of host cell

which enhance the immune response and inhibits the growth of virus

and also minimize the spread of serious viral infections.35

3.1.1 | Silver

Silver-based compounds are mostly useful for antimicrobial potential.

It also shows efficacy in antipathogenic along with antiviral activity.

Silver-based antivirals attack on outer part of virus to prevent its

interaction with host cells. In the literature functionalized surface

ligand tannic acid silver NPs of 33 nm in size synthesized by chemical

reduction method.36 Silver NPs help in controlling herpes simplex

virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections studied in mice with the help it inhibits

the adhesion of the virus to host cells. Antiinfective activity improved

by the use of surfactants such as plant polyphenol, citric acid and

polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Silver-oseltamivir complex shows inhibiting the

H1N1 influenza, creates the virus inducing host cells apoptosis. In

addition, amino adamantane, zanamivir and amantadine get interacted

with silver NPs and help to induce the antiviral activity. Apart from sil-

ver NPs other kind of silver substances are useful as antiviral func-

tional materials. Silver nitrate, silver acesulfame and silver bis (citrato)

germinate have the effective antiviral activity.37

3.1.2 | Gold

Gold has ability to bind with biological ligands. Gold functionalized

material gets bound with the cell by blocking attachment and further

growth of virus. In the literature by chemical reduction method gold

NPs with size of 10 nm is prepared with extract of plant as reducing

agent.38 These gold NPs effective into reduce the viral infection by

92% in 6 h of interaction due to inhibition of virus attachment with

the host. DNA based conjugation with gold particles gives antiviral

activity in case of respiratory syncytial virus. In case of gold nanorods

it inhibits the viral infections by inducing immune cellular response.

F IGURE 3 Mechanism of action of antiviral functional material

6 SHINDE ET AL.

The price of gold is higher so it is not affordable to use it in the per-

sonal protective equipment.39

3.1.3 | Copper

The copper oxide is well proven antibacterial, antiviral potential due

to its affordability and stability. It degrades genome and destroys

activity of virus. In the literature study it was observed its anti-HSV1

activity.40 It helps to degrade the genome and integrity of capsid. In

attempt manufacturing N95 mask with the cuprous oxide layer as pro-

tective layer. It acts as virions killer by protecting with layer enhancing

efficacy. The cuprous oxide NPs prepared by concentration of 4 μg/

mL it was observed that HCV virus gets decreased by 90%. In addi-

tion, cuprous sulfide and cuprous chloride also shows prominent ant-

iviral activity.41

3.1.4 | Metal oxides

In addition to previously discussed antiviral metals, yet another is

metal oxides, which has attracted considerable attention of researcher

in recent years. In the literature study it was observed that zinc oxide

has negative charge which blocks the herpes virus from attaching it to

the host cells. Titanium dioxide prepared by sonochemical method

shows antiviral activity.42 In addition, others showing antiviral proper-

ties are iron oxide, gallium and tin oxide. The GSH-ZnSNPs were syn-

thesized which possess higher biocompatibility checked for its activity

on RNA virus of Arteriviridae family porcine reproductive and respira-

tory syndrome virus (PRRSV). GSH-ZnS NPs might be useful as ant-

iviral agent against the novel coronavirus after thorough research.43

3.2 | Nonmetal and other inorganic functionalmaterials for antivirals

3.2.1 | Carbon based functional materials

There are different types of allotropes of carbon such as carbondots, car-

bon nanotubes and graphene oxide checked for its antiviral effects

depending upon its physical and chemical properties. The carbon-based

material geometry helps to determine the antiinfection activity of mate-

rial. The carbon dots are used against the pseudo virus and PRRSV.44

The carbon dot core shell with the help of dry heat treatment of cur-

cumin shows antiviral activity.45 The antiviral efficacy was tested against

enterovirus 71; it shows antiviral activity as well as biocompatibility. Car-

bon nanotube also has antiviral activity but due to its higher cytotoxicity

it is not often used. Graphene oxide also has the antiviral properties

against the pseudorabies virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. The

graphene oxide derivatives inhibit the infection of herpes simplex virus

type 1 (HSV-1) by direct targeting on the cell attachment process.46 The

carbon based antiviral functional materials used in the applications like

face masks but it is still challenging due to its physical and chemical

properties can be solved in the upcoming years. In case of fullerene poly-

glycerolsulfate along with the polyglycerolsulfate proven to be effective

for the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) by prevention of interacting with

VSV coat of glycoprotein along with the proteins includes in the cell rec-

ognition. In the literature curcumin loaded cationic carbon dots studied

for its antiviral application.47

3.2.2 | Other inorganic functional materials

Selenium-adamantine conjugation is effective against H1N1 influenza

virus; having spherical form with size of 100 nm. Conjugation helps to

reduce the infection by 79% as compared with selenium alone. Silicon

dioxide is also having antiviral activity, it suppresses its ability of virus

transduction further. Polyoxometalates is polyatomic dimensional net-

work reported for antiviral applications such as K7 [SiW9Nb3O40] and

(Me3NH) 7[SiW9Nb3O40] against various viruses such as human immu-

nodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus (Influenza A/B), respiratory

syncytical virus and murine leukemia sarcoma virus.48 In addition,

sodium chloride salt was part of surgical mask and gives 100% survival

rate when it is treated against the infected mice. Entrapment of virus

was observed in the filtered mask so as to prove its antiviral efficacy.49

3.3 | Organic antivirals

Organic antiviral destroys the pathogens on the surface of nucleic

acids or proteins. It acts on proliferation or morphology of pathogens

with the help of reactive oxygen species.

3.3.1 | Intrinsic antiviral materials

The intrinsic type of antiviral helps to inactivate the virus by its chemical

structure. Different natural and synthetic materials give intrinsic antiviral

properties. The material like N-halamine shows antiviral properties. In

the literature study coating of N-halamine which is nonvolatile; more sta-

ble shows effective antiviral activity. The hydrophobic surface synthe-

sized with N,N-dodecyl methylpolyethylenimines to check its efficacy

with respect to influenza virus.50 The glycodendric NPs help to act

against the T-lymphocytes and dendritic cells of human by Ebola virus. It

inhibits about more than 80% by competitive blockages.51

A Chitosan material also shows effective antiviral activity. Synthe-

sis of 6-deoxy-6-bromo-N-phthaloyl chitosan shows effective

potency. The natural compound such as curcumin, catechins and

Rheum tanguticum NPs shows effective capacity to kill the different

kind of viruses.52

3.3.2 | Photo-responsive antiviral

The photodynamic type of materials is dependent on light for their

effect; it produces reactive oxygen species which kills the pathogen

SHINDE ET AL. 7

selectively. It has higher efficiency, safe, long acting and possess

broader spectrum of action to kill the pathogens. In the literature

report the zinc-tetra (4-N-methylpyridyl) porphine (ZnTMPyP4+,

photoactive substance) studied for its efficiency as antiinfection.21

Treating with light inactivates the bacteria by 99.89% and virus by

99.95%. By producing the reactive oxygen species, it kills the microor-

ganisms. The photodynamic materials in the fibers, its compatibility

and diffusion range of reactive oxygen species and life time of photo-

sensitizer plays a vital role in the antiviral properties. The photosensi-

tizer encapsulation helps to increase the life period and compatibility

of the photosensitizer. The preparation of photoactive material per-

forms by electrostatic spinning method.53 This membrane shows the

inhibition of viruses and bacteria about 99% by exposure to the light.

3.4 | Vitamin based antivirals

In the personal protective equipment vitamin K can be useful as ant-

iviral nanofibrous membranes. The vitamin K possesses robust photo

activity during reactive oxygen species generation. It gives almost best

antiviral efficacy about >99.9%.54

3.5 | Plant based antivirals

In the plant some diseases are common to tackle for improving the

efficacy and crop yield. The tryptanthrins shows good antiviral effi-

ciency against tobacco mosaic virus. Polyoxometalate acts locally on

the cell surface having antiviral activity including antiinfluenza A, B,

HSV-1, HSV-2, HIV-1 and HBV. It also found effective for the influ-

enza virus A, B, murine leukemia sarcoma virus, HIV and respiratory

syncyticalvirus.55

The boronic acid surface modified with 4-azidobenzoic ester

functional group. The borono-lectins shows effective activity against

Hepatitis C virus (HCV). The potential of these novel “borono-lectins”as antiviral inhibitors was investigated against the HCV.

Phenolic acid contains phenolic derivatives which has profound

structural diversity and possess viral inhibition activity. The proper

selection of phenolic acid derivatives gives enough understanding

about virus inactivation by its efficacy.56

3.6 | Polymer based antivirals

The anionic polymers like sulfated polysaccharides, dendrimers by

conjugation or direct interactions, biomimetic polymers replicating the

V3 or CDR H3 loop microbicides found to be showing antiviral activ-

ity against the HIV and herpes simplex virus.57 For the influenza virus

sialic acid containing polymers, polysaccharide-based carrageenan and

antiviral drug-polymer conjugates such as oseltamivir, zanamivir

and ribavirin effectively shows promising results as antiviral property.

The conjugation of PEG and interferon found to be clinically effective

against the viruses of Hepatitis B/C. In addition, the ribavirin-polymer

conjugation cationic polymers were also gives prominent results for

Hepatitis B/C. For the noroviruses, glycosylated hydrogels and poly-

saccharides combined with polyphenols (i.e., green tea extract) shows

promising results as antiviral activity.58

4 | FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS FORCOSMETICS

In recent years, cosmeceutical and personal care industry are contrib-

uting significantly to the world gross domestic product. According to

The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, cosmetics are referred as articles

intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or sprayed on, introduced

into, or otherwise applied to human body for cleansing, beautifying,

promoting attractiveness or altering the appearance without affecting

structure or function.59 It is most commonly used daily products on

human skin for wide application. It helps to enhance natural beauty

and intensify the cleaning of skin. In the recent ongoing scenario for

cosmetic market there is need to explore new functional material to

enhance performance of cosmetics products. The new era in cosmetic

industry has challenging demands of makeup products to enlighten

the beauty of person. Due to this reason, industry is searching for

functionalized excipients to formulate effective and safe product.60

There are numerous advantages of functionalization to raw material

such as it makes them to penetrate into deeper layers of skin tissue,

protection from UV light, controlled and sustained absorption into the

skin, superior stability and final magnificent quality of product

(Figure 4).61

4.1 | Mineral based functionalization

Functionalization of mineral is done by using surface treatment

method. Nanotechnology is promising strategy for functionalization

of mineral as it provides some interesting properties such as

reduced size, increased material surface area, superior biological

interaction, enhanced reactivity and incorporation of wide functional

structures.62

4.1.1 | Sericite mica

It is widely used in cosmetics and personal care products for its whit-

ening property. It imparts shimmering effect on skin foundation base

and looks glowing. It is the common ingredient in all make up products

such as eye shadow, blush and concealers. In the literature new mica-

polymer composite pigment develop by copolymerization method.

Sericites composites are clay like layered material structure act like

oxidation catalyst. It has reported for its curative property in the

Korean and Chinese medical books. Titanium mica composite has

exhibits excellent color tone, good consistency of an appearance color

and an interference color, excellent stability, safety, light resistance,

acid resistance, alkali resistance, solvent resistance and heat

8 SHINDE ET AL.

resistance. Sometimes used in combination with cellulose, carbohy-

drate and polysaccharide-based polymers.63

4.1.2 | Silver

It was reported that colloidal silver used in World War I to cure bacte-

rial infection. It is potent and broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent in

cosmetics. Among all available cosmetic product around 12% are

made up of silver composition. Silver NPs are highly effective for acne

and pigmentation. In addition to these, silver has proven its antifungal

effect alone and in combination with antifungal drug. The less concen-

tration of nanosilver containing gel was more effective than marketed

silver sulfadiazine gel in case of skin burn patients.64 Now a days

among all metal functionalized material silver functionalization is on

high demand due to its potential application for cosmetic with func-

tionalization of AgNPs with thiobarbituric acid or

11-mercaptoundecanoic acid residues improves efficasy.65

4.1.3 | Gold

Gold is highly popping up ingredient in cosmetics in facial creams,

mask and scrub. It gives special additive effect to brighten up the

complexation. It believed that it helps to prevent the loss of collagen

and amplify the elasticity of skin. In addition to this, gold has been

used to improve blood circulation and maintaining shinning skin. In lit-

erature, gold particles has been functionalized with various organic

molecules and dendrimer functionalizes gold NPs was found more

effective for cosmetic application.66

4.1.4 | Copper

The functional role of copper in wound healing and skin care is first

introduced in the Ebers Papyrus the oldest book written in approxi-

mately 1550 BC.67 It is one of the key materials used in cos-

meceuticals. Antimicrobial activity proved in many reports where

copper NPs used in cosmeceuticals. Copper peptides are break-

through product available in market for cosmetic purpose. It triggers

the activation of metalloproteinase enzyme present in skin which

leads to removal of damage proteins such as sun damaged collagen

and elastin. In the similar way, they promote the activation of skin's

antiproteinases tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) and

tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2), which helps to pro-

tect against excessive disruption of protein. Thus, copper peptides

based skin creams are formulated in order to accelerate rebuilding

mechanism of new collagen and elastin into the skin.68

4.1.5 | Zinc

Zinc offers antioxidant property as it fights with free radicals responsible

for oxidative alteration in cells or tissue.69 It is well-known component in

sunscreen agent in the form of zinc oxide. ZnO is main component of

various colorants and UV filters in cosmetic products. Zinc chloride is

topically applied on skin as covering agent. The well-known Zn–glycine

complex is referred as antiaging agent by preventing ROS formation. Zinc

compound allows curing skin related problems such as in the treatment

of acne, hyperpigmentation and wrinkle. Zinc lauryl ether sulfate is the

skin-cleansing product which contains zinc and maximum recommended

concentration of this skin cleansing products is 12.5%.70

F IGURE 4 Applications offunctional material in cosmetics

SHINDE ET AL. 9

4.1.6 | Kaolin

It absorbs aqueous and fatty oily substances, which shows good

absorbing capacity. Kaolin functionalization with polyamide

6 nanocomposite reported for its extra ordinary bleaching effect and

thermal stability. The extraordinary bleaching effect is caused by poly-

amide 6 functionalized kaoline shown improved lipophilicity results

improved bleaching effciency.71 Whiteness index of modified

nanocomposite was increased up to 10.65% when compared with

neat PA6. The easiest functionalization strategy reported in which

inorganic-polymer hybrid vehicles were fabricated. One of such exam-

ples is aminosilyl/vinylsiyl controlled functionalization where aluminol

layer of kaoliniteb (kaol) self-assembled in solvent.72

4.1.7 | Titanium dioxide

It used as white pigment and affords covering agent and filler for

foundation base. Titanium dioxide treated chitosan bleaching gel

for tooth and it showed promising bleaching action. In many findings,

chitosan loading carried out in the synthesis of mulfunctional cream

base by using chitosan/TiO2 nanocomposite. The study reported

some applications of this nanocomposite as antibacterial and sun-

screen performance with photocatalytic technology.73

4.1.8 | Magnesium and calcium carbonate

Calcium carbonate is well-known absorbing agent for fatty substances

and water, covering power and adhesive property. Calcium carbonate

resembles with magnesium carbonate and it is least preferred due to

it undergoes alkaline reaction with skin. It has been reported in litera-

ture that amorphous mesoporous magnesium carbonate found as

functional material for UV blocking NPs.74 Surface treatment of cal-

cium carbonate makes it functional material to use for sunscreen as it

boost sun protection factor and the sensory properties of cosmetic

compositions.75

4.1.9 | Silica

Hydrophilic surface and ability to absorb moisture makes silica good

anticaking agent. Mesoporous silica is reported in literature for its

wide application in topical drug delivery and cosmetic products.76

4.1.10 | Layer double hydroxide

Layer double hydroxide used with intercalation technology to enable

novel dermo-cosmetic and therapeutic product. It has found to be

effective for antipollution and antiwrinkle applications. In one of the

reported literature, intercalative reaction was carried out into zinc

hydroxide nitrate and caffeic acid (CA) has been stabilized in a

zinc basic salt (ZBS) matrix. It was performed for efficient protection

against skin issues associated with UV radiation. Often, UV protecting

agents should protect the skin from both UV A and UV B radiation.

The above mentioned study resulted that CA-ZBS nanohybrid have

promising applications in sunscreen formulations for superior and

effective protection from both UV A and UV B radiation.77

4.2 | Functional material from botanical source

Recently botanical active ingredients are trendy for their widespread

application in cosmeceuticals. The current scenario of cosmetic mar-

ket suggests that there is high demand for natural plant extracts for

all-purpose use. Most of botanical extract is used as antioxidant.

4.2.1 | Caffeine

It is most widely used ingredient up to 3% in topical cosmetic formula-

tion. It is naturally found as alkaloid in the leaves and fruits of Coffea

Arabica. It is showing extraordinary biological effects such as antioxi-

dant property, antiaging, prevention from UV radiation and anti-

redness effect in various study reports. It has found very interesting

hair application as it inhibits 5- reductase activity and stimulates the

growth of hair. Caffeine shows promising scavenger of hydroxyl radi-

cals (�OH) and alkoxy radicals (�OCH3), a poor scavenger of H2O2

radicals, inefficient for directly scavenging O�2 radicals and most likely

other alkyl peroxy radicals.78

4.2.2 | Curcumin

It shows antiinflammatory and anticancer activity. However, it is well-

known and widely used multipurpose raw material in

cosmeceuticals.79

4.2.3 | Hyaluronic acid

HA is naturally occurring well-known glycosaminoglycan polymer

used in skin repairing and wound healing process. Its pivotal role is

hydration of skin and it also act as humectant which adsorbs water

molecule onto the skin surface. HA between 50 and 1000 kDa is the

most efficient for skin and about 130 kDa is found best in recent

studies. The marketed product containing HA have a concentration of

0.025%–0.050%, which is adequate to make the preparations very

smooth and viscous.80

4.2.4 | Retinoid

The retinoid family comprises vitamin A and its derivatives. Among all

forms of retinoid, in cosmetics science retinol, retinal and possibly,

10 SHINDE ET AL.

retinoic acid are mostly used. In cosmeceuticals retinoid are in extrin-

sic aging (photo aging). At present, FDA has approved topical applica-

tion of retinoic acid in the moderate to severe acne,

hyperpigmentation, fine skin wrinkling, skin roughness, due to photo-

aging, as well as reducing the number of senile lentigines (liver

spots).81

4.2.5 | Ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid is referred as powerhouse of antioxidants. It is water

soluble vitamin and also recognized as drug in the treatment of photo

aging and depigmentation. It prevents sun damage of skin and main-

tain the integrity of the extracellular matrix. It has antiinflammatory

property as it degrades and eliminates the histamine. In most of cos-

metic products, used concentration of ascorbic acid is greater than

8%. It helps to maintain the elasticity and shows immunostimulating

activity.82 The natural form ascorbic acid L-ascorbic acid (LAA) is

hydrophilic and unstable in nature therefore the cosmetic industry

is looking for more stable derivatives of LAA such as ascorboyl

6-palmitate, tetra-isopalmitoyl ascorbate, magnesium ascorbyl

phosphate.

4.2.6 | Sopoongsan

Sopoongsan consist mixture of 12 medicinal herb. It has been reported

for its promising application such as anticancer, antiinflammatory, anti-

microbial. In one of the literature Sopoongsan was applied with dose

0–20 kGyto improve color of skin. The ethanol and water extracted

Sopoongsan was compared for inhibition of melanin. Irradiation tech-

nique is best suitable with sopoongsan treatment.83

4.2.7 | Amino acids

Amino acids are major constitute of natural moisturizing factor. Amino

acids are also act as humectant and up to some extent, they provide

hydration effect. Proline and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid have superior

hygroscopicity and it also show prominent synergistic. Some acidic

amino acids reacted with a fatty amide and tertiary amine it turns into

a quaternary amine and used as a conditioning agent for hair care. Basic

amino acid such as arginine is used as alkalizer in oxidative coloring and

bleaching agent. Cysteine is known as a powerful antioxidant as it traps

the ROS and shows antiaging and skin whitening property.84

4.3 | Functional material from lipid and oil source

Lipids and various essential oils have high potential for cos-

meceuticals. Numerous nanovesicles such as solid lipid NPs, lipo-

somes, Nanosomes, Niosomes and ethosomes are commonly used in

dermatology treatment.85

4.4 | Functional material from enzyme source

Use of enzymes in cosmetics has investigated long period ago. Some

protective enzymes such as bromelain and papain has proven their

potential application in the field of cosmetics. Recently, lipases are

having functional properties for cosmeceuticals as active lipases used

for surface cleansing and cellulitis treatment. In addition to these

lipases are used for controlled release of hydroxy acids.86

4.5 | Functional material from carbon

Functional material obtained from carbon is widely applied as func-

tional biomaterial in multiple products including cosmetics. Some of

carbon-based functional materials are described below.

4.5.1 | Fullerene

Marko lens revealed biological activity of Fullerenes as antimicrobial, ant-

iviral and antioxidant. Krusic et al.87 were the first to note that C60 is an

excellent free-radical scavenger. It has been reported that fullerenol C

60 (OH) 24, act as free radical trapper due to ability of eliminating super-

oxide radicals generated by xanthine and xanthine oxidase.88

4.5.2 | Graphene

Graphene is a new material derived from graphite. It is a high-tech car-

bon nanomaterial and the thinnest two-dimensional structure in the

world is now being used in the beauty industry. It is available to use in

the form of graphene nanofibers, graphene NPs, graphene quantum

dots, graphenenanoribbons, graphenenanomeshes, graphenenanodisks,

graphene foams, graphene nanopillars.89

4.6 | Nanofibers

New methods can be seen in consumption of cosmetic products such as

cleansing, skin healing. Literature report antiwrinkle and antioxidant

nanofiber face mask. They have resulted as nanofibrous mat will provide

high skin penetration because of its high surface area of nanofibrils.90

Major group of researchers have prepared nanofibrous mat for loading

of vitamin A, D and metals like gold to use in skin care.91

4.7 | Polymers

Polymers are widely used in cosmetic products for various application.

It has unique features such as thickening agent, emulsifier, surfactant,

viscosity modifier, protective barrier agent and some aesthetics

enhancers. Broadly, polymers can be classified into four groups,

(1) synthetic polymers, (2) polysaccharide-based polymers, (3) proteins

SHINDE ET AL. 11

and (4) silicones, respectively. Some functionalized polymers can be

prepared with chemical treatment. Example, Bezoylated chitosan was

prepared by mixing anhydride derived from trifluoroacetic anhydride

and benzoic acids (benzoic acid and p-methoxybenzoic acid), and

phosphoric acid. This modified chitosan claimed that it shows promi-

nent role in cosmetics and drug delivery. In similar way, Cyclodextrin-

linked chitosan was prepared by the same authors and claimed for its

use in cosmetics.92

4.8 | Smart polymers

Smart polymer has great potential in many fields, namely, electronics,

medicines, biotechnology and personal care. Polyurethanes (a type of

temperature response polymer) is the widely used shape memory

polymers. Numerous patent has filed on the application of shape

memory polyurethanes (SMPU) in hair setting cosmetics. When SMPU

applied on the hairs, it restored to the original parent geometry and

after treatment of temperature stimuli hairs deformed into temporary

configuration. Hydrogel is promising application of stimuli-responsive

polymers, which gives controlled release property and also used cos-

metics delivery systems.93

5 | SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATIONOF FUNCTIONAL POLYMER

Functional polymer used for successful antimicrobial, antiviral and

cosmetics applications are synthesized with various conventional con-

densation, addition polymerization reactions and modern ATRP, RAFT

and ROP. In the following sections discuses synthesis and characteri-

zation of the polymers.

5.1 | Poly(α-ester)

Poly(α-ester) polymer includes poly(L-lactic acid), poly-ε-caprolactone

(PCL), PLGA and so forth as well as their copolymer is a widely used in

several application such as tissue engineering, gel and wound healing

or various drug delivery system. In literature study this polymer can

be synthesized by polycondensation reaction or ROP reaction of

monomers of cyclic lactones such as lactide, glycolide and cap-

rolactone. Several catalysts have been reported for synthesis of Poly

(α-ester) by ROP such as N-heterocyclic carbenes, ionic, metal alkox-

ides, organocatalysts.94

5.2 | Poly(amide ester)

In several study report poly(amide ester) can be synthesized by poly-

condensation reaction. In the poly(amide ester) synthesis carried out

by reaction between dibasic acid and diol with in conjugation with

diamine. In literature study author synthesize series of poly(amide

ester) by green synthesis approach, here they used soybean oil and a

monomer of bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalamide or other various low

cost renewable resources includes citric acid, sebacic acid as well as

mannitol.95

5.3 | Poly(anhydrides)

First report on polyanhydrides development reported by author in

1909. polyanhydrides used in textile industry alternative for polyester,

and huge application in drug delivery. In several literature reports that

polyanhydrides can be prepared by various synthetic pathway such as

interfacial condensation, melt polycondensation, dehydrative-cou-

pling, dehydrochlorination and so forth. Solution polymerization gen-

erally gives low molecular weight of polymers. In preparation of

anhydrides dehydrative coupling of two carboxylic group is necessary.

Various types of catalyst has been used in development of poly-

anhydrides such as cadmium acetate, earth metal oxides and ZnEt

H2O.96

5.4 | Polyphosphazene

Polyphosphazone is a unique polymer used in biomedical application

because this polymer structure have inorganic backbone composed of

alternating nitrogen as well as phosphorous atoms replace carbon

atom in a polyester. They can be prepared by various synthetic

method reported in literature study such as ROP at controlling tem-

perature and time and other reaction conditions. Generally, polyp-

hosphazene synthesized in two steps, in step first linear

poly(dichlorophospazene) synthesized and ROP of cyclic trimmer at

constant temperature at 250�C followed by chorine atom of polyp-

hosphazene can be replace by the different nucleophilic group. Living

cationic polymerization has been used for synthesis of novel block

copolymers of polyphosphazene architecture.97

5.5 | Shape memory polyurethanes

SMPU synthesis involved use of multicomponent for reaction involv-

ing lysine methyl-ester diisocyanate, PEG and PCL diol for vacuum

distillation followed by purification processes to ensure purity. The

polymers sandwiched for giving proper shapes to the polymers.

The required shape and size is measured by the digital vernier caliper.

The characterization is done by XRD, molecular characterization,

micro structural characterization, tensile test and dynamic mechanical

analysis.98

5.6 | Dendrimers by conjugation

The dendrimers are branched polymers shown antimicrobial proper-

ties. Dendrimer synthesized convergent and divergent strategy.

12 SHINDE ET AL.

Generation of dendrimer are important criteria used for selection of

dendrimers. Characterization of dendrimer is challenging due to its

branched nature.99

5.7 | Photo-responsive antiviral

The photo responsive is the good choice for the controlled release of

antiviral and antimicrobial drugs. It helps to reduce the side effects

and gives prolonged action at the target site. The commonly used

light-responsive agents include azobenzenes (Azo) and spiropyrans

(SP). The hydrophobic SP upon interaction with UV irradiation revers-

ibly changes from its nonionic form to a hydrophilic polar isomer

called merocyanine, which reverts to SP upon exposure to visible light.

In another work Azo based photo-responsive agent, which switches

reversibly from its more stable and a polar trans-state to a more polar

cis state upon UV irradiation. Reversion induction occurs by more pro-

longed wavelength exposure or thermal relaxation. Upon UV expo-

sure, SP photo-isomerized to hydrophilic merocyanine, causing the

disassembly of the micelle and stimulating the controlled release of

model hydrophobic drugs. The characterization is done by multidrug

resistance capacity, antiviral efficacy and so forth.100

5.8 | Polyactetals

In the literature of self-assembled polyacetals based functional macro-

molecular carrier. Polyacetal used It includes hydrogel, hyperbranched

polymers, dendrimer like structure and cross-linked particles and so

forth. Certain hyperbranched polymer is prepared by polymerization

of either AB-2 type monomers or A3 + B2 monomer mixture having

average functionality more than two components. In addition to this,

other synthetic methods include self-condensing vinyl polymerization

of AB-2 type monomer. Ring opening multibranching

polymerization of heterocycles has discussed in many reports.

Tomlinson et al.,101 demonstrated the new scheme for the synthesis

of hyperbranched polyacetals with the DB is equal to unity by acid-

catalyzed polymerization of AB2 type monomer compromising both

hydroxyl (A) function and aldehyde group (B2).

5.9 | Poly (amino acids)

Poly(amino acids) are known as polypeptides as they are interchangble

and exhibit change in their secondary conformation. Polyamino acids

synthesized by different synthetic technique such as condensation

reactions of polyamide or polypeptides, polyesters and poly-

depsipeptide. In addition to this, it can also prepare from acid derived

reaction. These materials have specific characteristics to adopt higher

secondary structure such as α-helix, β-sheet, β-turns and so forth.

Now a days there are wide study going on in the era of stimuli respon-

sive polypeptide and polyamino acids. Numerous polyamino acids

such as polyurethane, polyesters have explored for their biomedical

application.102

5.10 | Polyacrylates

Acrylates polymers are used for commodity applications. They have

potential characteristics such as high Tg value and thermal stability,

mechanical property and transparency. In the recent years, acrylates

have prepared by green synthetic pattern and called as bio-based

polymers. However, many methods are discussed to prepare this cate-

gory of polymers from bio-based molecules such as glucose, cellulose,

lignin, terpene, fatty acids, lactic acids, isosorbide and glycerol. Fer-

mentation and extraction are the common technique for the prepara-

tion of polyacrylates. Radicle polymerization method is commonly

discussed or the polyacrylate synthesis.103

5.11 | Sulfated polysaccharides

It is complex group of macromolecular carriers with wide range of bio-

logical activity. Sulfated modification improves the structure-based

characteristics and bioactivity of molecule. Various researchers are

gaining interest in the field of synthesis of sulfated polysaccharides

for its novel bioactivity for antibacterial applications. The most

reported method for the synthesis is sulfuric acid method, sulfur triox-

ide pyridine methods and chlorsulfonic method. All functional polymer

characterization performed with 1H NMR, mass spectroscopy, gel per-

meation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, differen-

tial thermogravimetry and toxicity is analyzed by cell viability,

hemolysis, toxicity study and so forth.104

6 | ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGESOF FUNCTIONAL MATERIAL FORANTIMICROBIALS, ANTIVIRALS ANDCOSMETICS

This functional material has advantages in the term of cost effective,

environmentally friendly, relative tolerability and high oral bioavailabil-

ity. Antiviral functional material easily inhibits replication by selective

targeting to viral receptor, bind selectively to the virus and prevents

invading infection by foreign viruses. It efficiently acts on the active

site of virus. Antivirals functional material has utility for targeting dif-

ferent viruses efficiently. Antibacterial functional material targets bac-

terial receptors and reduces bioburden to safe level without systemic

adverse effect, and drug interaction minimized. In case of cosmetics

functional material micellization technology in the moisturizer, cleans-

ing preparations help for rapid one set of action. These cosmetics

improves thickening and cleansing power with lower irritancy poten-

tial. Greater hydration boosting effect achieved with multifunctional

humectant as compared with other material.

SHINDE ET AL. 13

The main disadvantages of the functional material for antimicro-

bials, antivirals and cosmetics are prone for resistance to virus, bacte-

ria and acene. Sometimes, toxicity reported with some functional

material due to modified surface charge and in vivo fate. The transla-

tional research for functional material required for better application

in clinics is an need of hour. In spite of significant advancement of

TABLE 1 Patents on functional material for antimicrobial application

Patent no/Patentapplication no. Title name Application Assignee/Applicant

EP2101572B1 Biocompatible antimicrobial compositions Antimicrobial Matthew J. Schmidt et al.

EP3215670A1 Reinforced engineered biomaterials and

methods of manufacture thereof

Biomaterial as biological tissue

composites

Gabor Forgacs

US7709694B2 Materials with covalently bonded,

nonleachable, polymeric antimicrobial

surfaces

Antimicrobial Brendan Patrick Purcell

US2012/0021034A1 Structured silver-mesoporous silica NPs

having antimicrobial activity

Antimicrobial Karoly Robert Jakab

US5849311 Contact-killing nonleaching antimicrobial

materials

Antimicrobial Christoper D. Batich et al.

WO2011047118A1 Fibrous antimicrobial materials, structures and

barrier applications

Antimicrobial Jeffrey I. Zink et al.

EP3060389A1 Functional biomaterial coatings for textiles and

other substrates

Antimicrobial Newsouth innovations pty

limited

WO 2013/132066 A2 Synthesis and micro/nanostructuring of

surface-attached crosslinked antimicrobial

and/or antibiofouling polymer networks

Antimicrobial Samuel P. Sawan

US4933178 Metal-based antimicrobial coating Antimicrobial Jaan W. Gooch et al.

TABLE 2 Patents on functional material for antiviral application

Patent no/Patentapplication no. Target virus Application

Assignee/Applicant

WO 01/74166 A1 Virus Antimicrobial and antiviral polymeric materials Gabbay Jeffrey

US20080279920 Influenza A NP1 and M2-1 genes Compositions for treating respiratory viral

infections with its use

Tang et al.

US20090148944 Rev genes, HIV Tat Cell-type specific aptamer-siRNA delivery

system useful for HIV-1 therapy

Rossi et al.

US20050191618 Susceptible targets on the HIV genome RNA interference inhibition of human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gene by using

short interfering nucleic acid (SINA)

McSwiggen et al.

US20080096839 X gene Interfering small RNA and pharmaceutical

composition for treatment of Hepatitis B

comprising the same

Kim et al.

WO2008021353 Host Apoliprotein E genes Method and Composition for controlling

hepatitis C virus infection

Luo et al.

US20060287267 RSV glycoprotein gene and termination

site

RNA interference inhibition of respiratory

syncytical virus (RSV) by using short

interfering nucleic acid (SINA)

Vaish et al.

WO2006133099 HSV-1/-2 UL5, UL27 and UL29 genes siRNA Microbiocides for preventing and treating

diseases

Lieberman et al.

WO2006035974 HPV E6 gene Oligoribonucleotide Yoshinouchi et al.

US20070203082 Coronavirus NSP1 and NSP9, Spike genes RNAi agents for anti-SARs coronavirus therapy Tang et al.

EP1582591 PERV Gag1, Gag2, Pol1–Pol5, Env1, Env2genes

siRNA and their use for knock down expression

of porcine endogenous retrovirus

Karlas et al.

US20070220633 Cymbiummodsivbigud Viral vector for inducing gene inactivation of

plant applications thereof

Yen et al.

14 SHINDE ET AL.

functional material tackling growth of microbes is still challenge.

Hence, in vivo and in vitro assessment of degradation and toxicity of

functional material is big challenge for clinical translations. Industrial

scalability, large-scale production and regulatory approval are limita-

tions of functional material.105

7 | INTELLECTUAL PROPERTYPERSPECTIVE

The functional biomaterials are gaining popularity all across the globe

due to its advantages in drug delivery. The targeted drug delivery in

case of cancer, bacterial infections, viral infections and so forth. pre-

fer the functionalized material for efficient pharmacotherapeutics.

These advantages of functional materials are globally recognized and

multiple patents are granted and for the applications of these func-

tional materials for antimicrobials, antivirals and cosmetics

(Tables 1–3).

8 | CONCLUSION

In this review, we have given in brief account of antimicrobial, antiviral

and cosmetics functional material of natural and synthetic origin in

context of synthesis, surface modification and change in rheological

properties, thermal characteristics, mechanical behaviors and potential

applications. Resistance to bacterial and viral infection is social chal-

lenge across globe. To overcome resistance, offer by microbe's func-

tionalization of material is need of an hour. In the biomedical

application functional material made significant change in the proper-

ties as compared with conventional material. Functionalized material

has several advantageous in term of change in surface charge, size,

cellular receptor targeting, biocompatibility, effective internalization,

stealth properties for improved circulation half-life and delay clear-

ance by reticulo-endothelial cells. Metal based functional material also

shown increase antimicrobial, antiviral and cosmetics potential as

compared with metal-based material without functionalization.

Though nanotechnology and material chemistry made significant con-

tribution to explore functionalized material there are still pitfalls of

scalability, large-scale production and assessment of degradation

followed by toxicity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author would like to acknowledge Symbiosis school of biological

sciences (SSBS), Pune, Poona College of Pharmacy, National Institute

of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Ahmedabad,

Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad and Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute

of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Research, Pimpri-Pune for all the facilities

for literature survey, article editing and writing.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors have no conflict of interest.

TABLE 3 Patent filed on application of functional material in cosmetics

Patent no/Patent

application no. Title name Application Assignee

USOO8545823B2 Cosmetic nanocomposites based on in

situ crosslinked poss materials

Antitack or antiblock agent Avon Products, Inc., New

York, NY (US)

CA2956661A1 Method for producing functionalized

nanocrystalline cellulose and

functionalized nanocrystalline cellulose

thereby produced

Foundation, gloss nail polish preparation Anomerainc

US7294340B2 Healthcare and cosmetic compositions

containing nanodiamond

Nail polish, eyeliner, lip gloss, exfoliant Chien-Min

US5672338A Cosmetic compositions made with

hydroxyl carbamate functionalized

silicones

Hair shampoo General electric co

20200069555 Osmetic compositions containing

oxazoline functionalized polymers and

polyamine compounds

Hair cosmetics L'OREAL (Paris, FR)

US5958385A Polymers functionalized with amino acids

or amino acid derivatives, method for

synthesizing same, and use thereof as

surfactants in cosmetic compositions,

particularly nail varnishes

Nail varnishes Lvmhrecherchegie

20080299059 Cosmetic compositions containing

functionalized metal-oxide layered

pigments and methods of use

Functionalized metal-oxide layered

pigments in cosmetics such as hair,

eyes, lips, skin and nail compositions

L'Oreal USA Products, Inc.

(Paris, FR)

WO2018146006A1 Functionalized calcium carbonate for sun

protection boosting

Sun protection cosmetics Tanja Budde Anaïshecker

SHINDE ET AL. 15

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were gener-

ated or analyzed during the current study.

ORCID

Dasharath B. Shinde https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4850-231X

Ranjitsinh Pawar https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0676-7101

Deepak Kulkarni https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5992-5903

Shubham Musale https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1227-6915

Prabhanjan S. Giram https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0439-1347

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