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Gene Scarpulla
Editor – The Maryland EntomologistMaryland Entomological Society
Associate – Bee Inventory and Monitoring LaboratoryPatuxent Wildlife Research Center
Native Bees of Maryland
Pre-Acknowledgments
◼ This presentation has been created from information referenced from several presentations put together by a consortium of North American bee biologists as well as from other sources.
◼ The original bee presentations developed over many years and the original web photographic acknowledgments are no longer accessible. If you see one of your images, please contact me and I will add your acknowledgment.
◼ Correspondence can be sent to Gene Scarpulla at [email protected].
Talk is centered around a survey of the native bees of Hart-Miller Island,
Baltimore County, Maryland
A Brief Historyof Hart-Miller Island
Maryland Dredged Material Containment Facilities
Hart Island
◼ 1659 - Hooper’s Island - George Gouldsmith
◼ 1669 - Todd’s Island - Thomas Todd
◼ 1821 - Hart Island - Joseph Hart
◼ 1877 - Millers Island - Atlas of Baltimore County
◼ 1951 - Hart Island & Pleasure Island
– (split into two islands due to wave erosion)
Miller Island
◼ 1676 - Ardington - John Arding
◼ 1714 - Bently’s Island - Stephen Bently
◼ 1726 - Stansbury’s Venture - Thomas Stansbury
◼ 1759 - Stansbury’s Island - Thomas Stansbury
◼ 17?? - Miller’s Island
◼ 1877 - Little Island - Atlas of Baltimore County
◼ ???? - Miller Island
Additional Owners
◼ ca. 1900 – Millers Island Ducking Club
◼ 1933 – George S. Groves (NY Financier)– Planned a home, yacht harbor, game preserve
◼ late 1930s – White Eagle Polish Savings and Loan Association
◼ 1947 – George P. Mahoney (Maryland politician)– Planned home sites, recreational areas
◼ 1950s–mid 1960s – New Bayshore Park
Millers Island Ducking Club(circa 1900)
© 1944 H. G. Roebuck & Son, There Are No Dull Dark Days, Percy Thayer Blogg
New Bay Shore Park(1950s)
Shoreline Changes1846 – 1933 – 1969
After Maryland Geological Survey
Hart Island & Miller IslandPre-Construction
Creation of Hart-Miller Island
◼ 1981–1984– 6-mile perimeter dike (18 feet MLT)– 1100 surface acre impoundment
◼ 1983– Cross dike– North Cell (800 acres) & South Cell (300 acres)
◼ 1988–1989– Perimeter and cross dikes raised (28 feet MLT)
◼ 1996–1997– North Cell dike raised (44 feet MLT)
Hart-Miller IslandPost-Construction, Pre-Inflow
Dredged Material Inflow
◼ South Cell: 1984–1990
◼ North Cell: 1985–2009
Hart-Miller IslandAfter Inflow
InformalCooperative Arrangementto Conduct Bird Surveys
◼ Maryland Environmental Service
◼ Maryland Department Of Natural Resources
◼ Maryland Port Administration
◼ Maryland Ornithological Society
Weekly Bird Surveys
◼ 1983 – Maryland Ornithological Society
◼ 1996 – I began doing weekly bird surveys as part of this effort.
Weekly Insect Surveys Added to the Weekly Bird Surveys
◼ 1998 – Butterflies
◼ 2000 – Dragonflies
– Damselflies
◼ 2005 – Other Insects
© 2004William J. Hubick
© 2007Eugene J. Scarpulla
Why Did I Start Sampling Bees?
Megachile brevis (female)USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab
A Bit of Gentle Arm-twisting
◼ Sam Droege
– Wildlife Biologist
▪ Patuxent Wildlife Research Center (PWRC)
– Head
▪ Bee Inventory and Monitoring Laboratory (BIML) at PWRC
© 2009 Discover Life
A Training Course Was Offered
“Native Bee Identification, Ecology, Research, and Monitoring”
_______
December 1–5, 2008_____
Bee Inventory and Monitoring LaboratoryPatuxent Wildlife Research Center
_____
Instructors
Samuel W. Droege – Bee Inventory and Monitoring Laboratory
Robert P. Jean – Indiana State University (then Ph.D. Candidate)
(Currently Environmental Solutions & Innovations)
A Little Bit About Biology
So
lita
ryS
ocia
lP
ara
sit
icSolitary: 72.2%
Social: 4.6%
Parasitic: 23.2%
Female or Male?
Female
- 6 abdominal segments
- 12 antennal segments
- scopa on legs or abdomen (for collecting pollen)
- stinger
Male
- 7 abdominal segments
- 13 antennal segments
- no scopa
- no stinger
Osmia conjunctaOsmia conjunctaUSGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab
Bee or Fly?Bee
- two pairs of wings
- at rest: wings folded flat over body
- less conspicuous eyes
- long antennae
- chewing mouthparts
- little hovering
Fly
- one pair of wings
- at rest: wings out to sides (triangle)
- large, prominent eyes
- short antennae
- sponging or piercing-sucking mouthparts
- hover
Laphria thoracicaBombus impatiensBombus impatiens© 2013 James F. Cooper
Laphria thoracica© 2007 Ilona Loser
Bee or Wasp?Bee
- more robust
- hairy
- branched body hairs
- scopa on females (for collecting pollen)
- vegetarian (nectar, pollen)
Wasp
- more slender
- much less hairy
- unbranched body hairs
- no scopa
- carnivorous (insects, spiders)
Nomada superba PompilidaeUSGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab
USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab
United States Bee Facts
▪ ~ 4000 bee species in the United States
▪ ~ 800 bee species east of the Mississippi River
▪ ~ 435 bee species in Maryland
▪ Little is known about the status of native bee populations
▪ 6 bee families in the United States
Bee Families
▪ Colletidae
▪ plasterer bees, yellow-faced bees
▪ Andrenidae
▪ mining bees, sand bees
Colletes sp.
Calliopsis sp.
Bee Families
▪ Halictidae
▪ sweat bees, green bees
▪ Melittidae
▪ oil-collecting bees
Agapostemon sp.
Macropis sp.
Bee Families
▪ Megachilidae
▪ leafcutting bees, mason bees, resin bees
▪ Apidae
▪ bumble bees, carpenter bees, honey bees, digger bees, cuckoo bees
Megachile sp.
Bombus sp.
© Donna Brunet
Potential Bee Research Products
◼ Species list
◼ Species diversity
◼ Species seasonality
◼ Relative abundance
◼ Temporal changes if survey is replicated
Nomada sp.
And So Began the 2009
Hart-Miller Island Native Bee Survey
Megachile sp.
Bombus sp.
Transect Locations
Map adapted from Google Earth 7.0.2.8415. Image © 2013 DigitalGlobe. [accessed 6 February 2013]
Six Habitats Selected
Transect 1Sandy path & beach area
Transect 2Deciduous woodland trail
© 2010 Eugene J. Scarpulla © 2010 Eugene J. Scarpulla
Six Habitats Selected
Transect 3Grassy meadow path
Transect 4
Gravel roadside along tidal marsh
© 2010 Eugene J. Scarpulla © 2010 Eugene J. Scarpulla
Six Habitats Selected
Transect 5Gravel trailside along pond
Transect 6
Gravel roadside at loblolly pines
© 2010 Eugene J. Scarpulla © 2010 Eugene J. Scarpulla
Bee Bowls
◼ White, 3.25-ounce “Solo® soufflé portion cups”
◼ Bowls painted fluorescent blue, fluorescent yellow, or left white (bees attracted to the color)
◼ Each bowl partially filled with water containing a small amount of Ultra Dawn® blue dishwashing liquid (lowered water’s surface tension)
“Bee Bowls”
© 2010 Eugene J. Scarpulla
Field Protocol
◼ Surveys not conducted during inclement or cloudy weather
◼ Each transect – 20 bee bowls
– 7 blue, 7 yellow, and 6 white bowls
◼ Colors alternated sequentially and placed ~ 5 meters (~16.4 feet) apart in a straight or curved line depending on the geography of the site
Field Protocol
◼ Bowls placed where they would receive maximum sun and not placed under overhanging vegetation
◼ Bowls deployed for ~5 hours per sampling day
◼ While bowls deployed, limited opportunistic netting occurred
Field Protocol
◼ Survey early spring – late fall
– March into December
– Spring bees, summer bees, fall bees
◼ Survey every 2–3 weeks
– Bee’s average adult lifespan: 4–5 weeks
– Total of 18 survey days
Specimen Processing
◼ Preserve specimens in ethyl alcohol
◼ Wash specimens
◼ Dry specimens
◼ Pin specimens
◼ Label specimens
◼ Identify specimens
◼ Enter data into the Discover Life database
◼ Check database entries
How Do You Identify Bees?
Dorsal View
© 2007 Rebekah Andrus Nelson
Ventral View
© 2007 Rebekah Andrus Nelson
Lateral View
© 2007 Rebekah Andrus Nelson
Head
© 2007 Rebekah Andrus Nelson
Wing
© 2007 Rebekah Andrus Nelson
Leg
© 2007 Rebekah Andrus Nelson
Identification: Discover Life
© 2014 Discover Life
Survey Results
◼ Family Species Individuals
– Colletidae 5 (at least) 31
– Andrenidae 13 (at least) 52
– Halictidae 32 (at least) 3372
– Melittidae 0 0
– Megachilidae 18 210
– Apidae 18 (at least) 781
◼ Total 86 (at least) 4446
Seasonal Bee Abundance
◼ One season only species
– Spring – 29
– Summer – 11
– Fall – 12
◼ Two season only
– Spring/Summer – 5
– Spring/Fall – 3
– Summer/Fall – 4
◼ Three seasons – 22
Seasonal Bee Abundance
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
17-Mar 4-Apr 18-Apr 6-May 19-May30-May 13-Jun 2-Jul 20-Jul 7-Aug 24-Aug 7-Sep 21-Sep 4-Oct 21-Oct 9-Nov 29-Nov 15-Dec
Rank-Abundance Curve
Estimated Total Island Species
◼ Found: 86 species (at least)
◼ Statistical Estimation: 108–123 species
Colletidaeplasterer bees, yellow-faced bees
◼ 2 genera in Maryland– Colletes 13 species
– Hylaeus 13 species
Colletidae
◼ Colletes
– polyester bees
– solitary
– sandy soils
◼ Hylaeus
– yellow-faced bees
– solitary
– pithy stems & twigs
Andrenidaemining bees, sand bees
◼ 6 genera in Maryland– Andrena 83 species
– Calliopsis 1 species
– Panurginus 3 species
– Perdita 7 species
– Protandrena 1 species
– Pseudopanurgus 6 species
Andrenidae
◼ Andrena (Spring)
– mining bees
– solitary
– soil
◼ Calliopsis
– mining bees
– solitary
– soil
Andrenidae
◼ Perdita
– mining bees
– solitary
– soil
Halictidaesweat bees, green bees
◼ 10 genera in Maryland– Agapostemon 4 species
– Augochlora 1 species
– Augochlorella 2 species
– Augochloropsis 2 species
– Dieunomia 1 species
– Dufourea 1 species
– Halictus 6 species
– Lasioglossum 77 species
– Nomia 2 species
– Sphecodes 16 species
Halictidae
◼ Agapostemon
– green bees
– solitary
– barren soils
◼ Augochlora
– green bees
– solitary
– soft, rotting dead wood or tunnels of wood-boring insects © 2005 Bob Moul
Halictidae
◼ Augochlorella
– green bees
– solitary
– soil
◼ Augochloropsis
– green bees
– solitary
– soil
© Joyce Gross
Halictidae
◼ Halictus
– sweat bees
– solitary
– soil
◼ Lasioglossum
– sweat bees
– solitary
– mostly soil, some rotten logs
Halictidae
◼ Sphecodes
– cuckoo bees
– parasitic in halictid nests
– soil
Melittidaeoil-collecting bees
◼ 2 genera in Maryland– Macropis 2 species
– Melitta 2 species
Melittidae
◼ Macropis
– oil-collecting bees
– solitary
– fine, well-drained soil
◼ Melitta
– oil-collecting bees
– solitary
– flat or gently sloping ground
Megachilidaeleafcutter, mason, resin bees
◼ 11 genera in Maryland– Anthidiellum 1 species
– Anthidium 2 species
– Chelostoma 1 species
– Coelioxys 10 species
– Heriades 4 species
– Hoplitis 5 species
– Megachile 23 species
– Osmia 19 species
– Paranthidium 1 species
– Pseudoanthidium 1 species
– Stelis 3 species
Megachilidae
◼ Anthidium
– cotton bees, carder bees
– solitary
– soil
◼ Coelioxys
– cuckoo bees
– parasitic in Megachile nests
– soil or wood
Megachilidae
◼ Hoplitis
– leafcutter bees
– solitary
– preexisting cavities, pithy stems
◼ Megachile
– leafcutter bees
– solitary
– preexisting cavities in soil or wood
Megachilidae
◼ Osmia (Spring)
– mason bees, orchard bees
– solitary
– preexisting tunnels in wood
◼ Stelis
– cuckoo bees
– parasitic in megachilid nests
– soil or wood© University of Florida
Apidaebumble, carpenter, digger, honey, cuckoo bees
◼ 20 Genera in Maryland– Anthophora 5 species
– Apis 1 species (honey bees)
– Bombus 13 species (bumble bees)
– Cemolobus 1 species
– Ceratina 6 species
– Epeoloides 1 species
– Epeolus 8 species
– Eucera 4 species
– Florilegus 1 species
– Habropoda 1 species
Apidaebumble, carpenter, digger, honey, cuckoo bees
◼ 20 Genera in Maryland– Holcopasites 3 species
– Melissodes 14 species
– Melitoma 1 species
– Nomada 29 species
– Peponapis 1 species
– Ptilothrix 1 species
– Svastra 3 species
– Triepeolus 9 species
– Xenoglossa 1 species
– Xylocopa 1 species
Apidae
◼ Apis
– honey bees
– colonial
– tree hollows, sheltered spaces
◼ Bombus
– bumble bees
– colonial (mostly) or parasitic
– abandoned rodent burrows
Apidae
◼ Ceratina
– small carpenter bees
– solitary
– pithy stems and twigs
◼ Habropoda
– blueberry bees
– solitary
– soil
Apidae
◼ Melissodes
– long-horned bees
– solitary
– lightly vegetated flat ground
◼ Melitoma
– morning glory bees
– solitary
– soil with chimneys or tunnels© University of Georgia
Apidae
◼ Nomada (Spring)
– cuckoo bees
– parasitic on halictids & andrenids
– soil
◼ Ptilothrix
– mallow bees
– solitary
– soil
Apidae
◼ Xylocopa
– carpenter bees
– solitary
– sound, dead wood of trees and structures
Acknowledgments
◼ Samuel W. Droege – Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
◼ Michael S. Arduser – Missouri Department of Conservation
◼ Jason Gibbs – Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba
◼ Maryland Environmental Service
◼ Maryland Park Service
◼ Maryland Port Administration
Suggested References
The Bees in Your Backyard:
A Guide to N. America’s Bees
Bumble Bees of the Eastern United States
© 2011 USDA Forest Service and The Pollinator Partnership
© 2016 Joseph S. Wilson & Olivia Messinger Carril
Suggested References
Field Guide to the Common Bees of California
(30 CA genera covered, 26 occur in MD)
Bees: An Up-close Look at Pollinators Around the World
(stunning close-up bee photography)
© 2013 The Regents of the University of California
© 2015 Quarto Publishing Group
Bees of Maryland: A Field GuideNorth American Native Bee Collaborative
A work in progress: available at: http://bio2.elmira.edu/fieldbio/beesofmarylandbookversion1.pdf
USGS Bee Inventory and Monitoring Lab
What You Can Dofor Native Bees
◼ Plant native plants.– Diversity
– Species clusters
– Spring, summer, and fall flowers
◼ Leave patches of bare ground for ground nesters.
◼ Leave canes for pith nesters.
◼ Install bee houses for cavity nesters.
◼ Use less or no pesticides.
What’s Next for Me?
◼ Analyze and writeup the 2015 yearlong cooperative bee survey conducted with USF&WS on Poplar Island, Talbot County (~20,000 specimens)
◼ Keep researching, publishing, speaking, spreading the word about native bees
© 2014 Donna J. Finnegan
