Native Americans during a century of colonial conflicts

Shifting alliances and European imperial conflicts from the late 17th century through the American Revolution

European Wars of Empire

Britain versus France: belligerent nations and wars of empire

World wars between France and England/ Britain impacted European nations and their colonies world-wide between 1689 and 1763. The costs were tremendous.

Indian and European allignmentsThe Iroquois generally supported the English, except in King George’s War

The Iroquoian Huron, Erie, and most Algonquian peoples supported the French

Trade secured Native American obligations to help Europeans on both sides.

Iroquois expansion during the Beaver Wars of the mid-1600s indirectly helped the English.

King William’s War (1689–1698)

Comte Frontenac, Gov. of New France

Raid on Dover New Hampshire & Maj. Waldron’s death; then Pamaquid, Maine and Schenectady, New York.

Later, York, Maine, Durham, New Hampshire, and Groton, Massachusetts became targets; hundreds were slain.

Queen Anne’s War (1702–1713)

Deerfield, MA

Fallout from Queen Anne’s War, affecting Native Americans: increase competition over land between

Indians and non-Indians, and between the tribes English land encroachment and the capture and enslavement of Tuscarora Indians of North Carolina (despite the refusal of authorities to intervene) led to the Tuscarora War (1711–1715). Exhausted of the fighting, the Tuscarora relocated North to New York, eventually becoming the 6th Nation of the Iroquois Confederation.

Fallout from Queen Anne’s War, affecting Native Americans: increased competition over land

between Indians and non-Indians, and between the

tribes

Fox warriors prepare to attack the French Fort Detroit during the Second Fox War (1728–1733).

When French colonists and authorities moved to secure control of the Beaver trade, an alliance of Fox, Kickapoo, and Mascouten, and later the Sauk tribes launched a series of three wars between 1701 and 1742 in the most significant effort to evict Europeans from Indian lands between 1676 and 1763.

The Nation of France ultimately responded by issuing an order for the extermination of the Fox people, the only such edict in colonial history.

Fallout from Queen Anne’s War, affecting Native Americans: increase competition over land between

Indians and non-Indians, and between the tribes

With the power and territorial shifts between American Indian tribes and confederations as the result of this conflict, the Cherokee people emerged as allies of the British in North America.

King George’s War 1744–1748

The Wabanaki Confederation supported the French, giving them an advantage in this conflict.

Haudenosaunee

The Hiawatha Belt

Influences on the Albany Congress

The French & Indian War (1756 – 1763)

The French and Indian War concluded nearly a century of war and re-drew the

map of Colonial North America

In the end, the breakdown of the Middle GroundWith the French out

of North America, the British under the command of Gen. Jeffrey Amherst abandoned the practice of gift exchanges with the Algonquian tribes.

The Delaware Prophet Neolin, Pontiac, uniting over twenty tribes against the British and Amherst’s

policies and the effects of colonization

Ft. Michilimackinac

Smallpox infected blankets given to two Delaware emissaries of Pontiac, at Ft. Pitt.

The final conflict at Bushy Run, and Pontiac’s eventual murder at Cahokia

Meanwhile, the British strengthened their ties with the Mohawk and other Iroquois in an alliance that

was earlier called the “Covenant Chain.”

Events leading to U.S. Independence

Grenville Acts—the Proclamation of 1763 and the Stamp Act (1764–65) were most despised by the colonists.