Nationalist Movements Around the World

Chapter 20

The British Empire in the Postwar Era

20-1

Egypt

• GB controlled Egypt since 1882

• Became protectorate when Ottomans joined Central Powers in WWI

• Wafd Party- Led nationalist movement post WWI

• 1922- Independence

Egypt

• Defensive military forces for Egypt and Suez

• Administrative control over Sudan

• Anglo-Egyptian Treaty (1936)- Greater independence, alliance in Middle East, League of Nations membership

Middle East

• ME Arabs helped GB in WWI

• Transjordan/Iraq- Independent

• Palestine: Strategic location

• Zionism: Aimed to build homeland in Palestine for Jews

• Balfour Declaration: In return for war support, GB would support Zionism

Middle East

• GB promised independent Arab State also

• Post WWI: Tensions rise

• Limit on Jewish immigration in Palestine

• Nazi persecution changes this

• Division of land only solution

India

• Division in opinion about self-rule

• Mohandas Ghandi- Lead Indian nationalist movement

• Passive Resistance- Non-violent, refusal to cooperate with government

India

• British retaliation and suppression

• Allowed to elect representatives in 1935

• Control of defense, taxes, and foreign policy

• Movement continued

The Commonwealth Expands

• Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa want complete independence

• 1931: GB granted autonomy

• British Commonwealth of Nations

• Good trade agreements, economic advantage for all

Turkey, Persia, and Africa

20-2

Turkey

• Greeks overtook Ottoman Empire post WWI

• Mustafa Kemal takes control and drives out Greeks

• Republic of Turkey (1923)

Turkey

• Kemal believed war showed superiority of technology and nationalism

• Separated government from Islam

• Ordered Turks to adopt Western ways

• Turkey became more prosperous

Persia

• Qajar Dynasty ruled Persia

• GB and Russian influence increase

• Reza Shah Pahlavi- Nationalist army officer who modernized Persia

Persia

• Massive reforms

• 1935 Re-named Iran

• Constitution limited monarchy, but oppression occurred

• Reza Shah sought close ties with Germany

Africa

• Post WWI wanted greater freedom

• New ideas of nationalism and freedom

• Colonial education caused anti-colonial protest movements

Africa

• Racism and political repression pushed movements

• Tanganyika- Center of anti-colonial protest

• Tribal chiefs favored colonial rule

• Independence calls from Azikiwe (Nigeria), Kenyatta (Kenya), and Senghor (Senegal)

Unrest in China

20-3

The End of the Qing Dynasty

• Foreign influence- Western nations moved inward

• Open Door Policy (1899)- U.S. wants equal trade in China

• Qing Emperor tries to modernize but his aunt Tz’u-shi takes control

• Boxer Rebellion- Attacks on foreigners, missionaries

The End of the Qing Dynasty

• Imperialist armies came to put down rebellion

• China punished and occupied

• China completely under foreign domination

• Nationalism rose under Sun Yixian

• Qing dynasty doesn’t break from “Old China”; overthrown

Forming the Chinese Republic

• 1912 China becomes republic

• Goal to empower the people

• Yuan Shikai president and revolution common, Sun Yixian flees

• Nationalists and Soviets vs. Warlords

• Chiang Kai-Shek takes over Nationalists and defeats warlords in North

Forming the Chinese Republic

• Left wing- Socialists/Communists

• Right wing (Chiang)- No radical change

• Communists put down and Nationalist government rises in Nanjing

• Dictatorship

• Developments, but did not help the suffering people

http://unimaps.com/china1926/largemap.html

The Growth of Chinese Communism

• (1921) Intellectuals founded Communist Party

• Cooperated with nationalists at first, but in 1930’s Chiang attacked

• Long March- Communists traveled to escape Nationalists and many died

• Mao Zedong becomes Communist leader

The Growth of Chinese Communism

• Chinese peasants should be source of revolution

• Communists worked with them in Shaanxi Province

• Red Army built of peasants resisted Nationalist attacks

• Many believed Japan was true enemy