Nationalism Triumphs in Europe

Building a German Nation

Steps Toward Unity

Impact of Napoleon• Freed serfs, easier

trade, abolished laws against Jews

• Germans rebelled• Created German

Confederation

• Prussian Leadership• Zollverein (dismantled

tariff barriers)• Demanded German

political unity• Frederick William IV

of Prussia (Kaisier)

Crowning the German Emperor

Bismarck and German Unity

• Realpolitik (realistic politics based on the needs of the state)

• Loyalty to dynasty of Prussia

Otto von Bismarck became chancellor in 1862

Bismarck and German Unity

• Built up the Prussian Army

• Bismarck led Prussia into three wars in a decade

• Increased Prussian Power for German Unification

BismarckBlood and Iron Speech  In September 1862 there was a crisis in Prussia where the Prussian Landtag, or lower parliamentary house, was refusing to approve increased military spending in defiance of the King's wishes. King Wilhelm I was advised by his Minister of War, Roon, to send for Bismarck as a formidable personality who might secure the passing of the military budget in the Landtag.On the 17 September the crisis had reached such a pitch that Wilhelm I seriously considered abdicating his throne. That evening Roon sent by telegraph to Bismarck suggesting that he, Bismarck, should hurry to Berlin and that there was danger in delay. The message in French and Latin read :- Depechez-vous; Periculum in mora.

On 22 September Bismarck met Wilhelm I and assured him that he could form a ministry and carry through the army reforms as he desired, if necessary against the will of the deputies in the Landtag. Given this assurance the Wilhelm I decided not to abdicate. Bismarck was appointed acting chief minister of Prussia. Bismarck made an appearance before the Landtag on 29 September where he spoke expressing his regret at the hostility of the deputies to passing of the military budget and stressed the need for progress to be made on the military proposals favoured by the king. The next day at a meeting of a Budget Committee Bismarck went perhaps further than he his better judgement might have intended in asserting that:-

  The position of Prussia in Germany will not be determined by its liberalism but by its power ... Prussia must concentrate its strength and hold it for the favourable moment, which has already come and gone several times. Since the treaties of Vienna, our frontiers have been ill-designed for a healthy body politic. Not through speeches and majority decisions will the great questions of the day be decided - that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849 - but by iron and blood.

This Speech by Bismarck has entered into popular understanding of history as ending blood and iron rather than as iron and blood

War With

Denmark and Austria

• 1864 alliance with Austria• Seized land from

Denmark• 1866 Bismarck attacked

Austria• Lasted 7 weeks• Annexed Austria /

dissolved German Confederation

Franco-Prussian War

• Began 1870• “Ems dispatch” (telegram

reporting an insult on Napoleon from William I

• Napoleon declared war• France accepted a

humiliating peace a few weeks later.

Napoleon III

German Empire

• Southern German States and Northern Confederation persuaded William I to become Kaiser

• January 1871 birth of Second Reich

• Two-house legislature– Upper house “Burdesrat” appointed position– Lower house “Reichstag” elected position

Strengthening GermanyEconomic Progress

• Iron and coal resources• Disciplined and educated

work force• Rapid growing population• House of Krupp produced

steel and weapons for a world market

Science, Government, and Industry

• Single currency• Reorganized banking

system• Coordinated railroads• Germany raised tariffs to

protect home industries from foreign competition during the 1880s depression

Iron ChancellorCampaign Against the Church

• Kulturkampf “battle for civilization”

• Laws to supervise Catholic education and approve appointment of priests

• Expelled Jesuits

• Compulsory for couples to marry by civil authority

• Catholic Church gained support against Bismarck

Iron Chancellor

Campaign Against the Socialists

• Laws passed to dissolve socialist groups

• Shut down newspapers

• Banned their meetings

• Workers unified in support of socialist cause

• 1890s health and accident insurance

• Old-age insurance (retirement benefits)

Kaiser William II

• Asked Bismarck to resign

• Programs created– Social welfare, cheap transportation,

electricity– Public schools – taught students obedience,

reading, writing, and mathematics

• Grandson of Frederick William and

Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom

Unifying Italy

Unification of Italy, 1858-1870

Obstacles to Italian Unity

Italian States

• Northern Italy

• Southern Italy

• Other Italian States

Ruled By

• Austria

• French Bourbon rulers

• Hapsburg Monarchs

Obstacles to Italian Unity

• Young Italy– 1830 Giuseppe Mazzini– Goal “to constitute Italy, one, free,

independent, republican nation”

• The Tide of Nationalism– Nationalist reminded Italians of past glories in

Rome and medieval papacy– Unify common language history– End trade barriers among Italian States

Struggle for Italy

• Cavour– Sardinia’s Prime Minister– Improved agriculture, built railroads,

encouraged commerce– Goal – end Austrian power

• Intrique with France– Crimean War- Joined Britain and France– Gained attention of Napoleon III– 1858 Sardinia annexed Lombardy

Struggle for Italy

• Garibaldi’s Red Shirts– Recruited army– Sailed to Sicily to gain control

• Unity at Last– Sardinian’s and Garibaldi’s forces overran

Papal States– 1861 Victor Emmanuel II crowned king of Italy

• 1870 Franco-Prussian War

Challenges facing the New Nation

• Divisions– North was rich– South had more cities– Northern cities flourished as centers of

business and culture– South was rural and poor– Catholic Church was granted the Vatican

Challenges facing the New Nation

• Turmoil– Two-legislative– Upper house – appointed by the King– Lower house – elected representatives

• Socialists organized strikes

• Anarchists turned to sabotage and violence to abolish the government

• Emigration- many Italians left their homeland for North and South America

A Declining Empire

• Oldest ruling house in Europe

• Refused to change with the times

• Ignored nationalist demands

• Ruled– German speaking Austrians, Slavic groups

including Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Ukrainians, Romanians, Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, Hungarians and Italians

Early Reforms

• Francis Joseph

• Austria suffered a defeat against France and Sardinia in 1859

• Granted a new constitution to set up a legislative

• Hungarians were determined to settle for nothing less than self-government

Dual Monarchy

• Francis Deák• Created a new political power

– Austria-Hungary

• Separate states• Own constitution and parliament• One ruler Francis Joseph

– Emperor of Austria, King

of Hungary

Balkan Nationalism

• Stretched from Eastern Europe and the Balkans to North Africa and the Middle East

• “the sick man of Europe”

• Groups began to revolt

• Russia, Britain, France, Germany all supported different groups in the Ottoman Empire.

• Eventually led to WWI

Russia: Reform and Reaction

Conditions in Russia

Obstacles to Progress

• Czars saw the need to modernize without losing absolute rule

• Social Structure (nobles, middle class, serfs)

Serfdom

• Peasants, servants, artisans, soldiers

• Russia’s economy would remain backward

Russian Absolutism

• Czar Alexander I eased censorship and promoted education

• Opposed liberal and nationalist impulses

• Nicholas I suppressed Decembrists

• Used police spies, banned books with liberal ideas, allowed only approved textbooks in schools

• Locked up Russians with liberal or revolutionary ideas in mental hospitals

Russian Absolutism

• Nicholas I embraced three pillars– Orthodoxy – strong ties between church and

government– Autocracy - absolute power of the state– Nationalism – respect for Russian traditions and

suppression on Non Russian groups

• New law code and economic reforms

Reforms of Alexander II

Emancipation

• Freed the serf

• Lands allotted to serfs to small for farm efficiently

• Serfs moved to cities to work in industries

Reforms of Alexander II

Other Reforms

• Zemstvos elected assemblies

• Responsible for road repair, schools, and agriculture

• Censorship and reformed military– Service reduced 25 yrs to 15 yrs

• Women liberation– Left to be educated abroad

Reaction to Change

Revolutionary Currents

• Socialists spread word to peasants

• Assassinated Czar Alexander II

Crackdown

• Alexander III increased police power

• Russification aimed to suppressing the cultures of non-Russian people within the empire.

• One language One Church

Persecution and Pogroms

• Jews restrictions• Violent mob attacks • Emigrated to US

Crisis and RevolutionPeaceful March

• Workers strikes –shorter hours better wages

• Constitution and reforms • Father George Gapon

organized a march Sunday January 22, 1905

Bloody Sunday

• Czar fled palace• Troops shot into crowd• Killed the people’s faith

and trust in the Czar

Revolution of 1905• Strikes multiplied• October Manifesto

• “Freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly and union”

• Duma (elected legislative)